perf(s3): streamline conditional multipart preflight

Co-Authored-By: heihutu <heihutu@gmail.com> Co-Authored-By: zhi22915 <qiuzgang@gmail.com>
fix(ecstore): clear stale BucketMetadataSys on ECStore drop (#9097 )
2026-10-31 16:22:06 +00:00 · 2026-10-31 22:38:26 +08:00 · 2026-10-31 22:25:08 +08:00 · 2026-10-31 21:58:51 +08:00 · 2026-10-31 20:48:34 +08:00 · 2026-10-31 17:41:02 +08:00
348 changed files with 50382 additions and 3318 deletions
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ These implementation, style, and quality rules apply to all contributions, regar
 - Do not include agent, tool, contributor, account, or organization names in branch names.
 - Push to the user-requested remote or the repository's configured push remote. Do not hard-code or infer a remote from an account name.
 - Check free space before artifact-heavy builds, tests, coverage, or downloads. Re-check before a broad gate when space is tight.
+- Before handoff, remove the Cargo target directories and temporary worktrees the task created unless they stay intentionally or hold unmerged work. Identify build output by Cargo's markers (`.rustc_info.json`, `CACHEDIR.TAG`), not by directory name: `target` is also a source directory here.
 - Remove only task-owned temporary/build artifacts. Never delete another task's worktree or uncommitted data.
 - At handoff, mention disk or cleanup details only when they affected execution or artifacts/worktrees remain intentionally.
 - For Docker verification, ensure the tested image contains the intended binary. `buildx build` without `--load` leaves the image in the build cache; use the Makefile's loaded image and rebuild without cache only when stale artifacts are evidenced.
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-sha256-linux=eb33067d90ee66c0a97e8f3658e46c152e47f897d2fbfdc6cb5ad93cfa55414b
-sha256-darwin=eb33067d90ee66c0a97e8f3658e46c152e47f897d2fbfdc6cb5ad93cfa55414b
+sha256-linux=686dcc075e41a75dde3d37e5bd0393d016469f02f83aa3508f92bfc17f26a4d4
+sha256-darwin=686dcc075e41a75dde3d37e5bd0393d016469f02f83aa3508f92bfc17f26a4d4
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-sha256-darwin=67251cb7d9978d38e899268cac4d7898297ff7e5b5c48c9c1546dc760b93568d
-sha256-linux=673da76c2e5710c4622fe2fa32d2b297730895769487fcf1152ee1c2366f32f4
+sha256-darwin=7c705942d3a9e583ebaa85845daa21c4f81fdbf36def24db931aaef38636c53e
+sha256-linux=5c33dc395233671cb77452f8fb12900ecdbeb368632222b96835d310bce1aab8
@@ -1 +1 @@
-sha256=e9dc896774122a304e2b8b90f28c82d4d4e0af8ded36a82b147b30945ec994e3
+sha256=00f8a56b75990b487a594b97c36610b94476a6944ba00473e37187ea654d42bf
@@ -960,6 +960,12 @@ test-group = 'e2e-inline-boundaries'
 filter = 'package(e2e_test) & test(/^heal_erasure_disk_rebuild_test::/)'
 test-group = 'e2e-cluster-nightly'

+# The multi-pool crash fixture seeds three nodes and 36 drives. Reserve this
+# nextest run's workers so other multi-node tests do not starve its deadline.
+[[profile.e2e-full.overrides]]
+filter = 'package(e2e_test) & test(=heal_erasure_disk_rebuild_test::tests::test_cluster_root_heal_recovers_ec84_shards_across_multi_pool_after_background_target_crash)'
+threads-required = "num-test-threads"
+
 [[profile.e2e-full.overrides]]
 filter = 'package(e2e_test) & (test(/^kms::kms_vault_test::/) | test(/^kms::kms_rekey_sweep_test::/) | test(/^kms::configured_roundtrip_test::test_configured_vault_kms_admin_and_versioned_cleanup$/))'
 test-group = 'e2e-vault'
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+{
+  "schema_version": 1,
+  "plan_id": "rustfs-release-validation",
+  "description": "Versioned certification plan for every public RustFS release exit (rustfs/backlog#2662, R01). preview, prerelease and stable all require this explicit plan. Scripts/release/release_gate.py fail-closes publication on any missing, duplicate, stale, substituted or non-PASS required item.",
+  "release_types": ["preview", "prerelease", "stable"],
+  "targets": [
+    {"os": "linux", "arch": "x86_64", "abi": "musl"},
+    {"os": "linux", "arch": "aarch64", "abi": "musl"},
+    {"os": "linux", "arch": "x86_64", "abi": "gnu"},
+    {"os": "linux", "arch": "aarch64", "abi": "gnu"},
+    {"os": "macos", "arch": "aarch64", "abi": "none"},
+    {"os": "windows", "arch": "x86_64", "abi": "msvc"}
+  ],
+  "targets_basis": "Platform matrix of .github/workflows/build.yml (prepare-platform-matrix). gnu and macOS targets build with the pyroscope feature; musl and Windows targets build with no extra features.",
+  "features": ["pyroscope"],
+  "trusted_workflows": [
+    {"repository": "rustfs/s3chaos", "workflow_id": "release-gate.yml"}
+  ],
+  "trusted_workflows_basis": "The shared evidence envelope producer lives in rustfs/s3chaos (G01, fault/release_gate.rs) and its plan/live split workflow is .github/workflows/release-gate.yml there. Only results from these identities may enter a release certification; PR-uploaded JSON never gains release authority. R02 must extend this list when additional verifier workflows land, never widen it to untrusted sources.",
+  "lanes": [
+    {
+      "lane": "identity",
+      "harness_repository": "rustfs/s3chaos",
+      "harness_sha": "9a48f55c1d6d58ce63a8fb1ea7317e024f32f11d",
+      "harness_basis": "Fixed G01 evidence-envelope producer revision (rustfs/s3chaos PR #102 head recorded in rustfs/backlog#2658). R02 re-pins this when the live verifier ships.",
+      "timeout_seconds": 1800,
+      "environment_capabilities": ["process-exec"],
+      "cases": ["artifact-identity", "startup"],
+      "applies_to": {
+        "release_types": ["preview", "prerelease", "stable"],
+        "platforms": "all"
+      },
+      "applies_basis": "Artifact identity and startup checks are mandatory for every release type, preview included, on every shipped target (rustfs/backlog#2662 frozen design item 5)."
+    },
+    {
+      "lane": "upgrade",
+      "harness_repository": "rustfs/s3chaos",
+      "harness_sha": "9a48f55c1d6d58ce63a8fb1ea7317e024f32f11d",
+      "harness_basis": "Same fixed envelope producer as the identity lane; the workflow SHA and the product build SHA are bound separately and need not be equal.",
+      "timeout_seconds": 5400,
+      "environment_capabilities": ["process-exec", "previous-release-artifact"],
+      "cases": [
+        "direct-upgrade",
+        "mixed-version-upgrade",
+        "bucket-config-upgrade",
+        "bucket-config-rollback",
+        "multipart-layout-upgrade",
+        "multipart-layout-baseline"
+      ],
+      "cases_basis": "Case IDs of the pinned previous-release matrix in .github/workflows/e2e-upgrade.yml (source.version/asset/sha256 and the case list mapped there).",
+      "applies_to": {
+        "release_types": ["prerelease", "stable"],
+        "platforms": [{"os": "linux", "arch": "x86_64", "abi": "gnu"}]
+      },
+      "applies_basis": "preview releases use the pre-declared smaller set (identity lane only). The upgrade lane is only exercised on linux-x86_64-gnu, the platform of the pinned source assets."
+    }
+  ],
+  "upgrade_sources": {
+    "basis": "Exactly the two previous-release sources pinned in .github/workflows/e2e-upgrade.yml are exercised today (source.version / source.asset / source.sha256). No other N-1/N-2 compatibility is claimed, and these digests are not inferred from tags.",
+    "sources": [
+      {
+        "version": "1.0.1",
+        "role": "N-1",
+        "artifact_name": "rustfs-linux-x86_64-gnu-v1.0.1.zip",
+        "artifact_sha256": "9742e183cb0dfb0d48fa909797af572fe47b7f827569036baa4156e0d3958ee5"
+      },
+      {
+        "version": "1.0.0-rc.5",
+        "role": "N-2",
+        "artifact_name": "rustfs-linux-x86_64-gnu-v1.0.0-rc.5.zip",
+        "artifact_sha256": "3ee8df71e8edcfada533be452c4135868f697bc515460ae97b027313eade7a3d"
+      }
+    ],
+    "rollback_supported": false,
+    "rollback_basis": "Only the bucket-config-rollback case (rollback_to_previous_release_reads_current_bucket_metadata) is exercised. Full data-plane rollback is not certified and is never a default claim."
+  }
+}
@@ -814,13 +814,18 @@ jobs:
          export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
          export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="auto"

-          # Determine upload path based on build type
+          # Determine upload path based on build type. Release and prerelease
+          # builds only stage their bytes here: the official
+          # artifacts/rustfs/release/ path is written solely by the
+          # certification-gated promote-release-artifacts job, from these same
+          # staged objects. Development builds keep the uncertified dev channel
+          # and never touch official or latest channels.
          if [[ "$BUILD_TYPE" == "development" ]]; then
            R2_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/dev/"
            echo "📤 Uploading development build to R2 dev directory"
          else
-            R2_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/release/"
-            echo "📤 Uploading release build to R2 release directory"
+            R2_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/staging/${GITHUB_RUN_ID}/${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}/"
+            echo "📤 Staging release build for certification-gated promotion"
          fi

          # Upload all rustfs zip files to R2 using S3-compatible API
@@ -869,6 +874,221 @@ jobs:
            echo "This run does not trigger Docker publishing."
          fi

+  # Aggregate the parent candidate batch. This job always collects results and
+  # retains its evidence, including on failure, and every publication job
+  # below requires its success. Missing, stale, substituted or non-PASS
+  # evidence fails closed here: only the trusted verification sources
+  # (rustfs/s3chaos release-gate envelopes, rustfs/backlog#2658) can satisfy
+  # it, so a PR-uploaded JSON set never gains release authority.
+  release-certification:
+    name: Release Certification
+    needs: [ build-check, build-rustfs ]
+    if: ${{ !cancelled() && needs.build-check.outputs.should_publish == 'true' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest # gh CLI required; the sm-standard-2 fleet does not ship it
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@f548e57e544e1ff5a4c46bf1e1b8685f8e4a348a # v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Download all build artifacts
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          path: ./artifacts
+          pattern: rustfs-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: Write candidate and collect trusted validation results
+        env:
+          # Cross-repo read of the trusted verification run. Falls back to the
+          # workflow token, which cannot read rustfs/s3chaos; a missing token
+          # therefore fail-closes instead of certifying.
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_VALIDATION_TOKEN || github.token }}
+          PRODUCT_COMMIT: ${{ github.sha }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.version }}
+          BUILD_TYPE: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.build_type }}
+          FEATURES: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'development' && '' || 'pyroscope' }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          mkdir -p results release-gate-output
+          PLAN_SHA256=$(python3 -c "import hashlib,json,sys; sys.path.insert(0,'scripts/release'); import release_gate; print(release_gate.canonical_sha256(json.load(open('.config/release-validation-plan.json'))))")
+
+          python3 - "$PLAN_SHA256" > candidate.json <<'PY'
+          import hashlib, json, os, sys, zipfile
+
+          plan_sha256 = sys.argv[1]
+          profile = {"release": "stable", "prerelease": "prerelease", "preview": "preview"}.get(os.environ["BUILD_TYPE"])
+          if profile is None:
+              raise SystemExit("release certification only covers preview, prerelease and stable builds")
+
+          def sha256(path):
+              digest = hashlib.sha256()
+              with open(path, "rb") as handle:
+                  for chunk in iter(lambda: handle.read(1024 * 1024), b""):
+                      digest.update(chunk)
+              return digest.hexdigest()
+
+          deliverables = []
+          for name in sorted(os.listdir("artifacts")):
+              if not name.startswith("rustfs-") or not name.endswith(".zip"):
+                  continue
+              path = os.path.join("artifacts", name)
+              members = zipfile.ZipFile(path).namelist()
+              binary_name = "rustfs.exe" if "rustfs.exe" in members else "rustfs"
+              with zipfile.ZipFile(path) as archive:
+                  binary_bytes = archive.read(binary_name)
+              import tempfile
+              with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as handle:
+                  handle.write(binary_bytes)
+                  handle.flush()
+                  binary_sha = sha256(handle.name)
+              deliverables.append({
+                  "kind": "zip",
+                  "name": name,
+                  "location": "https://github.com/rustfs/rustfs/releases/download/{}/{}".format(os.environ["VERSION"], name),
+                  "sha256": sha256(path),
+                  "size": os.path.getsize(path),
+                  "binary_sha256": binary_sha,
+              })
+          if not deliverables:
+              raise SystemExit("no built deliverables found to certify")
+          candidate = {
+              "schema_version": 1,
+              "product_commit": os.environ["PRODUCT_COMMIT"],
+              "version": os.environ["VERSION"],
+              "release_profile": profile,
+              "features": [f for f in os.environ.get("FEATURES", "").split(",") if f],
+              "plan_sha256": plan_sha256,
+              "validation_batch": {"run_id": os.environ["GITHUB_RUN_ID"], "run_attempt": int(os.environ["GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT"])},
+              "deliverables": deliverables,
+          }
+          json.dump(candidate, sys.stdout, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
+          print()
+          PY
+
+          # Trusted verification evidence only: the release-gate envelopes of
+          # rustfs/s3chaos for this exact product commit. Absence blocks below.
+          TRUSTED_REPO="rustfs/s3chaos"
+          TRUSTED_WORKFLOW="release-gate.yml"
+          TRUSTED_RUN=$(gh api "repos/${TRUSTED_REPO}/actions/workflows/${TRUSTED_WORKFLOW}/runs?head_sha=${PRODUCT_COMMIT}&status=success&per_page=1" --jq '.workflow_runs[0].id // empty' || true)
+          if [[ -z "$TRUSTED_RUN" ]]; then
+            echo "❌ No trusted verification run of ${TRUSTED_REPO}/${TRUSTED_WORKFLOW} for ${PRODUCT_COMMIT}; refusing to certify" >&2
+          else
+            gh run download "$TRUSTED_RUN" -R "$TRUSTED_REPO" -n release-validation-evidence -D results || \
+              echo "❌ Trusted verification run ${TRUSTED_RUN} published no release-validation-evidence artifact" >&2
+          fi
+
+          python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py validate \
+            --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+            --candidate candidate.json \
+            --results results \
+            --output release-gate-output
+
+      - name: Upload certification evidence
+        if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          name: release-certification
+          path: |
+            candidate.json
+            results/
+            release-gate-output/
+          if-no-files-found: warn
+          retention-days: 30
+
+  # The only writer of the official R2 release path. Promotion re-checks the
+  # exact bytes about to be published against the passed certification list
+  # and copies the staged objects byte-for-byte: no rebuild-after-verify.
+  promote-release-artifacts:
+    name: Promote Release Artifacts
+    needs: [ build-check, build-rustfs, release-certification ]
+    # Target-channel lock for the official R2 release path.
+    concurrency:
+      group: release-channel-r2-release
+      cancel-in-progress: false
+    if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_publish == 'true' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && (needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'release' || needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'prerelease')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    env:
+      R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
+      R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
+      R2_ENDPOINT: ${{ secrets.R2_ENDPOINT }}
+      R2_BUCKET: ${{ secrets.R2_BUCKET }}
+      AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED: true
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@f548e57e544e1ff5a4c46bf1e1b8685f8e4a348a # v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Download build and certification artifacts
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          path: ./artifacts
+          pattern: rustfs-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: Download certification evidence
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: release-certification
+          path: ./certification
+
+      - name: Verify and promote staged release artifacts
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          if [[ -z "$R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID" || -z "$R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY" || -z "$R2_ENDPOINT" || -z "$R2_BUCKET" ]]; then
+            echo "❌ R2 credentials missing; refusing to promote to the official channel" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          for zip_file in artifacts/rustfs-*.zip; do
+            [[ -f "$zip_file" ]] || continue
+            name="$(basename "$zip_file")"
+            python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+              --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+              --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+              --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+              --artifact "$zip_file" \
+              --artifact-name "$name"
+          done
+
+          if ! command -v aws >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y awscli
+          fi
+          export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="$R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID"
+          export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
+          export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="auto"
+
+          STAGING_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/staging/${GITHUB_RUN_ID}/${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}/"
+          RELEASE_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/release/"
+          for zip_file in artifacts/rustfs-*.zip; do
+            [[ -f "$zip_file" ]] || continue
+            name="$(basename "$zip_file")"
+            staged="$(mktemp)"
+            aws s3 cp "${STAGING_PATH}${name}" "$staged" --endpoint-url "$R2_ENDPOINT" --only-show-errors
+            staged_sha="$(sha256sum "$staged" | awk '{print $1}')"
+            built_sha="$(sha256sum "$zip_file" | awk '{print $1}')"
+            if [[ "$staged_sha" != "$built_sha" ]]; then
+              echo "❌ Staged object ${name} does not match the verified bytes" >&2
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            aws s3 cp "$staged" "${RELEASE_PATH}${name}" --endpoint-url "$R2_ENDPOINT" --only-show-errors
+            rm -f "$staged"
+            echo "✅ Promoted ${name} (${built_sha})"
+          done
+
  # Create GitHub Release for every valid release tag, including previews
  create-release:
    name: Create GitHub Release
@@ -1028,6 +1248,10 @@ jobs:
  update-latest-version:
    name: Update Latest Version
    needs: [ build-check, publish-release ]
+    # Target-channel lock for the latest.json version pointer.
+    concurrency:
+      group: release-channel-oss-latest
+      cancel-in-progress: false
    if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_publish == 'true' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && (needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'release' || needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'prerelease')
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 30
@@ -1068,6 +1292,45 @@ jobs:
          rm -rf "$OSSUTIL_DIR" "$OSSUTIL_ZIP"
          chmod +x "$OSSUTIL_BIN"

+          # Candidate/pointer ordering: an older candidate must never overwrite
+          # a newer pointer, even if its promotion job finishes later.
+          CURRENT_LATEST="${RUNNER_TEMP}/current-latest.json"
+          if "$OSSUTIL_BIN" cp oss://rustfs-version/latest.json "$CURRENT_LATEST" 2>/dev/null; then
+            python3 - "$CURRENT_LATEST" "$VERSION" <<'PY'
+          import json
+          import re
+          import sys
+
+          def key(version):
+              match = re.match(r"^(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)(?:-([0-9A-Za-z.-]+))?$", version)
+              if not match:
+                  raise SystemExit(3)
+              core = tuple(int(part) for part in match.groups()[:3])
+              prerelease = match.group(4)
+              if prerelease is None:
+                  return core + (1,)
+              return core + (0, tuple(int(p) if p.isdigit() else p for p in re.split(r"[.-]", prerelease)))
+
+          try:
+              current = json.load(open(sys.argv[1], encoding="utf-8")).get("version", "")
+              proposed = sys.argv[2]
+              if current and key(current) > key(proposed):
+                  raise SystemExit(1)
+          except SystemExit:
+              raise
+          except (OSError, ValueError, TypeError):
+              raise SystemExit(3)
+          PY
+            guard_status=$?
+            if [[ "$guard_status" -eq 1 ]]; then
+              echo "Current latest.json points at a newer version; refusing to downgrade" >&2
+              exit 0
+            elif [[ "$guard_status" -ne 0 ]]; then
+              echo "Existing latest.json is unparsable; refusing to overwrite it blindly" >&2
+              exit 1
+            fi
+          fi
+
          # Create latest.json
          cat > latest.json << EOF
          {
@@ -1084,16 +1347,59 @@ jobs:

          echo "✅ Updated latest.json for ${RELEASE_TYPE} release $VERSION"

-  # Publish release (remove draft status)
+  # Publish release (remove draft status). Requires the release-certification
+  # aggregate: without a complete legal success there is no public write.
  publish-release:
    name: Publish Release
-    needs: [ build-check, create-release, upload-release-assets ]
+    needs: [ build-check, create-release, upload-release-assets, release-certification ]
+    # Target-channel lock: concurrent releases serialize on this channel so an
+    # older candidate cannot interleave its publish with a newer one.
+    concurrency:
+      group: release-channel-github-release
+      cancel-in-progress: false
    if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_publish == 'true' && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && (needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'preview' || needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'release' || needs.build-check.outputs.build_type == 'prerelease')
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest # gh CLI required; the sm-standard-2 fleet does not ship it
    timeout-minutes: 30
    permissions:
      contents: write
+      actions: read
    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@f548e57e544e1ff5a4c46bf1e1b8685f8e4a348a # v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Download certification evidence
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: release-certification
+          path: ./certification
+
+      - name: Verify release assets against certification
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          TAG="${{ needs.build-check.outputs.version }}"
+          mkdir -p "$RUNNER_TEMP/promotion-assets"
+          gh release download "$TAG" --dir "$RUNNER_TEMP/promotion-assets" --pattern '*.zip'
+          found=0
+          for zip_file in "$RUNNER_TEMP"/promotion-assets/*.zip; do
+            [[ -f "$zip_file" ]] || continue
+            found=1
+            python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+              --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+              --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+              --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+              --artifact "$zip_file" \
+              --artifact-name "$(basename "$zip_file")"
+          done
+          if [[ "$found" -ne 1 ]]; then
+            echo "No release zip assets to verify against the certification" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
      - name: Publish release
        env:
          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ env:
  RUST_BACKTRACE: 1

 jobs:
-  # Readers: test-and-lint (workspace and ILM), build-rustfs-debug-binary,
+  # Readers: workspace-lint-and-build, workspace-tests (workspace and ILM), build-rustfs-debug-binary,
  # e2e-tests, e2e-full.
  warm-ci-dev:
    name: Warm ci-dev
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ jobs:
          if-no-files-found: error

      # --all-targets covers the test binaries nextest builds, including
-      # e2e_test, which test-and-lint's own run excludes. The second build adds
+      # e2e_test, which the workspace run excludes. The second build adds
      # the e2e-test-hooks feature resolution that build-rustfs-debug-binary uses
      # and that no lint lane enables.
      - name: Build ci-dev superset
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ jobs:
            printf '%s\n' 'mode=full' >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
            echo "Base CI policy unavailable; running the full matrix."
          fi
-          if ! grep -q '^plan=' "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" || ! grep -q '^rehearse_shards=' "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"; then
+          if ! grep -q '^plan=' "$GITHUB_OUTPUT" || ! grep -q '^plan_contract=2$' "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"; then
            printf '%s\n' 'mode=full' 'connect=true' 'full_validation=true' 'rehearse_shards=false' 'packages=' 'plan=' >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
            echo "Base policy does not cover this workflow contract; retaining the full matrix."
          fi
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Run shared quick checks
        uses: ./.github/actions/quick-checks

-  test-and-lint:
+  workspace-lint-and-build:
    name: Workspace Lint and Build
    if: contains(fromJSON('["full", "e2e"]'), needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode) && (github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.event.action != 'closed')
    needs: [ quick-checks, classify-changes ]
@@ -193,13 +193,13 @@ jobs:

      - name: Prepare test evidence
        run: |
-          mkdir -p artifacts/test-and-lint
+          mkdir -p artifacts/workspace
          {
            echo "run_id=${GITHUB_RUN_ID}"
            echo "job=${GITHUB_JOB}"
            echo "runner=${RUNNER_NAME}"
            echo "started_at=$(date --utc --iso-8601=seconds)"
-          } > artifacts/test-and-lint/run-metadata.txt
+          } > artifacts/workspace/run-metadata.txt

      # Clippy gates every event, pull requests included. When it ran only after
      # merge, a lint regression merged freely and then failed every main run
@@ -233,11 +233,11 @@ jobs:

      - name: Run documentation tests
        run: |
-          mkdir -p artifacts/test-and-lint
+          mkdir -p artifacts/workspace
          set +e
          timeout --verbose --signal=TERM --kill-after=30s 15m \
            python3 scripts/ci_test_artifact.py cargo doc --configuration workspace \
-            2>&1 | tee artifacts/test-and-lint/doctest.log
+            2>&1 | tee artifacts/workspace/doctest.log
          status=${PIPESTATUS[0]}
          {
            echo "command=cargo test --all --exclude e2e_test --doc"
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ jobs:
            echo
            echo "Remaining test-related processes:"
            pgrep -af 'cargo|rustdoc|target/.*/deps/' || true
-          } > artifacts/test-and-lint/doctest-diagnostics.txt
+          } > artifacts/workspace/doctest-diagnostics.txt
          exit "${status}"

      - name: Upload test reports and diagnostics
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          name: junit-test-and-lint-${{ github.run_number }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
          path: |
-            artifacts/test-and-lint
+            artifacts/workspace
          retention-days: 3
          if-no-files-found: error

@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ jobs:

  workspace-tests:
    name: Workspace tests
-    needs: [ test-and-lint, classify-changes ]
+    needs: [ workspace-lint-and-build, classify-changes ]
    # The archive retains compile-time fixture paths and the large test set
    # requires the same runner image until the hosted-runtime pilot passes.
    runs-on: sm-standard-4
@@ -293,14 +293,14 @@ jobs:

      - name: Extract and list workspace tests
        run: |
-          mkdir -p artifacts/test-and-lint
+          mkdir -p artifacts/workspace
          cargo nextest list --profile ci --archive-file "$RUNNER_TEMP/workspace-tests.tar.zst" --workspace-remap "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE" --extract-to "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE" --extract-overwrite --message-format json \
-            > artifacts/test-and-lint/core-test-listing.json
-          python3 scripts/check_test_wiring.py --check-core artifacts/test-and-lint/core-test-listing.json
+            > artifacts/workspace/core-test-listing.json
+          python3 scripts/check_test_wiring.py --check-core artifacts/workspace/core-test-listing.json

      - name: Run nextest tests
        run: |
-          mkdir -p artifacts/test-and-lint
+          mkdir -p artifacts/workspace
          rm -f target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
          ./scripts/ci/resource_sampler.sh start nextest
          trap './scripts/ci/resource_sampler.sh stop' EXIT
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ jobs:
            cargo nextest run --profile ci --cargo-metadata target/nextest/cargo-metadata.json --binaries-metadata target/nextest/binaries-metadata.json \
            --workspace-remap "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE" --target-dir-remap "$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/target" \
            --status-level all --final-status-level all \
-            2>&1 | tee artifacts/test-and-lint/nextest.log
+            2>&1 | tee artifacts/workspace/nextest.log
          status=${PIPESTATUS[0]}
          {
            echo "command=workspace archive execution"
@@ -321,13 +321,13 @@ jobs:
            echo
            echo "Kernel OOM / kill events:"
            dmesg -T 2>/dev/null | grep -iE 'oom|out of memory|killed process' | tail -20 || true
-          } > artifacts/test-and-lint/nextest-diagnostics.txt
+          } > artifacts/workspace/nextest-diagnostics.txt
          exit "${status}"

      - name: Verify workspace execution completeness
        run: |
-          python3 scripts/ci_test_artifact.py evidence artifacts/test-and-lint/core-test-listing.json target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
-          ./scripts/check_migration_gate_count.sh evidence artifacts/test-and-lint/core-test-listing.json target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
+          python3 scripts/ci_test_artifact.py evidence artifacts/workspace/core-test-listing.json target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
+          ./scripts/check_migration_gate_count.sh evidence artifacts/workspace/core-test-listing.json target/nextest/ci/junit.xml

      - name: Run ignored ILM integration tests serially
        if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full'
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ jobs:
          name: workspace-test-evidence-${{ github.run_attempt }}
          path: |
            target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
-            artifacts/test-and-lint
+            artifacts/workspace
            artifacts/ilm-integration
          retention-days: 3
          if-no-files-found: error
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ jobs:
        if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.rehearse_shards == 'true'
        run: |
          python3 scripts/ci_test_shards.py prepare \
-            --listing artifacts/test-and-lint/core-test-listing.json \
+            --listing artifacts/workspace/core-test-listing.json \
            --junit target/nextest/ci/junit.xml --output artifacts/workspace-shard-plan
      - name: Upload same-run shard plan
        if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.rehearse_shards == 'true'
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ jobs:

  connect-feature-boundaries:
    name: Connect Feature Boundaries
-    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && needs.classify-changes.outputs.connect != 'false' && (github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.event.action != 'closed')
+    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && needs.classify-changes.outputs.connect != 'false' && contains(fromJSON('["schedule", "workflow_dispatch"]'), github.event_name)
    needs: [ quick-checks, classify-changes ]
    runs-on: sm-standard-4
    timeout-minutes: 90
@@ -499,11 +499,13 @@ jobs:

  test-and-lint-rio-v2:
    name: Test and Lint (rio-v2)
-    # Alternate feature configurations run on the nightly schedule, merge
-    # groups and manual dispatch. The default workspace remains the PR gate and
-    # the per-push main baseline: repeating four feature builds on every merge
-    # bought nothing the nightly run does not report within a day.
-    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && contains(fromJSON('["merge_group", "schedule", "workflow_dispatch"]'), github.event_name)
+    # Specialized boundary, hardware and alternate-feature lanes run only on
+    # the nightly schedule and manual dispatch. They do not gate a merge: the
+    # nightly run reports a regression within a day, and repeating these builds
+    # on every PR revision and merge group bought no earlier signal worth the
+    # runner occupancy. Workspace lint and tests, the core contract, the debug
+    # build, E2E smoke and the S3 lanes remain the pull-request gate.
+    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && contains(fromJSON('["schedule", "workflow_dispatch"]'), github.event_name)
    needs: [ quick-checks, classify-changes ]
    runs-on: sm-standard-4
    timeout-minutes: 90
@@ -540,12 +542,12 @@ jobs:
          # --profile ci so the quarantine list (and its junit flaky markers)
          # covers this leg too; the default profile is the local no-retry
          # profile and silently ignored quarantined flakes here (rustfs#6703).
-          mkdir -p artifacts/test-and-lint
+          mkdir -p artifacts/workspace
          rm -f target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
          ./scripts/ci/resource_sampler.sh start nextest-rio-v2
          trap './scripts/ci/resource_sampler.sh stop' EXIT
          cargo nextest run --profile ci -p rustfs -p rustfs-ecstore --features rio-v2 \
-            2>&1 | tee artifacts/test-and-lint/nextest.log
+            2>&1 | tee artifacts/workspace/nextest.log
          cargo test -p rustfs --doc --features rio-v2

      - name: Upload rio-v2 test reports and diagnostics
@@ -555,14 +557,14 @@ jobs:
          name: junit-test-and-lint-rio-v2-${{ github.run_number }}-${{ github.run_attempt }}
          path: |
            target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
-            artifacts/test-and-lint
+            artifacts/workspace
          retention-days: 3
          if-no-files-found: error

  test-and-lint-protocols:
    name: "Test and Lint (${{ matrix.features.name }})"
    # Same cadence as test-and-lint-rio-v2 above.
-    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && contains(fromJSON('["merge_group", "schedule", "workflow_dispatch"]'), github.event_name)
+    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && contains(fromJSON('["schedule", "workflow_dispatch"]'), github.event_name)
    needs: [ quick-checks, classify-changes ]
    runs-on: sm-standard-4
    timeout-minutes: 90
@@ -631,7 +633,7 @@ jobs:
          path: |
            target/nextest/ci/junit.xml
            artifacts/protocol-tests
-            artifacts/test-and-lint
+            artifacts/workspace
          retention-days: 3
          if-no-files-found: warn

@@ -783,7 +785,7 @@ jobs:
    # job had neither, so each closed/merged PR really ran the whole io_uring
    # suite (measured 4m17s / 7m19s / 7m31s on runs 30678272341 / 30678117601 /
    # 30662728539) and kept the cancellation run in progress for minutes.
-    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && (github.event_name != 'pull_request' || github.event.action != 'closed')
+    if: needs.classify-changes.outputs.mode == 'full' && contains(fromJSON('["schedule", "workflow_dispatch"]'), github.event_name)
    needs: [ quick-checks, classify-changes ]
    # GitHub-hosted ubuntu-latest runs a recent kernel with io_uring and, unlike
    # a container, applies no seccomp filter that would block io_uring_setup — so
@@ -978,7 +980,7 @@ jobs:
          path: |
            ${{ runner.temp }}/rustfs-e2e-smoke-logs/
            ${{ runner.temp }}/rustfs-e2e-smoke-list.json
-            artifacts/test-and-lint
+            artifacts/workspace
          if-no-files-found: warn

      - name: Upload e2e smoke JUnit report
@@ -1389,7 +1391,7 @@ jobs:
      - classify-changes
      - typos
      - quick-checks
-      - test-and-lint
+      - workspace-lint-and-build
      - workspace-tests
      - workspace-shards
      - workspace-shard-evidence
@@ -1425,7 +1427,7 @@ jobs:
      - required-checks
      - typos
      - quick-checks
-      - test-and-lint
+      - workspace-lint-and-build
      - workspace-tests
      - core-contract
      - test-and-lint-rio-v2
@@ -329,13 +329,75 @@ jobs:
          echo "  - Create latest: $create_latest"
          echo "  - Source ref: $source_ref"

+  # Consume the trusted release certification for the exact version this
+  # workflow wraps and verify the certified input digests. A manual dispatch
+  # without that certification fails here and pushes no official tag; only
+  # results from the trusted verification sources carry release authority.
+  release-certification:
+    name: Release Certification
+    needs: build-check
+    if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_build == 'true'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@f548e57e544e1ff5a4c46bf1e1b8685f8e4a348a # v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+          ref: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.source_ref }}
+
+      - name: Download and verify release certification
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_VALIDATION_TOKEN || github.token }}
+          TRIGGERING_RUN_ID: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.version }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          mkdir -p certification
+          run_id="$TRIGGERING_RUN_ID"
+          if [[ -z "$run_id" ]]; then
+            run_id="$(gh api --method GET \
+              "repos/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/actions/workflows/build.yml/runs" \
+              -f branch="$VERSION" -f status=success -F per_page=1 \
+              --jq '.workflow_runs[0].id // empty' || true)"
+          fi
+          if [[ -z "$run_id" ]]; then
+            echo "No certified Build and Release run found for ${VERSION}; failing closed" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          if ! gh run download "$run_id" -n release-certification -D certification; then
+            echo "Build run ${run_id} published no release-certification artifact; failing closed" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+            --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+            --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+            --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+            --artifact-sha256 "$(jq -r '.deliverables[0].sha256' certification/candidate.json)" \
+            --artifact-name "$(jq -r '.deliverables[0].name' certification/candidate.json)"
+
+          # Input digest binding: every zip this image wraps must be the
+          # certified byte-for-byte content, never a mutable latest pointer.
+          while IFS=$'\t' read -r name location expected; do
+            echo "Verifying certified input ${name}"
+            actual="$(curl -fsSL "$location" | sha256sum | awk '{print $1}')"
+            if [[ "$actual" != "$expected" ]]; then
+              echo "Certified input ${name} does not match its recorded digest" >&2
+              exit 1
+            fi
+          done < <(jq -r '.deliverables[] | select(.name | contains("linux")) | [.name, .location, .sha256] | @tsv' certification/candidate.json)
+
  # Build multi-arch Docker images
  # Strategy: Build images using pre-built binaries from dl.rustfs.com
  # Supports both release and dev channel binaries based on build context
  # Only runs when should_build is true (which includes workflow success check)
  build-docker:
    name: Build Docker Images
-    needs: build-check
+    needs: [ build-check, release-certification ]
    if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_build == 'true'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 60
@@ -443,6 +505,14 @@ jobs:
          # Output tags
          echo "tags=$TAGS" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

+          # Staging identity for this run's promotion: official tags are only
+          # created after the staged image verifies against the certification,
+          # and they point at this same digest (no rebuild-after-verify).
+          STAGING_TAG="staging-${GITHUB_RUN_ID}-${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}${VARIANT_SUFFIX}"
+          STAGING_TAGS="${{ env.REGISTRY_DOCKERHUB }}:${STAGING_TAG},${{ env.REGISTRY_GHCR }}:${STAGING_TAG},${{ env.REGISTRY_QUAY }}:${STAGING_TAG}"
+          echo "staging_tags=$STAGING_TAGS" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+          echo "staging_tag=$STAGING_TAG" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
          # Generate labels
          LABELS="org.opencontainers.image.title=RustFS"
          LABELS="$LABELS,org.opencontainers.image.description=RustFS distributed object storage system"
@@ -467,7 +537,9 @@ jobs:
          file: ${{ matrix.file }}
          platforms: ${{ env.DOCKER_PLATFORMS }}
          push: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.should_push == 'true' }}
-          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}
+          # Push to staging tags only: official tags are created by the
+          # certification-gated promotion step below from this same digest.
+          tags: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.staging_tags }}
          labels: ${{ steps.meta.outputs.labels }}
          # No layer cache. This build compiles nothing — it downloads a
          # release zip and runs apk/apt — so the cache could only save the
@@ -493,6 +565,114 @@ jobs:
          no-cache: false
          pull: true

+      # A later-built wrapper: the staged image must complete this platform's
+      # own binary identity verification before any official tag is written.
+      # It may not inherit an unverified package's conclusion.
+      - name: Verify staged image against certification
+        if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_push == 'true'
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_VALIDATION_TOKEN || github.token }}
+          TRIGGERING_RUN_ID: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.version }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          mkdir -p certification
+          run_id="$TRIGGERING_RUN_ID"
+          if [[ -z "$run_id" ]]; then
+            run_id="$(gh api --method GET \
+              "repos/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/actions/workflows/build.yml/runs" \
+              -f branch="$VERSION" -f status=success -F per_page=1 \
+              --jq '.workflow_runs[0].id // empty' || true)"
+          fi
+          gh run download "$run_id" -n release-certification -D certification
+
+          STAGING_REF="${{ env.REGISTRY_DOCKERHUB }}:staging-${GITHUB_RUN_ID}-${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}${{ matrix.suffix }}"
+          case "${{ matrix.variant }}" in
+            musl) libc="musl" ;;
+            glibc) libc="gnu" ;;
+          esac
+          for platform in linux/amd64 linux/arm64; do
+            case "$platform" in
+              linux/amd64) arch_sub="x86_64" ;;
+              linux/arm64) arch_sub="aarch64" ;;
+            esac
+            docker pull --platform "$platform" "$STAGING_REF"
+            container="$(docker create --platform "$platform" "$STAGING_REF")"
+            docker cp "$container:/usr/bin/rustfs" "$RUNNER_TEMP/staged-rustfs"
+            docker rm "$container" >/dev/null
+            actual="$(sha256sum "$RUNNER_TEMP/staged-rustfs" | awk '{print $1}')"
+            expected="$(jq -r --arg needle "linux-${arch_sub}-${libc}" \
+              '[.deliverables[] | select(.name | contains($needle)) | .binary_sha256][0] // empty' \
+              certification/candidate.json)"
+            if [[ -z "$expected" || "$actual" != "$expected" ]]; then
+              echo "Staged image binary for ${platform} does not match the certified binary digest" >&2
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+              --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+              --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+              --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+              --artifact "$RUNNER_TEMP/staged-rustfs" \
+              --artifact-role binary
+          done
+
+      - name: Promote staged image to official tags
+        if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_push == 'true'
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          STAGING_REF="${{ env.REGISTRY_DOCKERHUB }}:staging-${GITHUB_RUN_ID}-${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}${{ matrix.suffix }}"
+          IFS=',' read -r -a official_tags <<< "${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}"
+          for tag in "${official_tags[@]}"; do
+            docker buildx imagetools create -t "$tag" "$STAGING_REF"
+            echo "Promoted $tag -> $STAGING_REF"
+          done
+
+      # Downstream consumers (Helm) verify this record instead of inheriting
+      # an unverified wrapper's conclusion.
+      - name: Record image promotion
+        if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_push == 'true'
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_VALIDATION_TOKEN || github.token }}
+          TRIGGERING_RUN_ID: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+          VERSION: ${{ needs.build-check.outputs.version }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          mkdir -p certification
+          run_id="$TRIGGERING_RUN_ID"
+          if [[ -z "$run_id" ]]; then
+            run_id="$(gh api --method GET \
+              "repos/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/actions/workflows/build.yml/runs" \
+              -f branch="$VERSION" -f status=success -F per_page=1 \
+              --jq '.workflow_runs[0].id // empty' || true)"
+          fi
+          gh run download "$run_id" -n release-certification -D certification
+          STAGING_REF="${{ env.REGISTRY_DOCKERHUB }}:staging-${GITHUB_RUN_ID}-${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}${{ matrix.suffix }}"
+          digest="$(docker buildx imagetools inspect "$STAGING_REF" --format '{{json .Manifest}}' | jq -r '.digest')"
+          candidate_sha="$(python3 -c "import json,hashlib,sys; sys.path.insert(0,'scripts/release'); import release_gate; print(release_gate.canonical_sha256(json.load(open('certification/candidate.json'))))")"
+          jq -n \
+            --arg version "$VERSION" \
+            --arg digest "$digest" \
+            --arg staging_ref "$STAGING_REF" \
+            --arg candidate_sha256 "$candidate_sha" \
+            --arg tags "${{ steps.meta.outputs.tags }}" \
+            --slurpfile candidate certification/candidate.json \
+            '{schema_version: 1, version: $version, image_digest: $digest, staging_ref: $staging_ref,
+              promoted_tags: ($tags | split(",")), candidate_sha256: $candidate_sha256,
+              binary_sha256s: ($candidate[0].deliverables | map(.binary_sha256) | unique)}' \
+            > image-promotion-record.json
+
+      - name: Upload image promotion record
+        if: needs.build-check.outputs.should_push == 'true'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
+        with:
+          name: image-promotion-record${{ matrix.suffix }}
+          path: image-promotion-record.json
+          if-no-files-found: error
+          retention-days: 30
+
  # Note: Manifest creation is no longer needed as we only build one variant
  # Multi-arch manifests are automatically created by docker/build-push-action

@@ -30,9 +30,102 @@ permissions:
  contents: read

 jobs:
+  # Consume the same trusted release certification as every other publication
+  # exit and verify the image promotion record of the Docker workflow. The
+  # chart wraps no binary of its own, so it may only reference an image whose
+  # platform verification already passed; it must not inherit an unverified
+  # package's conclusion. A run without that evidence fails closed here and
+  # never reaches the chart repository.
+  release-certification:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    outputs:
+      version: ${{ steps.version.outputs.raw_tag }}
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@f548e57e544e1ff5a4c46bf1e1b8685f8e4a348a # v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Normalize release version
+        id: version
+        env:
+          RAW_INPUT: ${{ github.event.inputs.version }}
+          RAW_BRANCH: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.head_branch }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          if [ "${{ github.event_name }}" = "workflow_dispatch" ]; then
+            RAW="$RAW_INPUT"
+          else
+            RAW="$RAW_BRANCH"
+          fi
+          case "$RAW" in
+            refs/tags/*) RAW_TAG="${RAW#refs/tags/}" ;;
+            *) RAW_TAG="$RAW" ;;
+          esac
+          echo "raw_tag=$RAW_TAG" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+
+      - name: Download and verify release certification and image record
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_VALIDATION_TOKEN || github.token }}
+          TRIGGERING_RUN_ID: ${{ github.event.workflow_run.id }}
+          RAW_TAG: ${{ steps.version.outputs.raw_tag }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          mkdir -p certification image-record
+
+          build_run="$TRIGGERING_RUN_ID"
+          if [[ -z "$build_run" ]]; then
+            build_run="$(gh api --method GET \
+              "repos/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/actions/workflows/build.yml/runs" \
+              -f branch="$RAW_TAG" -f status=success -F per_page=1 \
+              --jq '.workflow_runs[0].id // empty' || true)"
+          fi
+          if [[ -z "$build_run" ]]; then
+            echo "No certified Build and Release run found for ${RAW_TAG}; failing closed" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          if ! gh run download "$build_run" -n release-certification -D certification; then
+            echo "Build run ${build_run} published no release-certification artifact; failing closed" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+            --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+            --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+            --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+            --artifact-sha256 "$(jq -r '.deliverables[0].sha256' certification/candidate.json)" \
+            --artifact-name "$(jq -r '.deliverables[0].name' certification/candidate.json)"
+
+          docker_run="$(gh api --method GET \
+            "repos/${GITHUB_REPOSITORY}/actions/workflows/docker.yml/runs" \
+            -f branch="$RAW_TAG" -f status=success -F per_page=1 \
+            --jq '.workflow_runs[0].id // empty' || true)"
+          if [[ -z "$docker_run" ]] || ! gh run download "$docker_run" -n image-promotion-record -D image-record; then
+            echo "No image promotion record for ${RAW_TAG}; a chart may not wrap an unverified image" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          candidate_sha="$(python3 -c "import json,hashlib,sys; sys.path.insert(0,'scripts/release'); import release_gate; print(release_gate.canonical_sha256(json.load(open('certification/candidate.json'))))")"
+          record_sha="$(jq -r '.candidate_sha256 // empty' image-record/image-promotion-record.json)"
+          if [[ "$record_sha" != "$candidate_sha" ]]; then
+            echo "Image promotion record does not belong to this certification" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          overlap="$(jq -r --slurpfile candidate certification/candidate.json \
+            '[.binary_sha256s[]] - ($candidate[0].deliverables | map(.binary_sha256)) | length' \
+            image-record/image-promotion-record.json)"
+          if [[ "$overlap" -ne 0 ]]; then
+            echo "Image promotion record carries binary digests outside the certification" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
  build-helm-package:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    timeout-minutes: 30
+    needs: [ release-certification ]
    if: |
      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && !contains(github.event.inputs.version, '-preview')) ||
      (
@@ -225,10 +225,57 @@ jobs:
          echo "  Build run ID: $BUILD_RUN_ID"
          echo "  Build run number: $RUN_NUMBER"

+  # Consume the trusted release certification of the resolved build run and
+  # verify the certified input digests before any package is wrapped. A run
+  # without that certification fails closed here; packages built later must
+  # complete their own verification and cannot inherit an unverified
+  # conclusion.
+  release-certification:
+    name: Release Certification
+    needs: resolve
+    if: needs.resolve.result == 'success'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest # gh CLI required; the sm-standard-2 fleet does not ship it
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@f548e57e544e1ff5a4c46bf1e1b8685f8e4a348a # v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Download and verify release certification
+        env:
+          GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_VALIDATION_TOKEN || github.token }}
+          BUILD_RUN_ID: ${{ needs.resolve.outputs.build_run_id }}
+          BUILD_TYPE: ${{ needs.resolve.outputs.build_type }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          mkdir -p certification
+          if [[ "$BUILD_TYPE" == "development" ]]; then
+            # Development artifacts are explicitly uncertified and never touch
+            # official or latest channels; only the staging/dev paths remain.
+            jq -n '{schema_version: 1, certified: false, reason: "development artifacts are explicitly uncertified"}' \
+              > certification/development-uncertified.json
+            exit 0
+          fi
+          if ! gh run download "$BUILD_RUN_ID" -n release-certification -D certification; then
+            echo "Build run ${BUILD_RUN_ID} published no release-certification artifact; failing closed" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+            --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+            --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+            --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+            --artifact-sha256 "$(jq -r '.deliverables[0].sha256' certification/candidate.json)" \
+            --artifact-name "$(jq -r '.deliverables[0].name' certification/candidate.json)"
+
  # Build DEB and RPM packages for each architecture and libc variant
  package:
    name: Package (${{ matrix.arch }}-${{ matrix.libc }})
-    needs: resolve
+    needs: [ resolve, release-certification ]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest # gh CLI required; the sm-standard-2 fleet does not ship it
    timeout-minutes: 30
    strategy:
@@ -494,6 +541,55 @@ jobs:
          echo "rpm_file=$RPM_FILE" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
          echo "✅ RPM built: $RPM_FILE"

+      - name: Download certification evidence
+        if: needs.resolve.outputs.build_type != 'development'
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: release-certification
+          path: ./certification
+
+      # Later-built wrapper verification: the binary inside each package must
+      # match the certified binary digest for this platform before anything is
+      # uploaded, and the package itself stays on staging until promotion.
+      - name: Verify wrapped binary against certification
+        if: needs.resolve.outputs.build_type != 'development'
+        shell: bash
+        env:
+          DEB_FILE: ${{ steps.deb.outputs.deb_file }}
+          RPM_FILE: ${{ steps.rpm.outputs.rpm_file }}
+          ARTIFACT_NAME: ${{ matrix.artifact_name }}
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          expected="$(jq -r --arg needle "$ARTIFACT_NAME" \
+            '[.deliverables[] | select(.name | contains($needle)) | .binary_sha256][0] // empty' \
+            certification/candidate.json)"
+          if [[ -z "$expected" ]]; then
+            echo "No certified binary digest recorded for ${ARTIFACT_NAME}" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          if ! command -v rpm2cpio >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y rpm2cpio
+          fi
+          if ! command -v cpio >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y cpio
+          fi
+          for package_file in "$DEB_FILE" "$RPM_FILE"; do
+            case "$package_file" in
+              *.deb)
+                dpkg-deb --fsys-tarfile "$package_file" | tar -xOf - ./usr/bin/rustfs > "$RUNNER_TEMP/wrapped-rustfs"
+                ;;
+              *.rpm)
+                rpm2cpio "$package_file" | cpio -i --to-stdout ./usr/bin/rustfs > "$RUNNER_TEMP/wrapped-rustfs"
+                ;;
+            esac
+            python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+              --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+              --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+              --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+              --artifact "$RUNNER_TEMP/wrapped-rustfs" \
+              --artifact-role binary
+          done
+
      - name: Upload packages to artifacts
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
        with:
@@ -531,10 +627,14 @@ jobs:
          export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
          export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="auto"

+          # Build-phase writes stay on staging for release types: the official
+          # packages/release and packages/latest paths are written only by the
+          # certification-gated promote-packages job, from these same staged
+          # objects. Development packages keep the uncertified dev channel.
          if [[ "$BUILD_TYPE" == "development" ]]; then
            R2_PREFIX="artifacts/rustfs/packages/dev"
          else
-            R2_PREFIX="artifacts/rustfs/packages/release"
+            R2_PREFIX="artifacts/rustfs/packages/staging/${GITHUB_RUN_ID}/${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}"
          fi
          R2_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/${R2_PREFIX}/"

@@ -549,18 +649,6 @@ jobs:

          echo "✅ Upload complete"

-          # Also upload as latest for release/prerelease
-          if [[ "$BUILD_TYPE" == "release" || "$BUILD_TYPE" == "prerelease" ]]; then
-            LATEST_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/packages/latest/"
-            for f in "$DEB_FILE" "$RPM_FILE"; do
-              if [[ -n "$f" && -f "$f" ]]; then
-                echo "Uploading latest: $(basename "$f")"
-                aws s3 cp "$f" "$LATEST_PATH" --endpoint-url "$R2_ENDPOINT" --only-show-errors
-              fi
-            done
-            echo "✅ Latest packages updated"
-          fi
-
      - name: Upload packages to GitHub Release
        if: needs.resolve.outputs.tag != ''
        env:
@@ -614,6 +702,114 @@ jobs:

          echo "✅ GitHub release assets updated"

+  # The only writer of the official packages/release and packages/latest R2
+  # paths. Promotion re-checks each package's wrapped binary against the
+  # passed certification list and copies the staged objects byte-for-byte:
+  # no rebuild-after-verify, no mutable latest resolution downstream.
+  promote-packages:
+    name: Promote Packages
+    needs: [ resolve, package, release-certification ]
+    # Target-channel lock for the official package paths.
+    concurrency:
+      group: release-channel-r2-packages
+      cancel-in-progress: false
+    if: needs.resolve.outputs.tag != '' && (needs.resolve.outputs.build_type == 'release' || needs.resolve.outputs.build_type == 'prerelease')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest # gh CLI required; the sm-standard-2 fleet does not ship it
+    timeout-minutes: 30
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      actions: read
+    env:
+      R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
+      R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
+      R2_ENDPOINT: ${{ secrets.R2_ENDPOINT }}
+      R2_BUCKET: ${{ secrets.R2_BUCKET }}
+      AWS_EC2_METADATA_DISABLED: true
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout repository
+        uses: actions/checkout@f548e57e544e1ff5a4c46bf1e1b8685f8e4a348a # v7
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Download packages and certification
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          path: ./packages
+          pattern: packages-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: Download certification evidence
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
+        with:
+          name: release-certification
+          path: ./certification
+
+      - name: Verify and promote staged packages
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+
+          if [[ -z "$R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID" || -z "$R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY" || -z "$R2_ENDPOINT" || -z "$R2_BUCKET" ]]; then
+            echo "❌ R2 credentials missing; refusing to promote to the official channel" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
+          STAGING_PREFIX="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/packages/staging/${GITHUB_RUN_ID}/${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}/"
+          RELEASE_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/packages/release/"
+          LATEST_PATH="s3://${R2_BUCKET}/artifacts/rustfs/packages/latest/"
+
+          if ! command -v aws >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y awscli
+          fi
+          export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="$R2_ACCESS_KEY_ID"
+          export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="$R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY"
+          export AWS_DEFAULT_REGION="auto"
+
+          if ! command -v rpm2cpio >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            sudo apt-get install -y rpm2cpio
+          fi
+          if ! command -v cpio >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+            sudo apt-get install -y cpio
+          fi
+
+          promoted=0
+          for package_file in packages/*.deb packages/*.rpm; do
+            [[ -f "$package_file" ]] || continue
+            name="$(basename "$package_file")"
+            case "$package_file" in
+              *.deb)
+                dpkg-deb --fsys-tarfile "$package_file" | tar -xOf - ./usr/bin/rustfs > "$RUNNER_TEMP/wrapped-rustfs"
+                ;;
+              *.rpm)
+                rpm2cpio "$package_file" | cpio -i --to-stdout ./usr/bin/rustfs > "$RUNNER_TEMP/wrapped-rustfs"
+                ;;
+            esac
+            python3 scripts/release/release_gate.py verify-promotion \
+              --plan .config/release-validation-plan.json \
+              --candidate certification/candidate.json \
+              --summary certification/release-gate-output \
+              --artifact "$RUNNER_TEMP/wrapped-rustfs" \
+              --artifact-role binary
+
+            staged="$(mktemp)"
+            aws s3 cp "${STAGING_PREFIX}${name}" "$staged" --endpoint-url "$R2_ENDPOINT" --only-show-errors
+            staged_sha="$(sha256sum "$staged" | awk '{print $1}')"
+            built_sha="$(sha256sum "$package_file" | awk '{print $1}')"
+            if [[ "$staged_sha" != "$built_sha" ]]; then
+              echo "❌ Staged package ${name} does not match the verified bytes" >&2
+              exit 1
+            fi
+            aws s3 cp "$staged" "${RELEASE_PATH}${name}" --endpoint-url "$R2_ENDPOINT" --only-show-errors
+            aws s3 cp "$staged" "${LATEST_PATH}${name}" --endpoint-url "$R2_ENDPOINT" --only-show-errors
+            rm -f "$staged"
+            promoted=$((promoted + 1))
+            echo "✅ Promoted ${name} (${built_sha})"
+          done
+          if [[ "$promoted" -eq 0 ]]; then
+            echo "No staged packages found to promote" >&2
+            exit 1
+          fi
+
  # Summary
  summary:
    name: Summary
@@ -1321,9 +1321,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "aws-smithy-schema"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bec8dae1015a6d959a5faf86fbdf77486cfe19e4ccb6ee009d8a46efc45028a4"
+checksum = "9543fc722ed4865ab29fb66bd7ed0bef7b029d265ba8c587144511e30006d431"
 dependencies = [
 "aws-smithy-runtime-api",
 "aws-smithy-types",
@@ -4198,9 +4198,9 @@ checksum = "34aa73646ffb006b8f5147f3dc182bd4bcb190227ce861fc4a4844bf8e3cb2c0"

 [[package]]
 name = "encoding_rs"
-version = "0.8.42"
+version = "0.8.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e985e0451871ad22fb8d2b6b076e2028a502a0d3950998c2c5c0a4f9b5d9679"
+checksum = "89253175e704ab869b04f9db224d38630e0211a53841a79181deae0889e169f5"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "core_detect",
@@ -5277,9 +5277,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "hotpath"
-version = "0.30.1"
+version = "0.30.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "502dc37a7c218b9b1d3a0ccfb904da81d10d6dda0e899c722c503092d55576ea"
+checksum = "b39e941010d86063ff233bf8325269bf68097fb24ba67000fbddc0a410e8056e"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "async-channel",
@@ -5312,15 +5312,15 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "hotpath-drain"
-version = "0.30.1"
+version = "0.30.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ea17d04c231b90b1f68a91f6f80fb0762c5dea07c611dce9ae157b56a50ff4c"
+checksum = "d0faae1a9e1fd8ce5debaaaf452dcbe833fc8a8a4f3779d2ec8828b116c3c16a"

 [[package]]
 name = "hotpath-macros"
-version = "0.30.1"
+version = "0.30.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a76e0af911930fc97abc766b393b48cdca77fea9f5f6b388cf2123a6d9c30deb"
+checksum = "a24f5179ff680132003306354efd0ac8cde12e87b1a788719c836e91af35cb58"
 dependencies = [
 "proc-macro2",
 "quote",
@@ -5899,9 +5899,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.106"
+version = "0.3.107"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7883d941dae510fb2d978fc3fe018c71c9e2892fd38854de3e8b92c2e5ad9cc5"
+checksum = "8dc09d2154098bbf4ef54eab6b117a3c24cbbffe94046b16ee6d6d4510584d3a"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
 "futures-util",
@@ -6094,9 +6094,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "libbz2-rs-sys"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34b357333733e8260735ba5894eb928c02ecc69c78715f01a8019e7fa7f2db4c"
+checksum = "32f454fd6831a29c0e827ed075bca2a15be201bd57f4168f0fd1041124eab17e"

 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
@@ -8305,9 +8305,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "pulldown-cmark"
-version = "0.13.5"
+version = "0.13.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "278e9268c93b9e498a2da46c34d90ba93a3255eb99009646398f34bc73ab36eb"
+checksum = "3db2be46835f013dd3f4fa7f5f7402c537787b54ebb6fe2b94bbdd7e2669bb7b"
 dependencies = [
 "bitflags 2.13.2",
 "memchr",
@@ -8823,9 +8823,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "redis"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7acd809e80afa754c63f586955699d8990efe1c4b6613183ee5f027a11fbc8b5"
+checksum = "db7f3d75b5a3301746bff39a767bf4c5c42506b08513527308b3875bfb64a031"
 dependencies = [
 "arc-swap",
 "arcstr",
@@ -10617,6 +10617,9 @@ dependencies = [
 "hotpath",
 "http 1.5.0",
 "metrics",
+ "opentelemetry-proto",
+ "opentelemetry_sdk",
+ "prost 0.14.4",
 "rand 0.10.3",
 "rmp-serde",
 "rustfs-common",
@@ -10630,6 +10633,7 @@ dependencies = [
 "rustfs-heal-contracts",
 "rustfs-lifecycle",
 "rustfs-lock",
+ "rustfs-obs",
 "rustfs-s3-types",
 "rustfs-scanner-metrics",
 "rustfs-storage-api",
@@ -10844,8 +10848,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustfs-uring"
 version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7deda770b7981ee3bfaa202ecd18625fc794c962b8d58cd4f436952b7e66dcf"
+source = "git+https://github.com/rustfs/uring.git?rev=eb8fc160e71d804427de1e905f5c226d580f71bf#eb8fc160e71d804427de1e905f5c226d580f71bf"
 dependencies = [
 "io-uring",
 "libc",
@@ -12214,9 +12217,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "sysinfo"
-version = "0.40.0"
+version = "0.40.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "110e37d98880fd804cd47509b90a8444f7aaaab655ae625e83cd442a8bc2ebf2"
+checksum = "0e8a3edbe0394ce115f3917a00349dd242be09eb5a091ed509eaf67b55cfb8a8"
 dependencies = [
 "libc",
 "memchr",
@@ -12707,9 +12710,9 @@ checksum = "06bdbd8cfc056b8d2e2e85f29b56a3bdbecb527cef81eb39e3e7b98af4652770"

 [[package]]
 name = "tonic"
-version = "0.14.8"
+version = "0.14.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cd1fa9b1a51188f3266a823208078315811269d06d272c3a61be0b9a194194ff"
+checksum = "e2cdfc673aabd30fe8fee92e65837b644c37c5d47f0f97ae6d5e0f1237d15e1b"
 dependencies = [
 "async-trait",
 "axum",
@@ -12740,9 +12743,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tonic-build"
-version = "0.14.8"
+version = "0.14.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2c07bd4e9f99e2a3ed8bebad596ae02a94e53745b68acc6900e22c3475c8bc44"
+checksum = "ac6d916d206ed7bdda1778ddff9bda43303789c258877e7bc22fb44ee5c984b4"
 dependencies = [
 "prettyplease 0.2.37",
 "proc-macro2",
@@ -12752,9 +12755,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tonic-prost"
-version = "0.14.8"
+version = "0.14.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f63c616ffaa648f7c5dd5657e97d9a285fcb44ff3b70da761d436f5a13ff7be6"
+checksum = "eba464054e2226f182a34489b8b079bf4c6e3e7ab5fd7fc30e024f24aa92a484"
 dependencies = [
 "bytes",
 "prost 0.14.4",
@@ -12763,9 +12766,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "tonic-prost-build"
-version = "0.14.8"
+version = "0.14.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a05d8957fac6b3542999796cb4449d45da790751962f974a457e5e00c43d78c"
+checksum = "2ea216ddc448e08e7839ab09e20e60b06b6a1c32745ccb212c0ebd161c199f1b"
 dependencies = [
 "prettyplease 0.2.37",
 "proc-macro2",
@@ -13158,9 +13161,12 @@ checksum = "daf8dba3b7eb870caf1ddeed7bc9d2a049f3cfdfae7cb521b087cc33ae4c49da"

 [[package]]
 name = "utf8_iter"
-version = "1.0.4"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b6c140620e7ffbb22c2dee59cafe6084a59b5ffc27a8859a5f0d494b5d52b6be"
+checksum = "af3bd9d3e571c26fcce9d033b87ea5ab061b8d2ffe9b7a5675d810d68f03edf0"
+dependencies = [
+ "utf_types",
+]

 [[package]]
 name = "utf8parse"
@@ -13168,6 +13174,12 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"

+[[package]]
+name = "utf_types"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3a3b425286980a367278453f3b6d28cdcb134b574e5a35824a6ff5eebad50bb6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
 version = "1.29.0"
@@ -13282,12 +13294,11 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.129"
+version = "0.2.130"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9bb54f33acc68fd454578d9820b0bde1a1a3d17aa17bb7b6595806d02886d409"
+checksum = "a0181c14ddd6c7b8b0b0132a5f1ea2f32be0d893cd3ea97b6e3b28886b8a3d1c"
 dependencies = [
 "cfg-if",
- "once_cell",
 "rustversion",
 "wasm-bindgen-macro",
 "wasm-bindgen-shared",
@@ -13295,9 +13306,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.79"
+version = "0.4.80"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3cbab34de2d982e9b48e18d216d04c4a6f641066ff19ffb699980f591ee3610e"
+checksum = "5e14e0327cb5368ad60ccb22d04a9827a693c95a926d8d125e9fa39e0baec501"
 dependencies = [
 "js-sys",
 "tokio",
@@ -13306,9 +13317,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.129"
+version = "0.2.130"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e29d0c35b16e224a7eeb5cd2d25e3e1968fbd65604117b44d3b789d00ee8535"
+checksum = "6e931a02a39abdbf66966fc35902b5ed58344750a70885bed4ebb3d8eaf28ed9"
 dependencies = [
 "quote",
 "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -13316,9 +13327,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.129"
+version = "0.2.130"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6f501a8bc3719dba86ef8ae4728879c08001bea749eb1333ac5b91e040e2a6b7"
+checksum = "2ca4b54280e455bd831e33a6b8e734baf432fe63fbc35c42ac14ce67a043a53a"
 dependencies = [
 "bumpalo",
 "proc-macro2",
@@ -13329,9 +13340,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.129"
+version = "0.2.130"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "23f0c9c52aa7cd7d77769a4cfe2a9adb1b331f489a41d912ce14513d5ab995c6"
+checksum = "3b1f9c3798725016c6ee5f2f57869ec0831e8bbc0ab0310a86e787e97f41389e"
 dependencies = [
 "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -13351,9 +13362,9 @@ dependencies = [

 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.106"
+version = "0.3.107"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "88261b9deccee56594c11a3460c462c41f58d148598fe70ad77070126a68aba4"
+checksum = "d7d179596ff5ec0f6de4db64d54011bde6289cc49603d3a6e4ce3f329207ab88"
 dependencies = [
 "js-sys",
 "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -175,9 +175,9 @@ tokio-rustls = { default-features = false, version = "0.26.6" }
 tokio-stream = { version = "0.1.19" }
 tokio-test = "0.4.6"
 tokio-util = { version = "0.7.20" }
-tonic = { version = "0.14.8" }
-tonic-prost = { version = "0.14.8" }
-tonic-prost-build = { version = "0.14.8" }
+tonic = { version = "0.14.9" }
+tonic-prost = { version = "0.14.9" }
+tonic-prost-build = { version = "0.14.9" }
 tower = { version = "0.5.3" }
 tower-http = { version = "0.7.1" }
 h3 = "0.0.8"
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ rustfs-erasure-codec = { version = "9.0.0" }
 reed-solomon-simd = "3.1.0"
 regex = { version = "1.13.1" }
 rumqttc = { package = "rumqttc-next", version = "0.34.0" }
-redis = { version = "1.8.0" }
+redis = { version = "1.8.1" }
 rustify = { version = "0.7", default-features = false }
 rustix = { version = "1.1.6" }
 rust-embed = { version = "8.13.0" }
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ compact_str = "0.10.0"
 snap = "1.1.2"
 starshard = { version = "2.4.0" }
 strum = { version = "0.28.0" }
-sysinfo = "0.40.0"
+sysinfo = "0.40.1"
 temp-env = "0.3.6"
 tempfile = "3.27.0"
 test-case = "3.4.0"
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ dav-server = "0.11.0"
 # Performance Analysis and Memory Profiling
 rustfs-mimalloc = { version = "0.7.2" }
 # Preserve Unicode focus filters until rustfs/backlog#2302 is resolved.
-hotpath = { version = "0.30.1", default-features = false }
+hotpath = { version = "0.30.2", default-features = false }
 # Snapshot testing for output format regression detection
 insta = { version = "1.49" }

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::sync::{Notify, Semaphore};
 use tokio::time::Instant;

+pub mod permit_set;
+
+const MAX_PERMIT_REFERENCES: usize = usize::MAX / 2;
+
 /// A resource owner publishes a capacity; running units retain their permits
 /// after a reduction. Lease slots are reserved once, with no per-unit Arc
 /// allocation. Tokio wait queues may lazily initialize platform mutex storage
@@ -36,6 +40,7 @@ pub struct AdaptiveAdmission {
    maximum: u32,
    slots: Box<[PermitSlots]>,
    next_chunk: AtomicUsize,
+    completed: AtomicU64,
 }

 struct PermitSlots {
@@ -61,10 +66,12 @@ pub struct AdaptivePermit {

 impl Clone for AdaptivePermit {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-        // Every slot reference owns a strong owner reference. Clone the Arc
-        // first, so its overflow protection also bounds the slot refcount.
+        // Subset carriers can retain slot references through a shared owner,
+        // so the slot count needs its own bound in addition to Arc's guard.
        let owner = Arc::clone(&self.owner);
-        owner.slots[self.slot / 64].references[self.slot % 64].fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        if owner.slots[self.slot / 64].references[self.slot % 64].fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed) >= MAX_PERMIT_REFERENCES {
+            std::process::abort();
+        }
        Self { owner, slot: self.slot }
    }
 }
@@ -114,11 +121,22 @@ impl NodeAdmission {

    /// Publish feedback with this owner's actual completed-work counter.
    pub fn update(&self, controller: &mut FeedbackController, observation: Option<FeedbackObservation>) -> FeedbackDecision {
+        self.update_with_probe(controller, observation, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Coordinate growth with other resource controllers in the same window.
+    /// Protective reductions never depend on permission to probe.
+    pub fn update_with_probe(
+        &self,
+        controller: &mut FeedbackController,
+        observation: Option<FeedbackObservation>,
+        allow_probe: bool,
+    ) -> FeedbackDecision {
        let observation = observation.map(|mut observation| {
            observation.completed_units = self.completed();
            observation
        });
-        controller.update(&self.capacity, observation)
+        controller.update_with_probe(&self.capacity, observation, allow_probe)
    }

    /// Current leased scheduling cap and held async units.
@@ -249,16 +267,31 @@ impl FeedbackController {
    /// Consume one sample and publish a three-second lease to the same gate.
    /// If this function stops being called, admission expires independently.
    pub fn update(&mut self, gate: &AdaptiveAdmission, observation: Option<FeedbackObservation>) -> FeedbackDecision {
+        self.update_with_probe(gate, observation, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Allow at most the sampling owner's selected controller to probe upward.
+    pub fn update_with_probe(
+        &mut self,
+        gate: &AdaptiveAdmission,
+        observation: Option<FeedbackObservation>,
+        allow_probe: bool,
+    ) -> FeedbackDecision {
        let observation = observation.map(|mut observation| {
            observation.max_concurrency = observation.max_concurrency.min(gate.maximum);
            observation
        });
-        let decision = self.decide(Instant::now(), observation);
+        let decision = self.decide_with_probe(Instant::now(), observation, allow_probe);
        gate.set_sampled_limit(decision.limit, Duration::from_secs(3));
        decision
    }

-    fn decide(&mut self, now: Instant, observation: Option<FeedbackObservation>) -> FeedbackDecision {
+    fn decide_with_probe(
+        &mut self,
+        now: Instant,
+        observation: Option<FeedbackObservation>,
+        allow_probe: bool,
+    ) -> FeedbackDecision {
        let Some(observation) = observation else {
            self.previous = None;
            self.stable_since = None;
@@ -303,7 +336,8 @@ impl FeedbackController {
            FeedbackReason::NewBaseline
        } else {
            let since = *self.stable_since.get_or_insert(now);
-            if advanced
+            if allow_probe
+                && advanced
                && now.saturating_duration_since(since) >= Duration::from_secs(8)
                && now.saturating_duration_since(self.last_change) >= Duration::from_secs(8)
                && self.limit < observation.max_concurrency
@@ -325,6 +359,13 @@ impl FeedbackController {
 }

 impl AdaptiveAdmission {
+    /// Successful async operations using this physical owner. Native clones
+    /// retain capacity but never count another completion.
+    pub fn completed(&self) -> Option<u64> {
+        let value = self.completed.load(Ordering::Acquire);
+        (value != u64::MAX).then_some(value)
+    }
+
    /// Construct a bounded owner, with zero initial capacity allowed for unknown
    /// input. The immutable maximum reserves at most 65,535 lease slots once;
    /// acquiring or cloning a permit does not allocate a per-unit Arc.
@@ -351,6 +392,7 @@ impl AdaptiveAdmission {
            maximum: maximum_u32,
            slots,
            next_chunk: AtomicUsize::new(0),
+            completed: AtomicU64::new(0),
        })
    }

@@ -466,6 +508,21 @@ impl AdaptiveAdmission {
        self.slots[slot / 64].free.fetch_or(1_u64 << (slot % 64), Ordering::Release);
    }

+    fn release_reference(&self, slot: usize) {
+        self.release_reference_with(slot, || {});
+    }
+
+    fn release_reference_with(&self, slot: usize, before_release: impl FnOnce()) {
+        if self.slots[slot / 64].references[slot % 64].fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel) != 1 {
+            return;
+        }
+        before_release();
+        // Publish the free slot before exposing another admission capacity.
+        self.release_slot(slot);
+        self.state.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
+        self.changed.notify_one();
+    }
+
    /// Wait for capacity. The future owns no permit until it returns; dropping
    /// a pending future leaves capacity untouched. Wrap in the caller's existing
    /// cancellation/deadline select before acquiring any storage commit locks.
@@ -493,13 +550,7 @@ impl AdaptiveAdmission {

 impl Drop for AdaptivePermit {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        if self.owner.slots[self.slot / 64].references[self.slot % 64].fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel) != 1 {
-            return;
-        }
-        // Publish the free slot before exposing another admission capacity.
-        self.owner.release_slot(self.slot);
-        self.owner.state.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
-        self.owner.changed.notify_one();
+        self.owner.release_reference(self.slot);
    }
 }

@@ -861,6 +912,24 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn shared_probe_permission_blocks_growth_but_never_protective_cuts() {
+        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::new(8).expect("bound"), 0);
+        let mut controller = FeedbackController::new();
+        controller.update_with_probe(&gate, Some(healthy(0)), false);
+        for completed in 1..=20 {
+            tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+            assert_eq!(controller.update_with_probe(&gate, Some(healthy(completed)), false).limit, 1);
+        }
+        tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+        assert_eq!(controller.update_with_probe(&gate, Some(healthy(21)), true).reason, FeedbackReason::Probe);
+        assert_eq!(gate.snapshot().limit, 2);
+        let mut busy = healthy(22);
+        busy.pressure = ResourcePressure::Busy;
+        assert_eq!(controller.update_with_probe(&gate, Some(busy), false).limit, 1);
+        assert_eq!(controller.update_with_probe(&gate, None, false).limit, 0);
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
    async fn controller_grows_one_unit_per_cooldown_and_cuts_pressure_immediately() {
        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::new(8).expect("bounded test owner"), 0);
@@ -30,6 +30,16 @@ pub const COMMENT_KEY: &str = "comment";
 pub const ENV_AUDIT_ENABLE: &str = "RUSTFS_AUDIT_ENABLE";
 /// Global switch for enabling the notify module.
 pub const ENV_NOTIFY_ENABLE: &str = "RUSTFS_NOTIFY_ENABLE";
+/// Maximum audit entries per second for authorization denials of authenticated callers.
+/// `0` disables denial auditing for that class of caller.
+pub const ENV_AUDIT_DENIAL_RATE: &str = "RUSTFS_AUDIT_DENIAL_RATE";
+/// Maximum audit entries per second for authorization denials of anonymous callers.
+/// `0` disables denial auditing for that class of caller.
+pub const ENV_AUDIT_DENIAL_ANONYMOUS_RATE: &str = "RUSTFS_AUDIT_DENIAL_ANONYMOUS_RATE";
+/// Default denial audit rate for authenticated callers (entries per second).
+pub const DEFAULT_AUDIT_DENIAL_RATE: u64 = 50;
+/// Default denial audit rate for anonymous callers (entries per second).
+pub const DEFAULT_AUDIT_DENIAL_ANONYMOUS_RATE: u64 = 5;
 /// Default global audit switch (disabled by default).
 pub const DEFAULT_AUDIT_ENABLE: bool = false;
 /// Default global notify switch (disabled by default).
@@ -328,5 +338,7 @@ mod tests {
    fn test_global_audit_notify_switch_constants() {
        assert_eq!(ENV_AUDIT_ENABLE, "RUSTFS_AUDIT_ENABLE");
        assert_eq!(ENV_NOTIFY_ENABLE, "RUSTFS_NOTIFY_ENABLE");
+        assert_eq!(ENV_AUDIT_DENIAL_RATE, "RUSTFS_AUDIT_DENIAL_RATE");
+        assert_eq!(ENV_AUDIT_DENIAL_ANONYMOUS_RATE, "RUSTFS_AUDIT_DENIAL_ANONYMOUS_RATE");
    }
 }
@@ -24,6 +24,14 @@ use std::{
    time::{Duration, SystemTime},
 };

+/// Copy an existing cache-model value without including surrounding work.
+#[inline]
+pub fn clone_cache_value<T: ToOwned + ?Sized>(source: &T) -> T::Owned {
+    #[cfg(feature = "hotpath-alloc")]
+    let _copy_scope = hotpath::MeasurementGuardSync::new("cache_model.owned_copy", false, false);
+    source.to_owned()
+}
+
 /// Maximum amount a persisted `last_update` may lead the local wall clock before the
 /// persisted timestamp is treated as untrustworthy.
 ///
@@ -342,7 +350,7 @@ impl UnknownTierStats {
                    self.diagnostics_dropped = checked_saturating_add(1, self.diagnostics_dropped, &mut self.counter_overflowed);
                    continue;
                }
-                self.diagnostics.push(diagnostic.clone());
+                self.diagnostics.push(clone_cache_value(diagnostic));
            }
        }
        if !self.diagnostics.is_empty() {
@@ -367,7 +375,7 @@ impl UnknownTierStats {
        if !self.fits_add(other) {
            return None;
        }
-        let mut merged = self.clone();
+        let mut merged = clone_cache_value(self);
        merged.merge(other);
        Some(merged)
    }
@@ -407,7 +415,7 @@ impl AllTierStats {
            if st.is_empty() {
                continue;
            }
-            let entry = self.tiers.entry(tier.clone()).or_default();
+            let entry = self.tiers.entry(clone_cache_value(tier)).or_default();
            *entry = entry.add(st);
        }
    }
@@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ impl AllTierStats {
            .tiers
            .keys()
            .filter(|tier| tier.as_str() != "STANDARD" && tier.as_str() != "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY" && !known.contains(tier.as_str()))
-            .cloned()
+            .map(clone_cache_value)
            .collect();
        for tier in retired_tiers {
            if let Some(stats) = self.tiers.remove(&tier) {
@@ -1237,10 +1245,10 @@ impl DataUsageEntry {
    }

    pub fn add_child(&mut self, hash: &DataUsageHash) {
-        if self.children.contains(&hash.key()) {
+        if self.children.contains(&clone_cache_value(&hash.0)) {
            return;
        }
-        self.children.insert(hash.key());
+        self.children.insert(clone_cache_value(&hash.0));
    }

    pub fn merge(&mut self, other: &DataUsageEntry) {
@@ -1257,7 +1265,7 @@ impl DataUsageEntry {
            s_rep.replica_size += o_rep.replica_size;
            s_rep.replica_count += o_rep.replica_count;
            for (arn, stat) in o_rep.targets.iter() {
-                let st = s_rep.targets.entry(arn.clone()).or_default();
+                let st = s_rep.targets.entry(clone_cache_value(arn)).or_default();
                st.pending_size += stat.pending_size;
                st.replicated_size += stat.replicated_size;
                st.failed_size += stat.failed_size;
@@ -1451,7 +1459,7 @@ pub fn prefix_usage_in_cache(
    } else {
        format!("{bucket}/{prefix}")
    };
-    let entry = cache.get(&hash_path(&root).key())?.clone();
+    let entry = clone_cache_value(cache.get(&clone_cache_value(&hash_path(&root).0))?);

    let usage = PrefixUsageSummary::from_entry(&flatten_entry(cache, &entry, 0)?);

@@ -1594,38 +1602,38 @@ pub struct DataUsageCache {
 impl DataUsageCache {
    pub fn replace(&mut self, path: &str, parent: &str, e: DataUsageEntry) {
        let hash = hash_path(path);
-        self.cache.insert(hash.key(), e);
+        self.cache.insert(clone_cache_value(&hash.0), e);
        if !parent.is_empty() {
            let phash = hash_path(parent);
            let p = {
-                let p = self.cache.entry(phash.key()).or_default();
+                let p = self.cache.entry(clone_cache_value(&phash.0)).or_default();
                p.add_child(&hash);
-                p.clone()
+                clone_cache_value(p)
            };
-            self.cache.insert(phash.key(), p);
+            self.cache.insert(clone_cache_value(&phash.0), p);
        }
    }

    pub fn replace_hashed(&mut self, hash: &DataUsageHash, parent: &Option<DataUsageHash>, e: &DataUsageEntry) {
-        self.cache.insert(hash.key(), e.clone());
+        self.cache.insert(clone_cache_value(&hash.0), clone_cache_value(e));
        if let Some(parent) = parent {
-            self.cache.entry(parent.key()).or_default().add_child(hash);
+            self.cache.entry(clone_cache_value(&parent.0)).or_default().add_child(hash);
        }
    }

    pub fn find(&self, path: &str) -> Option<DataUsageEntry> {
-        self.cache.get(&hash_path(path).key()).cloned()
+        self.cache.get(&clone_cache_value(&hash_path(path).0)).map(clone_cache_value)
    }

    pub fn find_children_copy(&mut self, h: DataUsageHash) -> DataUsageHashMap {
-        self.cache.entry(h.string()).or_default().children.clone()
+        clone_cache_value(&self.cache.entry(clone_cache_value(&h.0)).or_default().children)
    }

    pub fn flatten(&self, root: &DataUsageEntry) -> DataUsageEntry {
-        let mut root = root.clone();
-        for id in root.children.clone().iter() {
+        let mut root = clone_cache_value(root);
+        for id in clone_cache_value(&root.children).iter() {
            if let Some(e) = self.cache.get(id) {
-                let mut e = e.clone();
+                let mut e = clone_cache_value(e);
                if !e.children.is_empty() {
                    e = self.flatten(&e);
                }
@@ -1637,16 +1645,16 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
    }

    pub fn copy_with_children(&mut self, src: &DataUsageCache, hash: &DataUsageHash, parent: &Option<DataUsageHash>) {
-        if let Some(e) = src.cache.get(&hash.string()) {
-            self.cache.insert(hash.key(), e.clone());
+        if let Some(e) = src.cache.get(&clone_cache_value(&hash.0)) {
+            self.cache.insert(clone_cache_value(&hash.0), clone_cache_value(e));
            for ch in e.children.iter() {
-                if *ch == hash.key() {
+                if *ch == clone_cache_value(&hash.0) {
                    return;
                }
-                self.copy_with_children(src, &DataUsageHash(ch.to_string()), &Some(hash.clone()));
+                self.copy_with_children(src, &DataUsageHash(clone_cache_value(ch)), &Some(clone_cache_value(hash)));
            }
            if let Some(parent) = parent {
-                let p = self.cache.entry(parent.key()).or_default();
+                let p = self.cache.entry(clone_cache_value(&parent.0)).or_default();
                p.add_child(hash);
            }
        }
@@ -1654,14 +1662,14 @@ impl DataUsageCache {

    pub fn delete_recursive(&mut self, hash: &DataUsageHash) {
        let mut need_remove = Vec::new();
-        if let Some(v) = self.cache.get(&hash.string()) {
+        if let Some(v) = self.cache.get(&clone_cache_value(&hash.0)) {
            for child in v.children.iter() {
-                need_remove.push(child.clone());
+                need_remove.push(clone_cache_value(child));
            }
        }
-        self.cache.remove(&hash.string());
+        self.cache.remove(&clone_cache_value(&hash.0));
        need_remove.iter().for_each(|child| {
-            self.delete_recursive(&DataUsageHash(child.to_string()));
+            self.delete_recursive(&DataUsageHash(clone_cache_value(child)));
        });
    }

@@ -1682,7 +1690,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
    }

    pub fn search_parent(&self, hash: &DataUsageHash) -> Option<DataUsageHash> {
-        let want = hash.key();
+        let want = clone_cache_value(&hash.0);
        if let Some(last_index) = want.rfind('/')
            && let Some(v) = self.find(&want[0..last_index])
            && v.children.contains(&want)
@@ -1693,7 +1701,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {

        for (k, v) in self.cache.iter() {
            if v.children.contains(&want) {
-                let found = DataUsageHash(k.clone());
+                let found = DataUsageHash(clone_cache_value(k));
                return Some(found);
            }
        }
@@ -1701,7 +1709,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
    }

    pub fn is_compacted(&self, hash: &DataUsageHash) -> bool {
-        match self.cache.get(&hash.key()) {
+        match self.cache.get(&clone_cache_value(&hash.0)) {
            Some(due) => due.compacted,
            None => false,
        }
@@ -1726,7 +1734,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
        if self.cache.len() < limit {
            return;
        }
-        let top = hash_path(&self.info.name).key();
+        let top = clone_cache_value(&hash_path(&self.info.name).0);
        let top_e = match self.find(&top) {
            Some(e) => e,
            None => return,
@@ -1753,7 +1761,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
    }

    pub fn reduce_children_of(&mut self, path: &DataUsageHash, limit: usize, compact_self: bool) {
-        let e = match self.cache.get(&path.key()) {
+        let e = match self.cache.get(&clone_cache_value(&path.0)) {
            Some(e) => e,
            None => return,
        };
@@ -1763,13 +1771,13 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
        }

        if e.children.len() > limit && compact_self {
-            let mut flat = self.size_recursive(&path.key()).unwrap_or_default();
+            let mut flat = self.size_recursive(&clone_cache_value(&path.0)).unwrap_or_default();
            flat.compacted = true;
            self.delete_recursive(path);
            self.replace_hashed(path, &None, &flat);
            return;
        }
-        let total = self.total_children_rec(&path.key());
+        let total = self.total_children_rec(&clone_cache_value(&path.0));
        if total < limit {
            return;
        }
@@ -1782,12 +1790,12 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
        let mut candidate_index = 0;
        while remove > 0 && candidate_index < candidates.len() {
            let e = &candidates[candidate_index];
-            let candidate = e.path.clone();
+            let candidate = clone_cache_value(&e.path);
            if candidate == *path && !compact_self {
                break;
            }
-            let removing = self.total_children_rec(&candidate.key());
-            let mut flat = match self.size_recursive(&candidate.key()) {
+            let removing = self.total_children_rec(&clone_cache_value(&candidate.0));
+            let mut flat = match self.size_recursive(&clone_cache_value(&candidate.0)) {
                Some(flat) => flat,
                None => {
                    candidate_index += 1;
@@ -1824,7 +1832,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
            if o.root().is_none() {
                return;
            }
-            *self = o.clone();
+            *self = clone_cache_value(o);
            return;
        };

@@ -1837,7 +1845,8 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
        }

        existing_root.merge(&other_root);
-        self.cache.insert(hash_path(&self.info.name).key(), existing_root);
+        self.cache
+            .insert(clone_cache_value(&hash_path(&self.info.name).0), existing_root);

        let root_hash = self.root_hash();
        for key in other_root.children.iter() {
@@ -1848,7 +1857,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
            if let Some(existing) = self.cache.get_mut(key) {
                existing.merge(&flat);
            } else {
-                self.replace_hashed(&DataUsageHash(key.clone()), &Some(root_hash.clone()), &flat);
+                self.replace_hashed(&DataUsageHash(clone_cache_value(key)), &Some(clone_cache_value(&root_hash)), &flat);
            }
        }
    }
@@ -1892,7 +1901,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {

                for (arn, stat) in rs.targets.iter() {
                    bui.replication_info.insert(
-                        arn.clone(),
+                        clone_cache_value(arn),
                        BucketTargetUsageInfo {
                            replication_pending_size: stat.pending_size,
                            replicated_size: stat.replicated_size,
@@ -1905,7 +1914,7 @@ impl DataUsageCache {
                    );
                }
            }
-            buckets_usage.insert(bucket_name.clone(), bui);
+            buckets_usage.insert(clone_cache_value(bucket_name), bui);
        }

        DataUsageInfo {
@@ -1937,20 +1946,20 @@ struct Inner {
 }

 fn add(data_usage_cache: &DataUsageCache, path: &DataUsageHash, candidates: &mut Vec<Inner>) -> usize {
-    let e = match data_usage_cache.cache.get(&path.key()) {
+    let e = match data_usage_cache.cache.get(&clone_cache_value(&path.0)) {
        Some(e) => e,
        None => return 0,
    };
    let mut objects = e.objects;
    for ch in e.children.iter() {
-        objects += add(data_usage_cache, &DataUsageHash(ch.clone()), candidates);
+        objects += add(data_usage_cache, &DataUsageHash(clone_cache_value(ch)), candidates);
    }
    // Collect internal nodes (with children) as compaction candidates.
    // Leaf nodes have no children to remove, so compacting them is a no-op.
    if !e.children.is_empty() {
        candidates.push(Inner {
            objects,
-            path: path.clone(),
+            path: clone_cache_value(path),
        });
    }
    objects
@@ -1958,7 +1967,7 @@ fn add(data_usage_cache: &DataUsageCache, path: &DataUsageHash, candidates: &mut

 fn mark(duc: &DataUsageCache, entry: &DataUsageEntry, found: &mut HashSet<String>) {
    for k in entry.children.iter() {
-        found.insert(k.to_string());
+        found.insert(clone_cache_value(k));
        if let Some(ch) = duc.cache.get(k) {
            mark(duc, ch, found);
        }
@@ -2408,11 +2417,11 @@ impl SizeSummary {
        }

        for entry in &other.size_reconciliation {
-            self.record_size_reconciliation(entry.clone());
+            self.record_size_reconciliation(clone_cache_value(entry));
        }
        self.size_reconciliation_truncated |= other.size_reconciliation_truncated;
        for scope in &other.reconciliation_scopes {
-            self.record_reconciliation_scope(&scope.bucket, &scope.object);
+            self.record_reconciliation_scope_with(&scope.bucket, &scope.object, || clone_cache_value(scope));
        }
    }

@@ -2437,6 +2446,13 @@ impl SizeSummary {
    /// Mark one object scope as refreshed. Duplicate scopes are suppressed so
    /// merging summaries remains bounded and deterministic.
    pub fn record_reconciliation_scope(&mut self, bucket: &str, object: &str) {
+        self.record_reconciliation_scope_with(bucket, object, || SizeReconciliationScope {
+            bucket: bucket.to_string(),
+            object: object.to_string(),
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn record_reconciliation_scope_with(&mut self, bucket: &str, object: &str, build: impl FnOnce() -> SizeReconciliationScope) {
        if !self
            .reconciliation_scopes
            .iter()
@@ -2446,10 +2462,7 @@ impl SizeSummary {
                self.size_reconciliation_truncated = true;
                return;
            }
-            self.reconciliation_scopes.push(SizeReconciliationScope {
-                bucket: bucket.to_string(),
-                object: object.to_string(),
-            });
+            self.reconciliation_scopes.push(build());
        }
    }
 }
@@ -3404,6 +3417,42 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(summary1.versions, 15);
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn test_reconciliation_scope_builds_only_after_admission() {
+        let mut summary = SizeSummary::new();
+        let builds = std::cell::Cell::new(0);
+        let build = || {
+            builds.set(builds.get() + 1);
+            SizeReconciliationScope {
+                bucket: "bucket".to_string(),
+                object: "object".to_string(),
+            }
+        };
+
+        summary.record_reconciliation_scope_with("bucket", "object", build);
+        assert_eq!(builds.get(), 1, "an admitted scope is copied once");
+        assert_eq!(summary.reconciliation_scopes.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(summary.reconciliation_scopes[0].bucket, "bucket");
+        assert_eq!(summary.reconciliation_scopes[0].object, "object");
+
+        summary.record_reconciliation_scope_with("bucket", "object", build);
+        assert_eq!(builds.get(), 1, "duplicate scopes must not be copied");
+        assert_eq!(summary.reconciliation_scopes.len(), 1);
+        assert!(!summary.size_reconciliation_truncated);
+
+        for index in 1..1024 {
+            summary.record_reconciliation_scope("bucket", &index.to_string());
+        }
+        summary.record_reconciliation_scope_with("bucket", "object", build);
+        assert_eq!(builds.get(), 1, "a duplicate at capacity must not be copied");
+        assert!(!summary.size_reconciliation_truncated);
+
+        summary.record_reconciliation_scope_with("bucket", "overflow", build);
+        assert_eq!(builds.get(), 1, "a rejected scope must not be copied");
+        assert_eq!(summary.reconciliation_scopes.len(), 1024);
+        assert!(summary.size_reconciliation_truncated);
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_size_histogram_compat_rollup_sums_all_sub_buckets() {
        let mut hist = SizeHistogram::default();
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ workspace = true

 [features]
 default = []
+scanner-peer-mixed-version = []
 hotpath = [
    "hotpath/hotpath",
    "hotpath/tokio",
@@ -64,6 +64,25 @@ Each build/run holds an exclusive `rustfs.e2e.lock` marker beside the binary; co

 The protocols suite has its own fixed-port and single-worker contract in [`src/protocols/README.md`](src/protocols/README.md). Use its command under [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting).

+### Scanner mixed-version gate
+
+The Linux N/O scanner gate needs a separately qualified `33482bb` server, which supports scoped ACKs. Set `RUSTFS_SCANNER_COMPAT_OLD_BINARY` to that executable and `RUSTFS_SCANNER_COMPAT_OLD_SHA256` to its independently verified digest. The release binary used by ordinary upgrade CI is a different baseline. Missing or mismatched inputs fail the test.
+
+Enable the harness-only `scanner-peer-mixed-version` feature explicitly; keep the server wrapper features identical between build and run:
+
+```bash
+python3 scripts/e2e_binary.py build --features e2e-test-hooks
+python3 scripts/e2e_binary.py run --features e2e-test-hooks -- \
+  cargo nextest run --profile e2e-distributed -p e2e_test \
+  --features scanner-peer-mixed-version --ignore-default-filter \
+  -E 'test(=distributed::scanner_peer_bucket_test::scanner_peer_bucket_new_coordinator_certifies_old_peers_and_scopes_next_cycle)' \
+  --test-threads 1 --retries 0 --no-tests=fail
+```
+
+The separate `scanner_peer_bucket_new_coordinator_certifies_old_worker_peers_and_scopes_next_cycle` case uses the same feature and qualified old binary inputs. Select its exact name in the command above. It keeps the original N process enabled and starts the three official O replacements with `RUSTFS_SCANNER_ENABLED=false`: their autonomous scanner loops are disabled, while real S3 dirty tracking, authenticated snapshots, publication leases, scoped ACKs, and N-dispatched RemoteScanner workers remain active. It records each node's actual scanner status and retains the same identity, durability, root, ACK, data-conservation, and physical-walk requirements. This fixed-role case does not validate autonomous O scanning or all-enabled election behavior. The original all-enabled N/O test remains separate and has not passed acceptance; a fixed-role result cannot satisfy that gate.
+
+For this fixed-role case, the `e2e-test-hooks` server also records the N client's complete bounded worker inventory. Requests are observed before opening the normal stream and paired only after authenticated source/plan validation and terminal EOF. Closed manifests and final health receipts must bind both cycles to their actual candidate/root; the next cycle needs exactly four sets of hot-only execution and at least one positive-progress worker mapped to a measured official O process. A zero-progress Current response, missing/extra request, unhealthy recorder, or missing physical coverage fails the gate. The recorder does not add O hooks or change any protocol or timeout. Final health reads check immutable closed-cycle evidence, not current N liveness.
+
 ### `#[ignore]` semantics

 Ignored tests are excluded from the default `cargo nextest run` pass because
@@ -16,8 +16,193 @@
 mod tests {
    use crate::common::{RustFSTestEnvironment, init_logging};
    use aws_sdk_s3::Client;
+    use aws_sdk_s3::config::http::HttpResponse;
+    use aws_sdk_s3::error::{ProvideErrorMetadata, SdkError};
    use aws_sdk_s3::primitives::ByteStream;
-    use aws_sdk_s3::types::{BucketVersioningStatus, VersioningConfiguration};
+    use aws_sdk_s3::types::{BucketVersioningStatus, CompletedMultipartUpload, CompletedPart, VersioningConfiguration};
+
+    fn assert_not_found<E: ProvideErrorMetadata + std::fmt::Debug>(error: &SdkError<E, HttpResponse>) {
+        assert_eq!(error.raw_response().map(|r| r.status().as_u16()), Some(404), "{error:?}");
+        assert_eq!(
+            error.as_service_error().and_then(ProvideErrorMetadata::code),
+            Some("NoSuchKey"),
+            "{error:?}"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn conditional_writes_cannot_replace_delete_marker_with_if_match() {
+        init_logging();
+        let mut env = RustFSTestEnvironment::new().await.expect("create test environment");
+        env.start_rustfs_server(vec![]).await.expect("start RustFS");
+        let client = env.create_s3_client();
+        let bucket = "conditional-delete-marker-proof";
+        create_versioned_bucket(&client, bucket).await;
+        client
+            .put_object()
+            .bucket(bucket)
+            .key("source")
+            .body(ByteStream::from_static(b"source"))
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .expect("write copy source");
+
+        for operation in ["put", "copy", "multipart"] {
+            let old = client
+                .put_object()
+                .bucket(bucket)
+                .key(operation)
+                .body(ByteStream::from_static(b"old"))
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .expect("write historical version");
+            let old_etag = old.e_tag().expect("historical ETag");
+            let marker = client
+                .delete_object()
+                .bucket(bucket)
+                .key(operation)
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .expect("create delete marker");
+            let marker_id = marker.version_id().expect("delete marker version");
+
+            let (upload_id, completed) = if operation == "multipart" {
+                let upload = client
+                    .create_multipart_upload()
+                    .bucket(bucket)
+                    .key(operation)
+                    .send()
+                    .await
+                    .expect("initiate multipart upload");
+                let upload_id = upload.upload_id().expect("upload ID").to_owned();
+                let part = client
+                    .upload_part()
+                    .bucket(bucket)
+                    .key(operation)
+                    .upload_id(&upload_id)
+                    .part_number(1)
+                    .body(ByteStream::from_static(b"new"))
+                    .send()
+                    .await
+                    .expect("upload part");
+                let completed = CompletedMultipartUpload::builder()
+                    .parts(
+                        CompletedPart::builder()
+                            .part_number(1)
+                            .set_e_tag(part.e_tag().map(str::to_owned))
+                            .build(),
+                    )
+                    .build();
+                (Some(upload_id), Some(completed))
+            } else {
+                (None, None)
+            };
+
+            for etag in [old_etag, "\"00000000000000000000000000000000\""] {
+                match operation {
+                    "put" => {
+                        let err = client
+                            .put_object()
+                            .bucket(bucket)
+                            .key(operation)
+                            .if_match(etag)
+                            .body(ByteStream::from_static(b"new"))
+                            .send()
+                            .await
+                            .expect_err("If-Match must reject marker");
+                        assert_not_found(&err);
+                    }
+                    "copy" => {
+                        let err = client
+                            .copy_object()
+                            .bucket(bucket)
+                            .key(operation)
+                            .copy_source(format!("{bucket}/source"))
+                            .if_match(etag)
+                            .send()
+                            .await
+                            .expect_err("If-Match copy must reject marker");
+                        assert_not_found(&err);
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        let err = client
+                            .complete_multipart_upload()
+                            .bucket(bucket)
+                            .key(operation)
+                            .upload_id(upload_id.as_deref().expect("upload ID"))
+                            .multipart_upload(completed.clone().expect("completed parts"))
+                            .if_match(etag)
+                            .send()
+                            .await
+                            .expect_err("If-Match completion must reject marker");
+                        assert_not_found(&err);
+                    }
+                }
+                let versions = client
+                    .list_object_versions()
+                    .bucket(bucket)
+                    .prefix(operation)
+                    .send()
+                    .await
+                    .expect("list versions after rejected write");
+                assert_eq!(versions.versions().len(), 1, "{operation}: failed write created a version");
+                assert_eq!(versions.delete_markers().len(), 1);
+                assert_eq!(versions.delete_markers()[0].version_id(), Some(marker_id));
+                assert_eq!(versions.delete_markers()[0].is_latest(), Some(true));
+            }
+
+            match operation {
+                "put" => {
+                    client
+                        .put_object()
+                        .bucket(bucket)
+                        .key(operation)
+                        .if_none_match("*")
+                        .body(ByteStream::from_static(b"new"))
+                        .send()
+                        .await
+                        .expect("If-None-Match PUT over marker");
+                }
+                "copy" => {
+                    client
+                        .copy_object()
+                        .bucket(bucket)
+                        .key(operation)
+                        .copy_source(format!("{bucket}/source"))
+                        .if_none_match("*")
+                        .send()
+                        .await
+                        .expect("If-None-Match copy over marker");
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    client
+                        .complete_multipart_upload()
+                        .bucket(bucket)
+                        .key(operation)
+                        .upload_id(upload_id.as_deref().expect("upload ID"))
+                        .multipart_upload(completed.expect("completed parts"))
+                        .if_none_match("*")
+                        .send()
+                        .await
+                        .expect("If-None-Match completion over marker");
+                }
+            }
+            let current = client
+                .get_object()
+                .bucket(bucket)
+                .key(operation)
+                .send()
+                .await
+                .expect("read successful conditional write")
+                .body
+                .collect()
+                .await
+                .expect("read object body")
+                .into_bytes();
+            let expected: &[u8] = if operation == "copy" { b"source" } else { b"new" };
+            assert_eq!(current.as_ref(), expected, "{operation}: unexpected current object");
+        }
+    }

    async fn create_versioned_bucket(client: &Client, bucket: &str) {
        client
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ mod s3_during_data_movement_test;
 mod scanner_heal_topology_fixture;
 mod scanner_heal_topology_test;
 mod scanner_heal_topology_tier_test;
+mod scanner_peer_bucket_fixture;
+mod scanner_peer_bucket_test;
 mod site_replication_test;
 mod table_catalog_test;
 mod upgrade_test;
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ use super::harness::{
 };
 use crate::common::{ClusterTopology, RustFSTestClusterEnvironment};
 use crate::rpc_fault_proxy::{RpcFaultProxy, RpcPause};
-use crate::storage_api::multipart_fence_acceptance::RUSTFS_META_MULTIPART_BUCKET;
+use crate::storage_api::multipart_fence_acceptance::{LOCK_DIAGNOSTICS_FILTER, RUSTFS_META_MULTIPART_BUCKET};
 use aws_sdk_s3::{
    Client,
    config::retry::RetryConfig,
@@ -38,14 +38,16 @@ const DEADLINE: Duration = Duration::from_secs(45);
 async fn fixture(
    drives_per_node: usize,
    storage_class: &str,
+    lock_diagnostics: bool,
 ) -> TestResult<(RustFSTestClusterEnvironment, Vec<RpcFaultProxy>, Vec<Client>, String)> {
-    fixture_from_binary(drives_per_node, storage_class, None).await
+    fixture_from_binary(drives_per_node, storage_class, None, lock_diagnostics).await
 }

 async fn fixture_from_binary(
    drives_per_node: usize,
    storage_class: &str,
    binary: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+    lock_diagnostics: bool,
 ) -> TestResult<(RustFSTestClusterEnvironment, Vec<RpcFaultProxy>, Vec<Client>, String)> {
    let mut cluster =
        RustFSTestClusterEnvironment::with_topology(ClusterTopology::single_pool_multidrive(4, drives_per_node)).await?;
@@ -90,6 +92,10 @@ async fn fixture_from_binary(
    ] {
        cluster.set_env(name, value);
    }
+    if lock_diagnostics {
+        cluster.set_env("RUST_LOG", LOCK_DIAGNOSTICS_FILTER);
+        cluster.set_env("RUSTFS_OBJECT_LOCK_DIAG_ENABLE", "true");
+    }
    let mut proxies = Vec::new();
    if binary.is_none() {
        for node in 0..4 {
@@ -363,26 +369,120 @@ fn upload_path_scope(bucket: &str, key: &str, upload_id: &str) -> TestResult<Str
    ))
 }

-async fn with_paused_peers<T: Send + 'static>(
+async fn with_paused_peers<T, E>(
    proxies: &[RpcFaultProxy],
    methods: &[&'static str],
    limits: &[usize],
    scope: &str,
-    request: impl std::future::Future<Output = T> + Send + 'static,
-) -> TestResult<T> {
+    request: impl std::future::Future<Output = Result<T, SdkError<E>>> + Send + 'static,
+) -> TestResult<Result<T, SdkError<E>>>
+where
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    E: std::error::Error + ProvideErrorMetadata + Send + Sync + 'static,
+{
+    let deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + DEADLINE;
    let pauses: Vec<_> = proxies[1..=limits.len()]
        .iter()
        .zip(limits)
        .map(|(proxy, limit)| proxy.pause(methods, *limit, Some(scope)))
        .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;
-    let task = tokio::spawn(request);
-    wait_for_faults(&pauses, methods).await?;
-    let result = tokio::time::timeout(DEADLINE, task).await??;
+    let mut task = tokio::spawn(request);
+    let mut joined = None;
+    let mut deadline_expired = false;
+    let mut barrier_result = {
+        let faults = wait_for_faults(&pauses, methods);
+        tokio::pin!(faults);
+        match tokio::time::timeout_at(deadline, async {
+            tokio::select! {
+                result = &mut faults => result,
+                result = &mut task => {
+                    joined = Some(result);
+                    // A ready request is not evidence that every selected fault
+                    // was reached. Poll the original barrier once for that proof.
+                    match futures::poll!(faults.as_mut()) {
+                        std::task::Poll::Ready(result) => result,
+                        std::task::Poll::Pending => Err("SDK request completed before the selected RPC fault barrier".into()),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .await
+        {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(error) => {
+                deadline_expired = true;
+                Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, error).into())
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    // Tokio's timeout polls an already-ready inner future before its timer.
+    // A late observation cannot certify the original absolute deadline.
+    deadline_expired |= tokio::time::Instant::now() >= deadline;
+    if deadline_expired {
+        barrier_result = Err(std::io::Error::new(
+            std::io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
+            "selected RPC fault proof observed after the absolute MPU deadline",
+        )
+        .into());
+    }
+    if barrier_result.is_err() {
+        for pause in &pauses {
+            pause.discard_pending();
+        }
+    }
+    let mut client_task_aborted = false;
+    let request_result = match joined {
+        Some(result) => result,
+        None => match tokio::time::timeout_at(deadline, &mut task).await {
+            Ok(result) => result,
+            Err(error) => {
+                deadline_expired = true;
+                for pause in &pauses {
+                    pause.discard_pending();
+                }
+                barrier_result = Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, error).into());
+                // This owns only the test's SDK request, not server/native work.
+                // Retire the client task without granting another operation budget.
+                client_task_aborted = true;
+                task.abort();
+                task.await
+            }
+        },
+    };
+    deadline_expired |= tokio::time::Instant::now() >= deadline;
+    if deadline_expired {
+        barrier_result = Err(std::io::Error::new(
+            std::io::ErrorKind::TimedOut,
+            "SDK request result observed after the absolute MPU deadline",
+        )
+        .into());
+    }
+    let hits: Vec<_> = pauses.iter().map(RpcPause::hits).collect();
    for pause in &pauses {
        pause.discard_pending();
    }
    drop(pauses);
-    Ok(result)
+    if barrier_result.is_err() {
+        let sdk_error = request_result.as_ref().ok().and_then(|result| result.as_ref().err());
+        let response = sdk_error.and_then(SdkError::raw_response);
+        eprintln!(
+            "MPU fault barrier failed: methods={methods:?}, hits={hits:?}, client_task_aborted={client_task_aborted}, deadline_expired={deadline_expired}, sdk_code={:?}, cause={:?}, request_id={:?}",
+            sdk_error
+                .and_then(|error| error.as_service_error())
+                .and_then(|error| error.meta().code()),
+            response.and_then(|response| response.headers().get("x-rustfs-error-cause")),
+            response.and_then(|response| response.headers().get("x-amz-request-id")),
+        );
+    }
+    match (barrier_result, request_result) {
+        // Preserve the actual SDK source instead of replacing an early service
+        // failure with an unrelated fault-wait timeout. The outer Err stays red.
+        (Err(_), Ok(Err(error))) => Err(Box::new(error)),
+        (Err(_), Err(error)) if !client_task_aborted => Err(Box::new(error)),
+        (Err(error), _) => Err(error),
+        (Ok(()), Ok(result)) => Ok(result),
+        (Ok(()), Err(error)) => Err(Box::new(error)),
+    }
 }

 fn quorum_outcome<T: std::fmt::Debug, E: std::fmt::Debug + ProvideErrorMetadata>(
@@ -1318,7 +1418,7 @@ async fn concurrent_capped_parts_respect_limit_on_distinct_nodes(clients: &[Clie

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn metadata_delay_preserves_write_quorum_and_rejects_quorum_minus_one() -> TestResult {
-    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2").await?;
+    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2", true).await?;
    list_parts_disk_loss_after_metadata_read(&cluster, &proxies, &clients, &bucket).await?;
    concurrent_capped_parts_respect_limit_on_distinct_nodes(&clients, &bucket).await?;
    phase_quorum_matrix(&cluster, &proxies, &clients, &bucket, false, 1, 3).await
@@ -1326,13 +1426,13 @@ async fn metadata_delay_preserves_write_quorum_and_rejects_quorum_minus_one() ->

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn lock_delay_preserves_admission_quorum_and_reports_timeout() -> TestResult {
-    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2").await?;
+    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2", false).await?;
    phase_quorum_matrix(&cluster, &proxies, &clients, &bucket, true, 1, 3).await
 }

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn sixteen_shard_multipart_metadata_requires_twelve_votes() -> TestResult {
-    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(4, "EC:4").await?;
+    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(4, "EC:4", false).await?;
    let storage = cluster_admin_ok(&cluster, http::Method::GET, "/rustfs/admin/v3/storageinfo", None).await?;
    let storage: serde_json::Value = serde_json::from_str(&storage)?;
    let storage: rustfs_madmin::StorageInfo = serde_json::from_value(storage["info"].clone())?;
@@ -1346,7 +1446,7 @@ async fn sixteen_shard_multipart_metadata_requires_twelve_votes() -> TestResult
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn mixed_version_failed_complete_requires_current_coordinator_for_abort() -> TestResult {
    let previous = super::upgrade_test::source_binary()?;
-    let (mut cluster, mut proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture_from_binary(4, "EC:4", Some(&previous)).await?;
+    let (mut cluster, mut proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture_from_binary(4, "EC:4", Some(&previous), false).await?;
    assert!(
        proxies.is_empty(),
        "the genuine previous fleet boots and seeds through its normal direct transport"
@@ -1549,7 +1649,7 @@ async fn native_certified_partial_abort_retry_reclaims_survivors_below_metadata_
        capability_sha256: Option<[u8; 32]>,
        abort: Option<AbortRef>,
    }
-    let (mut cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(4, "EC:4").await?;
+    let (mut cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(4, "EC:4", false).await?;
    let key = "partial-abort";
    let committed = payload_for("committed-before-abort", 4096);
    clients[0]
@@ -1765,7 +1865,7 @@ async fn native_certified_partial_abort_retry_reclaims_survivors_below_metadata_
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn late_complete_packets_cannot_publish_after_abort_and_bucket_recreation() -> TestResult {
    for size in [0, 8 * 1024 * 1024] {
-        let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2").await?;
+        let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2", false).await?;
        let key = "late-complete";
        let upload = clients[0].create_multipart_upload().bucket(&bucket).key(key).send().await?;
        let upload_id = upload.upload_id().ok_or("missing upload ID")?;
@@ -1892,7 +1992,7 @@ async fn late_complete_packets_cannot_publish_after_abort_and_bucket_recreation(
 async fn late_part_packets_preserve_retired_and_fresh_uploads() -> TestResult {
    for (method, settles) in [("PreparePartTransaction", false), ("SettlePartTransaction", true)] {
        for recreate_bucket in [false, true] {
-            let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2").await?;
+            let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2", false).await?;
            let key = "late-part-transaction";
            let previous = payload_for("committed-before-late-part", 4096);
            clients[0]
@@ -2075,7 +2175,7 @@ async fn late_part_packets_preserve_retired_and_fresh_uploads() -> TestResult {

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn cancelled_metadata_wait_releases_fence_for_bucket_recreation() -> TestResult {
-    let (_cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2").await?;
+    let (_cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2", false).await?;
    let pauses: Vec<_> = proxies[1..]
        .iter()
        .map(|proxy| proxy.pause(&["WriteMetadata"], usize::MAX, Some(&bucket)))
@@ -2098,7 +2198,7 @@ async fn cancelled_metadata_wait_releases_fence_for_bucket_recreation() -> TestR
 async fn part_resend_owner_serializes_complete_and_abort_after_client_cancellation() -> TestResult {
    use md5::{Digest as _, Md5};

-    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2").await?;
+    let (cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2", false).await?;
    for cancel_waiter in [false, true] {
        for complete in [false, true] {
            let key = format!("resend-{cancel_waiter}-{complete}");
@@ -2586,7 +2686,7 @@ async fn resume_at_rpc<T: Send + 'static>(

 #[tokio::test]
 async fn each_multipart_phase_resumes_after_metadata_and_lock_delays() -> TestResult {
-    let (_cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2").await?;
+    let (_cluster, proxies, clients, bucket) = fixture(1, "EC:2", false).await?;
    for locks in [false, true] {
        let key = format!("phase-{locks}");
        let client = clients[0].clone();
@@ -1700,6 +1700,15 @@ mod tests {
        );

        let mut cluster = RustFSTestClusterEnvironment::with_topology(topology.cluster_topology()).await?;
+        let bucket = "heal-restart-during-rebuild";
+        let mrf_fallback_scope = if !background_enabled {
+            let path = PathBuf::from(&cluster.temp_dir).join("skip-outage-mrf-fallback");
+            std::fs::write(&path, format!("{bucket}/cluster/written-while-node-down-"))?;
+            cluster.set_env("RUSTFS_E2E_SKIP_MRF_FALLBACK_PATH", path.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+            Some(path)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
        cluster.set_env("RUSTFS_UNSAFE_BYPASS_DISK_CHECK", "true");
        cluster.set_env("RUSTFS_HEAL_ENABLED", "true");
        if let Some(storage_class) = evidence_case.and_then(|case| case.storage_class_standard) {
@@ -1952,6 +1961,21 @@ mod tests {
            }
        };

+        if let Some(path) = &mrf_fallback_scope {
+            let observed = path.with_extension("observed");
+            let expected = format!("{bucket}/{outage_key}");
+            let deadline = Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(30);
+            loop {
+                if tokio::fs::read_to_string(&observed).await.ok().as_deref() == Some(expected.as_str()) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                if Instant::now() >= deadline {
+                    return Err("outage repair did not reach the isolated best-effort fallback before target rejoin".into());
+                }
+                sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;
+            }
+        }
+
        assert!(
            !outage_target_manifest_required
                || target_set_peer_drives
@@ -2045,7 +2069,12 @@ mod tests {
            } else {
                cluster_heal_is_idle(&recovered)
            };
-            if ready {
+            let pool_ready = if ready && background_enabled && !outage_write_deferred_until_rejoin {
+                all_nodes_pool_metadata_readiness(&cluster, recovery_deadline).await.0
+            } else {
+                true
+            };
+            if ready && pool_ready {
                break;
            }
            if Instant::now() >= recovery_deadline {
@@ -2542,6 +2571,10 @@ mod tests {
            );
        }

+        if let Some(path) = &mrf_fallback_scope {
+            std::fs::remove_file(path)?;
+        }
+
        if let Some(cycle_end) = scanner_cycle_floor {
            wait_for_scanner_cycle_after(&cluster, cycle_end).await?;
        }
@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ use hyper_util::{
 use prost::Message as _;
 use rustfs_protos::proto_gen::node_service::{
    BatchGenerallyLockRequest, DeleteRequest, GenerallyLockRequest, PreparePartTransactionResponse, ReadVersionRequest,
-    RecoverMultipartSourceRequest, RenameDataResponse, SettlePartTransactionRequest, SettlePartTransactionResponse,
+    RecoverMultipartSourceRequest, RenameDataResponse, ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest, SettlePartTransactionRequest,
+    SettlePartTransactionResponse,
 };
 use std::{
    collections::HashSet,
@@ -49,6 +50,9 @@ use tokio::{
 type ProxyBody = BoxBody<Bytes, io::Error>;
 type ProxyClient = Client<HttpConnector, ProxyBody>;

+mod scoped_ack;
+pub(crate) use scoped_ack::{ScopedAckFault, ScopedAckQueue, ScopedAckScope};
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 enum Disposition {
    Hold,
@@ -121,7 +125,8 @@ impl RpcPause {
        self.state.blocked.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
    }

-    /// Selected RPCs with successful HTTP/gRPC headers, excluding discarded packets.
+    /// Selected RPCs with successful HTTP/gRPC response headers, excluding
+    /// discarded packets. This does not prove a successful gRPC trailer or ACK apply.
    pub(crate) fn forwarded(&self) -> usize {
        self.state.forwarded.load(Ordering::SeqCst)
    }
@@ -233,6 +238,7 @@ pub(crate) struct RpcFaultProxy {
    address: SocketAddr,
    slot: PauseSlot,
    lock_slot: PauseSlot,
+    scoped_ack: scoped_ack::QueueSlot,
    task: JoinHandle<()>,
    late_requests: LateRequests,
 }
@@ -245,6 +251,8 @@ impl RpcFaultProxy {
        let active = slot.clone();
        let lock_slot: PauseSlot = Arc::new(Mutex::new(None));
        let active_lock = lock_slot.clone();
+        let scoped_ack = scoped_ack::empty_slot();
+        let active_ack = scoped_ack.clone();
        let late_requests: LateRequests = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(Vec::new())));
        let late = late_requests.clone();
        let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
@@ -259,6 +267,7 @@ impl RpcFaultProxy {
                        let h2 = h2.clone();
                        let active = active.clone();
                        let active_lock = active_lock.clone();
+                        let active_ack = active_ack.clone();
                        let late = late.clone();
                        connections.spawn(async move {
                            let service = service_fn(move |request: Request<Incoming>| {
@@ -272,6 +281,7 @@ impl RpcFaultProxy {
                                    None
                                };
                                let pause = owner_pause.or_else(|| active.lock().expect("RPC pause slot").clone());
+                                let ack = active_ack.lock().expect("scoped ACK queue slot").clone();
                                let retain = pause.as_ref().is_some_and(|pause| {
                                    pause.retain_after_disconnect
                                        && request.uri().path().strip_prefix("/node_service.NodeService/")
@@ -280,11 +290,11 @@ impl RpcFaultProxy {
                                let late = late.clone();
                                async move {
                                    if !retain {
-                                        return forward_request(request, client, target, pause).await;
+                                        return forward_request(request, client, target, pause, ack).await;
                                    }
                                    // This opt-in fault owns the packet after client cancellation.
                                    // Proxy teardown still aborts every retained request.
-                                    let task = tokio::spawn(forward_request(request, client, target, pause));
+                                    let task = tokio::spawn(forward_request(request, client, target, pause, ack));
                                    {
                                        let mut requests = late.lock().expect("late RPC ownership");
                                        if let Some(requests) = requests.as_mut() {
@@ -309,6 +319,7 @@ impl RpcFaultProxy {
            address,
            slot,
            lock_slot,
+            scoped_ack,
            task,
            late_requests,
        })
@@ -318,6 +329,11 @@ impl RpcFaultProxy {
        self.address
    }

+    /// Retain only genuine scoped ACKs for one receiver/session and bucket set.
+    pub(crate) fn scoped_ack_queue(&self, scope: ScopedAckScope, capacity: usize) -> io::Result<ScopedAckQueue> {
+        ScopedAckQueue::arm(self.scoped_ack.clone(), scope, capacity)
+    }
+
    /// Pause at most limit requests to the named unary methods; other streams
    /// on the same HTTP/2 connection continue forwarding.
    pub(crate) fn pause(&self, methods: &[&'static str], limit: usize, scope: Option<&str>) -> io::Result<RpcPause> {
@@ -469,6 +485,9 @@ fn unary_payload(body: &[u8]) -> io::Result<&[u8]> {
 }

 fn scope_matches(method: &str, body: &[u8], scope: &[u8]) -> io::Result<bool> {
+    if method == "ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck" {
+        return scoped_ack_matches(body, Some(scope));
+    }
    if method == "RecoverMultipartSource" {
        let request = RecoverMultipartSourceRequest::decode(unary_payload(body)?).map_err(io::Error::other)?;
        if request.protocol_version != u32::from(MULTIPART_SOURCE_PROTOCOL_VERSION) || request.path.as_bytes() != scope {
@@ -525,7 +544,9 @@ fn scoped_lock_owners(method: &str, body: &[u8], scope: &[u8]) -> io::Result<Vec
    let args = match method {
        "Lock" => vec![GenerallyLockRequest::decode(payload).map_err(io::Error::other)?.args],
        "LockBatch" => BatchGenerallyLockRequest::decode(payload).map_err(io::Error::other)?.args,
-        _ => return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "lock observer requires a lock method")),
+        _ => {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "lock observer requires a lock method"));
+        }
    };
    args.into_iter()
        .filter(|args| args.as_bytes().windows(scope.len()).any(|window| window == scope))
@@ -540,18 +561,39 @@ fn scoped_lock_owners(method: &str, body: &[u8], scope: &[u8]) -> io::Result<Vec
        .collect()
 }

+fn scoped_ack_matches(body: &[u8], scope: Option<&[u8]>) -> io::Result<bool> {
+    let request = ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest::decode(unary_payload(body)?).map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    Ok(!request.probe_only && scope.is_none_or(|scope| request.entries.iter().any(|entry| entry.bucket.as_bytes() == scope)))
+}
+
 async fn forward_request(
    request: Request<Incoming>,
    client: ProxyClient,
    target: SocketAddr,
    pause: Option<Arc<PauseState>>,
+    ack: Option<Arc<scoped_ack::QueueState>>,
 ) -> io::Result<hyper::Response<ProxyBody>> {
-    let (mut parts, body) = request.into_parts();
-    let mut body = body.map_err(io::Error::other).boxed();
+    let request = request.map(|body| body.map_err(io::Error::other).boxed());
+    let request = if let Some(ack) = ack
+        && request.uri().path() == "/node_service.ScannerControlService/ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck"
+    {
+        match scoped_ack::intercept(request, client.clone(), target, ack).await? {
+            scoped_ack::Interception::Pass(request) => request,
+            scoped_ack::Interception::Handled(response) => return Ok(response),
+        }
+    } else {
+        request
+    };
+    let (parts, body) = request.into_parts();
+    let mut body = body;
    let mut observed = None;
    let mut inspection = None;
    if let Some(pause) = pause {
-        let method = parts.uri.path().strip_prefix("/node_service.NodeService/");
+        let method = parts
+            .uri
+            .path()
+            .strip_prefix("/node_service.NodeService/")
+            .or_else(|| parts.uri.path().strip_prefix("/node_service.ScannerControlService/"));
        if let Some(method) = method.filter(|name| pause.methods.contains(name)) {
            let mut route = None;
            let mut lock_owners = Vec::new();
@@ -599,6 +641,16 @@ async fn forward_request(
                    .with_trailers(async move { trailers.map(Ok::<_, io::Error>) })
                    .boxed();
                matches
+            } else if method == "ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck" {
+                let collected = Limited::new(body, 1024 * 1024).collect().await.map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+                let trailers = collected.trailers().cloned();
+                let bytes = collected.to_bytes();
+                let matches = scoped_ack_matches(&bytes, None)?;
+                body = Full::new(bytes)
+                    .map_err(|never| match never {})
+                    .with_trailers(async move { trailers.map(Ok::<_, io::Error>) })
+                    .boxed();
+                matches
            } else {
                true
            };
@@ -642,24 +694,7 @@ async fn forward_request(
            }
        }
    }
-    if !parts.headers.contains_key(http::header::HOST)
-        && let Some(authority) = parts.uri.authority()
-    {
-        parts.headers.insert(
-            http::header::HOST,
-            http::HeaderValue::from_str(authority.as_str()).map_err(io::Error::other)?,
-        );
-    }
-    parts.uri = http::Uri::builder()
-        .scheme("http")
-        .authority(target.to_string())
-        .path_and_query(parts.uri.path_and_query().map_or("/", |value| value.as_str()))
-        .build()
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
-    let response = client
-        .request(Request::from_parts(parts, body))
-        .await
-        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    let response = forward_to_backend(Request::from_parts(parts, body), client, target).await?;
    if let Some((pause, disk)) = inspection
        && response.status().is_success()
        && response.headers().get("grpc-status").is_some_and(|status| status == "12")
@@ -712,6 +747,32 @@ async fn forward_request(
    Ok(response.map(|body| body.map_err(io::Error::other).boxed()))
 }

+async fn forward_to_backend(
+    request: Request<ProxyBody>,
+    client: ProxyClient,
+    target: SocketAddr,
+) -> io::Result<hyper::Response<Incoming>> {
+    let (mut parts, body) = request.into_parts();
+    if !parts.headers.contains_key(http::header::HOST)
+        && let Some(authority) = parts.uri.authority()
+    {
+        parts.headers.insert(
+            http::header::HOST,
+            http::HeaderValue::from_str(authority.as_str()).map_err(io::Error::other)?,
+        );
+    }
+    parts.uri = http::Uri::builder()
+        .scheme("http")
+        .authority(target.to_string())
+        .path_and_query(parts.uri.path_and_query().map_or("/", |value| value.as_str()))
+        .build()
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    client
+        .request(Request::from_parts(parts, body))
+        .await
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)
+}
+
 impl Drop for RpcFaultProxy {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(requests) = self.late_requests.lock().expect("late RPC ownership").take() {
@@ -731,6 +792,7 @@ mod tests {

    struct Backend {
        received: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+        auth_headers: Arc<Mutex<Vec<(String, String)>>>,
        address: SocketAddr,
        task: JoinHandle<()>,
    }
@@ -754,6 +816,8 @@ mod tests {
        let address = listener.local_addr()?;
        let received = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
        let received_task = received.clone();
+        let auth_headers = Arc::new(Mutex::new(Vec::new()));
+        let backend_auth = auth_headers.clone();
        let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
            let mut children = JoinSet::new();
            loop {
@@ -761,10 +825,12 @@ mod tests {
                    accepted = listener.accept() => {
                        let Ok((socket, _)) = accepted else { break };
                        let received = received_task.clone();
+                        let backend_auth = backend_auth.clone();
                        let reply = reply.clone();
                        children.spawn(async move {
                            let service = service_fn(move |request: Request<Incoming>| {
                                let received = received.clone();
+                                let backend_auth = backend_auth.clone();
                                let reply = reply.clone();
                                async move {
                                received.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
@@ -773,6 +839,10 @@ mod tests {
                                        http::HeaderValue::from_str(authority.as_str()).expect("valid HTTP authority")
                                    })
                                });
+                                if let (Some(nonce), Some(signature)) = (request.headers().get("x-rustfs-rpc-nonce"), request.headers().get("x-rustfs-rpc-signature-v2")) {
+                                    backend_auth.lock().expect("backend auth header observations").push((
+                                        nonce.to_str().expect("test nonce").to_string(), signature.to_str().expect("test signature").to_string()));
+                                }
                                let body = request.into_body().collect().await?.to_bytes();
                                let body = reply.unwrap_or(body);
                                let mut trailers = http::HeaderMap::new();
@@ -795,7 +865,12 @@ mod tests {
                }
            }
        });
-        Ok(Backend { received, address, task })
+        Ok(Backend {
+            received,
+            auth_headers,
+            address,
+            task,
+        })
    }

    async fn call(client: &ProxyClient, address: SocketAddr, method: &str) -> io::Result<hyper::Response<Incoming>> {
@@ -809,9 +884,14 @@ mod tests {
        bytes: Bytes,
    ) -> io::Result<hyper::Response<Incoming>> {
        let body: ProxyBody = Full::new(bytes).map_err(|never| match never {}).boxed();
+        let service = if method == "ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck" {
+            "ScannerControlService"
+        } else {
+            "NodeService"
+        };
        let request = Request::builder()
            .method("POST")
-            .uri(format!("http://{address}/node_service.NodeService/{method}"))
+            .uri(format!("http://{address}/node_service.{service}/{method}"))
            .header(http::header::TE, "trailers")
            .body(body)
            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
@@ -826,6 +906,353 @@ mod tests {
        frame.into()
    }

+    const ACK_OWNER: &str = "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111";
+    const ACK_INSTANCE: &str = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa";
+
+    fn ack_scope() -> ScopedAckScope {
+        ScopedAckScope {
+            nonce: uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+            owner_id: ACK_OWNER.to_string(),
+            instance_id: ACK_INSTANCE.to_string(),
+            buckets: std::collections::BTreeSet::from(["cold-bucket".to_string()]),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ack_request(bucket: &str, generation: u64) -> ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest {
+        ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest {
+            challenge: vec![7; 16].into(),
+            protocol_version: 1,
+            owner_id: ACK_OWNER.to_string(),
+            instance_id: ACK_INSTANCE.to_string(),
+            scope: 1,
+            probe_only: false,
+            entries: vec![rustfs_protos::proto_gen::node_service::ScannerScopedDirtyUsageEntry {
+                bucket: bucket.to_string(),
+                bucket_incarnation: vec![4; 16].into(),
+                generation,
+            }],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ack_frame(request: &ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest) -> Bytes {
+        let payload = request.encode_to_vec();
+        let mut frame = vec![0];
+        frame.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(payload.len()).expect("bounded test frame").to_be_bytes());
+        frame.extend_from_slice(&payload);
+        Bytes::from(frame)
+    }
+
+    fn ack_hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+        use sha2::Digest as _;
+        hex_simd::encode_to_string(&sha2::Sha256::digest(bytes)[..], hex_simd::AsciiCase::Lower)
+    }
+
+    // Transport-only fixtures: the distributed tests supply production signatures.
+    async fn call_ack_frame(
+        client: &ProxyClient,
+        address: SocketAddr,
+        frame: Bytes,
+        nonce: &str,
+    ) -> io::Result<hyper::Response<Incoming>> {
+        let request = Request::builder()
+            .method("POST")
+            .uri(format!("http://{address}/node_service.ScannerControlService/ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck"))
+            .header(http::header::TE, "trailers")
+            .header("x-rustfs-rpc-nonce", nonce)
+            .header("x-rustfs-rpc-signature-v2", format!("opaque-signature-{nonce}"))
+            .body(Full::new(frame).map_err(|never| match never {}).boxed())
+            .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+        client.request(request).await.map_err(io::Error::other)
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn scoped_ack_queue_loss_preserves_backend_boundary() {
+        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), async {
+            for fault in [ScopedAckFault::RequestLoss, ScopedAckFault::ResponseLoss] {
+                let backend = backend().await.expect("backend");
+                let proxy = RpcFaultProxy::start_on("127.0.0.1:0".parse().expect("loopback"), backend.address)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("proxy");
+                let queue = proxy.scoped_ack_queue(ack_scope(), 1).expect("ACK queue");
+                let client: ProxyClient = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new()).http2_only(true).build_http();
+                let frame = ack_frame(&ack_request("cold-bucket", 7));
+                let address = proxy.local_addr();
+                let body = frame.clone();
+                let caller = tokio::spawn(async move { call_ack_frame(&client, address, body, "loss").await });
+                queue.wait_for_packets(1).await.expect("captured ACK");
+                assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0, "retention must precede backend dispatch");
+                queue.settle(0, fault).expect("settle actual retained packet");
+                assert!(
+                    caller.await.expect("caller task").is_err(),
+                    "the caller must observe the injected transport failure"
+                );
+                let receipt = queue.wait_for_completion(0).await.expect("complete fault receipt");
+                let response_loss = fault == ScopedAckFault::ResponseLoss;
+                assert_eq!(receipt["forwarded"], response_loss);
+                assert_eq!(receipt["backend_complete"], response_loss);
+                assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), usize::from(response_loss));
+                if response_loss {
+                    assert_eq!(receipt["outcome"], "response_lost");
+                    assert_eq!(receipt["response"]["grpc_status"], "0", "status exists only in real backend trailers");
+                    assert_eq!(receipt["response"]["bytes"], frame.len());
+                    assert_eq!(receipt["response"]["sha256"], ack_hash(&frame));
+                    assert!(
+                        receipt["response"]["trailers_sha256"]
+                            .as_str()
+                            .is_some_and(|value| value.len() == 64)
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    assert_eq!(receipt["outcome"], "request_lost");
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("bounded ACK loss checks");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn scoped_ack_queue_keeps_cancelled_packets_and_releases_out_of_order() {
+        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), async {
+            let backend = backend().await.expect("backend");
+            let proxy = RpcFaultProxy::start_on("127.0.0.1:0".parse().expect("loopback"), backend.address)
+                .await
+                .expect("proxy");
+            let queue = proxy.scoped_ack_queue(ack_scope(), 2).expect("two-packet ACK queue");
+            let client: ProxyClient = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new()).http2_only(true).build_http();
+            let first = ack_frame(&ack_request("cold-bucket", 7));
+            let second = ack_frame(&ack_request("cold-bucket", 9));
+            let address = proxy.local_addr();
+            let old_client = client.clone();
+            let old_body = first.clone();
+            let old_caller = tokio::spawn(async move { call_ack_frame(&old_client, address, old_body, "first").await });
+            queue.wait_for_packets(1).await.expect("first retained packet");
+            old_caller.abort();
+            assert!(old_caller.await.expect_err("cancel original caller").is_cancelled());
+            let new_body = second.clone();
+            let new_caller = tokio::spawn(async move { call_ack_frame(&client, address, new_body, "second").await });
+            queue.wait_for_packets(2).await.expect("second retained packet");
+            assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
+            queue.settle(1, ScopedAckFault::Forward).expect("release newer packet first");
+            let response = new_caller
+                .await
+                .expect("new caller task")
+                .expect("new response")
+                .into_body()
+                .collect()
+                .await
+                .expect("complete body");
+            assert_eq!(response.trailers().expect("response trailers")["x-proof"], "unchanged-proof");
+            assert_eq!(response.to_bytes(), second);
+            queue.wait_for_completion(1).await.expect("new packet complete");
+            queue
+                .settle(0, ScopedAckFault::Forward)
+                .expect("release old packet after its caller disappeared");
+            let old = queue.wait_for_completion(0).await.expect("detached old packet complete");
+            assert_eq!(old["backend_complete"], true);
+            assert_eq!(old["request_sha256"], ack_hash(&first));
+            assert_eq!(old["response"]["sha256"], ack_hash(&first));
+            assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
+            assert_eq!(
+                *backend.auth_headers.lock().expect("backend header observations"),
+                vec![
+                    ("second".to_string(), "opaque-signature-second".to_string()),
+                    ("first".to_string(), "opaque-signature-first".to_string())
+                ]
+            );
+            assert!(
+                queue.settle(0, ScopedAckFault::Forward).is_err(),
+                "one original packet may only be forwarded once"
+            );
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("bounded detached retention check");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn scoped_ack_queue_bounds_capacity_and_excludes_other_scopes() {
+        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), async {
+            let backend = backend().await.expect("backend");
+            let proxy = RpcFaultProxy::start_on("127.0.0.1:0".parse().expect("loopback"), backend.address)
+                .await
+                .expect("proxy");
+            assert!(proxy.scoped_ack_queue(ack_scope(), 0).is_err());
+            assert!(proxy.scoped_ack_queue(ack_scope(), 5).is_err());
+            let mut invalid = ack_scope();
+            invalid.nonce.clear();
+            assert!(proxy.scoped_ack_queue(invalid, 1).is_err());
+            let mut scope = ack_scope();
+            scope.buckets.insert("cold-bucket-z".to_string());
+            let queue = proxy.scoped_ack_queue(scope, 1).expect("bounded ACK queue");
+            let client: ProxyClient = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new()).http2_only(true).build_http();
+            let mut probe = ack_request("cold-bucket", 7);
+            probe.probe_only = true;
+            let mut other_peer = ack_request("cold-bucket", 7);
+            other_peer.owner_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+            let mut other_instance = ack_request("cold-bucket", 7);
+            other_instance.instance_id = "b".repeat(32);
+            let mut invalid_challenge = ack_request("cold-bucket", 7);
+            invalid_challenge.challenge = vec![7; 15].into();
+            let mut noncanonical_entries = ack_request("cold-bucket-z", 7);
+            noncanonical_entries.entries.extend(ack_request("cold-bucket", 7).entries);
+            let unselected = [
+                probe,
+                other_peer,
+                other_instance,
+                ack_request("cold-bucket-other", 7),
+                ack_request("cold-bucket", u64::MAX),
+                invalid_challenge,
+                noncanonical_entries,
+            ];
+            let unselected_count = unselected.len();
+            for (index, request) in unselected.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                let body = ack_frame(&request);
+                let response = call_ack_frame(&client, proxy.local_addr(), body.clone(), "unselected")
+                    .await
+                    .expect("unselected ACK progresses");
+                assert_eq!(response.into_body().collect().await.expect("unselected body").to_bytes(), body);
+                assert!(queue.receipts().is_empty(), "unselected or protocol-invalid ACK must not consume a slot");
+                assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), index + 1);
+            }
+            assert!(queue.receipts().is_empty());
+            let address = proxy.local_addr();
+            let held_client = client.clone();
+            let valid_frame = ack_frame(&ack_request("cold-bucket", 7));
+            let held_body = valid_frame.clone();
+            let held = tokio::spawn(async move { call_ack_frame(&held_client, address, held_body, "held").await });
+            queue.wait_for_packets(1).await.expect("one matching packet");
+            assert!(!held.is_finished(), "the subsequent valid ACK must be retained");
+            assert_eq!(queue.receipts()[0]["request_sha256"], ack_hash(&valid_frame));
+            assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), unselected_count);
+            let extra = call_ack_frame(&client, address, ack_frame(&ack_request("cold-bucket", 8)), "beyond-capacity")
+                .await
+                .expect("capacity overflow passes without retention");
+            extra.into_body().collect().await.expect("overflow response");
+            assert_eq!(queue.receipts().len(), 1);
+            assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), unselected_count + 1);
+            drop(queue);
+            assert!(
+                held.await.expect("held caller").is_err(),
+                "dropping the session must cancel its retained packet"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+                unselected_count + 1,
+                "session drop must never forward the held packet"
+            );
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("bounded scope and lifecycle checks");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn scoped_ack_queue_expiry_never_forwards_retained_packet() {
+        let (backend, _proxy, queue, caller) = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), async {
+            let backend = backend().await.expect("backend");
+            let proxy = RpcFaultProxy::start_on("127.0.0.1:0".parse().expect("loopback"), backend.address)
+                .await
+                .expect("proxy");
+            let queue = proxy.scoped_ack_queue(ack_scope(), 1).expect("ACK queue");
+            let client: ProxyClient = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new()).http2_only(true).build_http();
+            let address = proxy.local_addr();
+            let caller = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                call_ack_frame(&client, address, ack_frame(&ack_request("cold-bucket", 7)), "expires").await
+            });
+            queue.wait_for_packets(1).await.expect("retained packet");
+            (backend, proxy, queue, caller)
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("bounded queue setup");
+        tokio::time::pause();
+        tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(120)).await;
+        tokio::time::resume();
+        assert!(
+            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), caller)
+                .await
+                .expect("expiry completes caller")
+                .expect("caller task")
+                .is_err()
+        );
+        let receipt = queue.receipts().into_iter().next().expect("expired receipt");
+        assert_eq!(receipt["completed"], true);
+        assert_eq!(receipt["forwarded"], false);
+        assert_eq!(receipt["backend_complete"], false);
+        assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            queue
+                .settle(0, ScopedAckFault::Forward)
+                .expect_err("expired packet cannot be released")
+                .kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::TimedOut
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn scanner_ack_fault_matches_exact_bucket_and_excludes_probes() {
+        use rustfs_protos::proto_gen::node_service::ScannerScopedDirtyUsageEntry;
+
+        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(10), async {
+            let backend = backend().await.expect("backend listener");
+            let proxy = RpcFaultProxy::start_on("127.0.0.1:0".parse().expect("loopback"), backend.address)
+                .await
+                .expect("proxy listener");
+            let client: ProxyClient = Client::builder(TokioExecutor::new()).http2_only(true).build_http();
+            let pause = proxy
+                .pause(&["ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck"], 1, Some("cold-bucket"))
+                .expect("scoped ACK fault");
+            let frame = |bucket: &str, probe_only: bool| {
+                let payload = ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest {
+                    challenge: vec![3; 16].into(),
+                    protocol_version: 1,
+                    owner_id: "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111".to_string(),
+                    instance_id: "a".repeat(32),
+                    scope: 1,
+                    probe_only,
+                    entries: vec![ScannerScopedDirtyUsageEntry {
+                        bucket: bucket.to_string(),
+                        bucket_incarnation: vec![4; 16].into(),
+                        generation: 17,
+                    }],
+                }
+                .encode_to_vec();
+                let mut frame = vec![0];
+                frame.extend_from_slice(&u32::try_from(payload.len()).expect("small ACK frame").to_be_bytes());
+                frame.extend_from_slice(&payload);
+                Bytes::from(frame)
+            };
+            for bytes in [frame("cold-bucket", true), frame("cold-bucket-other", false)] {
+                let response = call_body(&client, proxy.local_addr(), "ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck", bytes.clone())
+                    .await
+                    .expect("probe and other bucket must progress");
+                assert_eq!(response.into_body().collect().await.expect("unselected response").to_bytes(), bytes);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(pause.hits(), 0);
+            let signed_bytes = frame("cold-bucket", false);
+            let task_bytes = signed_bytes.clone();
+            let address = proxy.local_addr();
+            let blocked =
+                tokio::spawn(async move { call_body(&client, address, "ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAck", task_bytes).await });
+            pause
+                .wait_for_hits(1)
+                .await
+                .expect("real ScannerControlService method must reach the fault");
+            assert!(!blocked.is_finished());
+            assert_eq!(backend.received.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2, "held ACK must not apply at the backend");
+            pause.release();
+            let collected = blocked
+                .await
+                .expect("ACK task")
+                .expect("released ACK")
+                .into_body()
+                .collect()
+                .await
+                .expect("ACK body and trailers");
+            assert_eq!(collected.trailers().expect("ACK trailers")["x-proof"], "unchanged-proof");
+            assert_eq!(collected.to_bytes(), signed_bytes, "proxy must preserve the complete signed ACK frame");
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("scanner ACK fault deadline");
+    }
+
    fn native_abort_request(path: &str) -> RecoverMultipartSourceRequest {
        use crate::storage_api::multipart_source_rpc::{
            MultipartAbortCertificate, MultipartAbortProof, MultipartAbortProofKind, MultipartAbortRound, MultipartSourcePhase,
@@ -1719,3 +2146,4 @@ mod tests {
        );
    }
 }
+// event-drill: isolated harness-only change
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+//! Bounded retention of original scoped ACK frames, independent of caller cancellation.
+
+use super::{ProxyBody, ProxyClient, forward_to_backend, unary_payload};
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use http_body_util::{BodyExt as _, Full, Limited};
+use hyper::{Request, Response};
+use prost::Message as _;
+use rustfs_protos::proto_gen::node_service::{ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest, ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckResponse};
+use rustfs_protos::scoped_dirty_usage::validate_scoped_dirty_usage_request;
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use sha2::{Digest as _, Sha256};
+use std::{
+    collections::BTreeSet,
+    io,
+    net::SocketAddr,
+    sync::{
+        Arc, Mutex,
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
+    },
+    time::Duration,
+};
+use tokio::{
+    sync::{Notify, oneshot, watch},
+    task::AbortHandle,
+    time::Instant,
+};
+
+const MAX_RETAINED: usize = 4;
+const MAX_BYTES: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+const RETENTION: Duration = Duration::from_secs(120);
+
+pub(crate) struct ScopedAckScope {
+    pub nonce: String,
+    pub owner_id: String,
+    pub instance_id: String,
+    pub buckets: BTreeSet<String>,
+}
+
+impl ScopedAckScope {
+    fn validate(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let valid_uuid = |value: &str| uuid::Uuid::parse_str(value).is_ok_and(|value| !value.is_nil());
+        if !valid_uuid(&self.nonce)
+            || !valid_uuid(&self.owner_id)
+            || self.instance_id.is_empty()
+            || self.instance_id.len() > 128
+            || self.buckets.is_empty()
+            || self.buckets.len() > 16
+            || self.buckets.iter().any(|bucket| bucket.is_empty() || bucket.len() > 63)
+        {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                "scoped ACK queue needs a bounded session, receiver and bucket scope",
+            ));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn matches(&self, request: &ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest) -> bool {
+        !request.probe_only
+            && validate_scoped_dirty_usage_request(request).is_ok()
+            && request.owner_id == self.owner_id
+            && request.instance_id == self.instance_id
+            && request.entries.iter().all(|entry| self.buckets.contains(&entry.bucket))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) enum ScopedAckFault {
+    Forward,
+    RequestLoss,
+    ResponseLoss,
+}
+
+struct Packet {
+    action: watch::Sender<Option<ScopedAckFault>>,
+    receipt: Mutex<Value>,
+    task: Mutex<Option<AbortHandle>>,
+}
+
+pub(super) struct QueueState {
+    scope: ScopedAckScope,
+    capacity: usize,
+    started: Instant,
+    deadline: Instant,
+    closed: AtomicBool,
+    // The packet inventory lock is released before any packet lock or await.
+    packets: Mutex<Vec<Arc<Packet>>>,
+    changed: Notify,
+}
+
+pub(super) type QueueSlot = Arc<Mutex<Option<Arc<QueueState>>>>;
+
+pub(super) fn empty_slot() -> QueueSlot {
+    Arc::new(Mutex::new(None))
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct ScopedAckQueue {
+    state: Arc<QueueState>,
+    slot: QueueSlot,
+}
+
+impl ScopedAckQueue {
+    pub(super) fn arm(slot: QueueSlot, scope: ScopedAckScope, capacity: usize) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        scope.validate()?;
+        if !(1..=MAX_RETAINED).contains(&capacity) {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "scoped ACK capacity must be 1..=4"));
+        }
+        let mut active = slot.lock().expect("scoped ACK queue slot");
+        if active.is_some() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists, "scoped ACK queue is already armed"));
+        }
+        let started = Instant::now();
+        let state = Arc::new(QueueState {
+            scope,
+            capacity,
+            started,
+            deadline: started + RETENTION,
+            closed: AtomicBool::new(false),
+            packets: Mutex::new(Vec::new()),
+            changed: Notify::new(),
+        });
+        *active = Some(state.clone());
+        drop(active);
+        Ok(Self { state, slot })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn receipts(&self) -> Vec<Value> {
+        let packets = self.state.packets.lock().expect("scoped ACK packets").clone();
+        packets
+            .iter()
+            .map(|packet| packet.receipt.lock().expect("scoped ACK receipt").clone())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn wait_for_packets(&self, count: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.wait_until(|| self.receipts().len() >= count).await
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn wait_for_completion(&self, id: usize) -> io::Result<Value> {
+        self.wait_until(|| {
+            self.receipts()
+                .get(id)
+                .is_some_and(|receipt| receipt["completed"].as_bool() == Some(true))
+        })
+        .await?;
+        self.receipts()
+            .get(id)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("scoped ACK receipt disappeared"))
+    }
+
+    async fn wait_until(&self, ready: impl Fn() -> bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+        tokio::time::timeout_at(self.state.deadline, async {
+            loop {
+                let changed = self.state.changed.notified();
+                if ready() {
+                    return;
+                }
+                changed.await;
+            }
+        })
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, "scoped ACK queue lifetime elapsed"))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn settle(&self, id: usize, fault: ScopedAckFault) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if Instant::now() >= self.state.deadline {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, "scoped ACK retention expired"));
+        }
+        let packet = self
+            .state
+            .packets
+            .lock()
+            .expect("scoped ACK packets")
+            .get(id)
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::NotFound, "scoped ACK packet is not retained"))?;
+        if !packet.action.send_if_modified(|current| {
+            if current.is_none() {
+                *current = Some(fault);
+                true
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        }) {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists, "scoped ACK packet was already settled"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for ScopedAckQueue {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.state.closed.store(true, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        let mut slot = self.slot.lock().expect("scoped ACK queue slot");
+        if slot.as_ref().is_some_and(|current| Arc::ptr_eq(current, &self.state)) {
+            *slot = None;
+        }
+        drop(slot);
+        let packets = self.state.packets.lock().expect("scoped ACK packets").clone();
+        for packet in packets {
+            if let Some(task) = packet.task.lock().expect("scoped ACK task").take() {
+                task.abort();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) enum Interception {
+    Pass(Request<ProxyBody>),
+    Handled(Response<ProxyBody>),
+}
+
+fn restored_body(bytes: Bytes, trailers: Option<http::HeaderMap>) -> ProxyBody {
+    Full::new(bytes)
+        .map_err(|never| match never {})
+        .with_trailers(async move { trailers.map(Ok::<_, io::Error>) })
+        .boxed()
+}
+
+fn hash(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    hex(Sha256::digest(bytes).as_ref())
+}
+
+fn hex(bytes: &[u8]) -> String {
+    hex_simd::encode_to_string(bytes, hex_simd::AsciiCase::Lower)
+}
+
+fn trailer_receipt(trailers: Option<&http::HeaderMap>) -> Value {
+    trailers.map_or(Value::Null, |headers| {
+        json!(
+            headers
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(name, value)| { json!({"name": name.as_str(), "value_hex": hex(value.as_bytes())}) })
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        )
+    })
+}
+
+fn header_hash(headers: &http::HeaderMap) -> String {
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    for (name, value) in headers {
+        hasher.update(name.as_str().as_bytes());
+        hasher.update([0]);
+        hasher.update(value.as_bytes());
+        hasher.update([0]);
+    }
+    hex(hasher.finalize().as_ref())
+}
+
+fn millis(state: &QueueState) -> u64 {
+    u64::try_from(state.started.elapsed().as_millis()).unwrap_or(u64::MAX)
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn intercept(
+    request: Request<ProxyBody>,
+    client: ProxyClient,
+    target: SocketAddr,
+    state: Arc<QueueState>,
+) -> io::Result<Interception> {
+    if Instant::now() >= state.deadline || state.closed.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+        return Ok(Interception::Pass(request));
+    }
+    let (parts, body) = request.into_parts();
+    let collected = tokio::time::timeout_at(state.deadline, Limited::new(body, MAX_BYTES).collect())
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, "scoped ACK frame collection expired"))?
+        .map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    let trailers = collected.trailers().cloned();
+    let bytes = collected.to_bytes();
+    let decoded = ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckRequest::decode(unary_payload(&bytes)?).map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+    let request = Request::from_parts(parts, restored_body(bytes.clone(), trailers.clone()));
+    if Instant::now() >= state.deadline || !state.scope.matches(&decoded) {
+        return Ok(Interception::Pass(request));
+    }
+    let header = |name| request.headers().get(name).and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok());
+    let (action, mut selected) = watch::channel(None);
+    let packet = {
+        let mut packets = state.packets.lock().expect("scoped ACK packets");
+        if packets.len() >= state.capacity || state.closed.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+            return Ok(Interception::Pass(request));
+        }
+        let id = packets.len();
+        let packet = Arc::new(Packet {
+            action,
+            task: Mutex::new(None),
+            receipt: Mutex::new(json!({
+                "id": id, "session_nonce": state.scope.nonce, "receiver": target.to_string(),
+                "authority": request.uri().authority().map(|value| value.as_str()),
+                "captured_at_ms": millis(&state), "completed": false, "forwarded": false,
+                "backend_complete": false, "outcome": "held", "request_bytes": bytes.len(),
+            "request_sha256": hash(&bytes), "request_frame_hex": hex(&bytes), "request_headers_sha256": header_hash(request.headers()),
+                "request_trailers_sha256": trailers.as_ref().map(header_hash),
+            "request_trailers": trailer_receipt(trailers.as_ref()),
+                "auth_nonce": header("x-rustfs-rpc-nonce"), "replay_nonce": header("x-rustfs-rpc-replay-nonce"),
+                "signature_sha256": header("x-rustfs-rpc-signature-v2").map(|value| hash(value.as_bytes())),
+                "replay_signature_sha256": header("x-rustfs-rpc-signature-v3").map(|value| hash(value.as_bytes())),
+                "request": {"owner_id": decoded.owner_id, "instance_id": decoded.instance_id,
+                    "probe_only": decoded.probe_only, "entries": decoded.entries.iter().map(|entry| json!({
+                        "bucket": entry.bucket, "bucket_incarnation": uuid::Uuid::from_slice(&entry.bucket_incarnation).ok().map(|value| value.to_string()),
+                        "generation": entry.generation })).collect::<Vec<_>>() }
+            })),
+        });
+        packets.push(packet.clone());
+        packet
+    };
+    let (reply, response) = oneshot::channel();
+    let worker_packet = packet.clone();
+    let worker_state = state.clone();
+    // This owner survives an HTTP/2 stream reset from the original 5 s caller.
+    // Every request is settled once and is discarded at the session deadline.
+    let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let result = tokio::time::timeout_at(worker_state.deadline, async {
+            let fault = loop {
+                if let Some(fault) = *selected.borrow_and_update() {
+                    break fault;
+                }
+                selected
+                    .changed()
+                    .await
+                    .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("scoped ACK queue closed"))?;
+            };
+            if fault == ScopedAckFault::RequestLoss {
+                worker_packet.receipt.lock().expect("scoped ACK receipt")["outcome"] = json!("request_lost");
+                return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted, "injected scoped ACK request loss"));
+            }
+            if worker_state.closed.load(Ordering::SeqCst) || Instant::now() >= worker_state.deadline {
+                return Err(io::Error::new(
+                    io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted,
+                    "scoped ACK session ended or expired before forwarding",
+                ));
+            }
+            {
+                let mut receipt = worker_packet.receipt.lock().expect("scoped ACK receipt");
+                receipt["forwarded"] = json!(true);
+                receipt["forwarded_at_ms"] = json!(millis(&worker_state));
+            }
+            let backend = forward_to_backend(request, client, target).await?;
+            let (parts, body) = backend.into_parts();
+            let collected = Limited::new(body, MAX_BYTES).collect().await.map_err(io::Error::other)?;
+            let trailers = collected.trailers().cloned();
+            let bytes = collected.to_bytes();
+            let grpc_status = trailers
+                .as_ref()
+                .and_then(|values| values.get("grpc-status"))
+                .or_else(|| parts.headers.get("grpc-status"))
+                .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok());
+            let response = unary_payload(&bytes)
+                .ok()
+                .and_then(|payload| ScannerScopedDirtyUsageAckResponse::decode(payload).ok())
+                .map(|response| {
+                    json!({"owner_id": response.owner_id, "instance_id": response.instance_id,
+                    "supported": response.supported, "cleared": response.cleared,
+                    "response_proof_bytes": response.response_proof.len()})
+                });
+            {
+                let mut receipt = worker_packet.receipt.lock().expect("scoped ACK receipt");
+                receipt["backend_complete"] = json!(true);
+                receipt["backend_completed_at_ms"] = json!(millis(&worker_state));
+                receipt["response"] = json!({"status": parts.status.as_u16(), "grpc_status": grpc_status,
+                    "bytes": bytes.len(), "sha256": hash(&bytes), "frame_hex": hex(&bytes), "headers_sha256": header_hash(&parts.headers),
+                    "trailers": trailer_receipt(trailers.as_ref()),
+                    "trailers_sha256": trailers.as_ref().map(header_hash), "ack": response});
+                receipt["outcome"] = json!(if fault == ScopedAckFault::ResponseLoss {
+                    "response_lost"
+                } else {
+                    "forwarded"
+                });
+            }
+            if fault == ScopedAckFault::ResponseLoss {
+                return Err(io::Error::new(
+                    io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted,
+                    "injected scoped ACK response loss after backend trailers",
+                ));
+            }
+            Ok(Response::from_parts(parts, restored_body(bytes, trailers)))
+        })
+        .await
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, "scoped ACK retention expired")));
+        {
+            let mut receipt = worker_packet.receipt.lock().expect("scoped ACK receipt");
+            if result.is_err() && receipt["outcome"] == "held" {
+                receipt["outcome"] = json!("transport_failed_or_expired");
+            }
+            receipt["completed"] = json!(true);
+            receipt["completed_at_ms"] = json!(millis(&worker_state));
+        }
+        let _ = reply.send(result);
+        worker_state.changed.notify_one();
+    });
+    *packet.task.lock().expect("scoped ACK task") = Some(task.abort_handle());
+    if state.closed.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+        task.abort();
+    }
+    drop(task);
+    state.changed.notify_one();
+    response
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::ConnectionAborted, "scoped ACK queue ended"))?
+        .map(Interception::Handled)
+}
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ pub(crate) mod multipart_rpc_delay {
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) mod multipart_fence_acceptance {
    pub(crate) use super::RUSTFS_META_MULTIPART_BUCKET;
+
+    /// Targeted lock diagnostics for the metadata-delay quorum case.
+    pub(crate) const LOCK_DIAGNOSTICS_FILTER: &str = "warn,rustfs_lock::distributed_lock=debug,rustfs_ecstore::object_lock_diag=trace,rustfs_ecstore::cluster::rpc::remote_locker=info";
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -80,3 +83,14 @@ pub(crate) mod multipart_source_rpc {
        PublicationIdentity, SourceGeneration, SourceGeometry, SourceLineage,
    };
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) mod scanner_peer_bucket {
+    use rustfs_ecstore::api::disk as ecstore_disk;
+    use rustfs_ecstore::api::erasure as ecstore_erasure;
+    use rustfs_ecstore::api::rpc as ecstore_rpc;
+
+    pub(crate) use ecstore_disk::{BUCKET_META_PREFIX, RUSTFS_META_BUCKET};
+    pub(crate) use ecstore_erasure::{ReedSolomonEncoder, calc_shard_size};
+    pub(crate) use ecstore_rpc::PeerRestClient;
+}
@@ -1112,8 +1112,9 @@ async fn wait_for_upgrade_writes(
            match response {
                Ok(Ok(_)) => break,
                Ok(Err(error)) => {
+                    let code = error.as_service_error().and_then(ProvideErrorMetadata::code);
                    if error.raw_response().map(|response| response.status().as_u16()) != Some(503)
-                        || error.as_service_error().and_then(ProvideErrorMetadata::code) != Some("ServiceUnavailable")
+                        || !matches!(code, Some("ServiceUnavailable" | "SlowDown" | "SlowDownRead"))
                    {
                        return Err(format!("{phase}: node {node} {probe} failed: {error:?}").into());
                    }
@@ -225,9 +225,11 @@ metrics = { workspace = true }
 # The guard scripts/check_no_tokio_io_uring.sh allows an explicit
 # io-uring integration; only the tokio "io-uring" runtime feature is banned.
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "linux")'.dependencies]
-# SharedReadBudget and the bounded read APIs are available in the 0.3.0
-# registry release; keep the application on the published contract.
-rustfs-uring = "0.3.0"
+# Native completion owners keep physical I/O leases alive after cancellation.
+rustfs-uring = { git = "https://github.com/rustfs/uring.git", rev = "eb8fc160e71d804427de1e905f5c226d580f71bf" }
+
+[target.'cfg(target_os = "linux")'.dev-dependencies]
+rustfs-uring = { git = "https://github.com/rustfs/uring.git", rev = "eb8fc160e71d804427de1e905f5c226d580f71bf", features = ["fault-injection"] }

 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 winapi-util.workspace = true
@@ -447,6 +447,9 @@ pub mod data_usage {
 }

 pub mod disk {
+    pub use crate::cluster::rpc::background_pipe::{BackgroundPipeReader, BackgroundPipeWriter, background_pipe};
+    pub use crate::cluster::rpc::background_reader_stream::BackgroundReaderStream;
+    pub use crate::disk::background_memory::BackgroundEncodeBuffer;
    pub use crate::disk::disk_store::get_object_disk_read_timeout;
    pub use crate::disk::local::{ReplacementExecutionLease, ScanGuard};
    #[cfg(feature = "test-util")]
@@ -475,6 +478,10 @@ pub mod disk {
        UpdateMetadataOpts, VolumeInfo, WalkDirOptions, is_quota_mutation_fence_path, new_disk,
        validate_batch_read_version_item_count,
    };
+    pub use crate::disk::{
+        BackgroundMemoryBudget, PhysicalDiskBinding, PhysicalDiskPlan, PhysicalDiskSample, PhysicalDiskSampler,
+        PhysicalResourcePlan, RemoteBackgroundIo, with_background_resource_unit, with_remote_background_io,
+    };
    pub use bytes::Bytes;
    pub use endpoint::Endpoint;
    pub use error::DiskError;
@@ -615,6 +622,7 @@ pub mod rio {
 }

 pub mod rpc {
+    pub use crate::cluster::rpc::http_auth::with_rpc_background_request;
    pub use crate::cluster::rpc::{
        AuthenticatedChannel, KMS_SIGNAL_SUBSYSTEM, LocalPeerS3Client, MAX_NETWORK_PROBE_BYTES, MAX_NETWORK_PROBE_DURATION,
        NetworkPeerProbeClient, NetworkPeerProbeError, NetworkPeerProbeMeasurement, NetworkPeerTarget, PEER_RESTDRY_RUN,
@@ -624,8 +632,8 @@ pub mod rpc {
        TONIC_RPC_PREFIX, TonicInterceptor, build_put_file_auth_trailer, check_and_record_signed_rpc_nonce,
        decode_heal_bucket_rpc_options, encode_heal_bucket_rpc_options, gen_signature_headers, gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers,
        gen_tonic_signature_headers, gen_tonic_signature_interceptor, node_service_time_out_client,
-        node_service_time_out_client_no_auth, normalize_tonic_rpc_audience, set_tonic_canonical_body_digest,
-        sign_ns_scanner_capability, sign_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage,
+        node_service_time_out_client_no_auth, normalize_tonic_rpc_audience, rpc_background_admission,
+        set_tonic_canonical_body_digest, sign_ns_scanner_capability, sign_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage,
        sign_ns_scanner_capability_with_tier_registry_generation, sign_put_file_capability, sign_tonic_rpc_response_proof,
        tonic_boot_epoch_challenge, tonic_boot_epoch_response_headers, tonic_rpc_auth_failure_reason,
        verify_ns_scanner_capability, verify_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage,
@@ -675,8 +683,9 @@ pub mod storage {
    pub use crate::store::HealWalkVersion;
    pub use crate::store::{
        BootstrapLocalTarget, ECStore, SCANNER_PUBLICATION_LEASE_TTL_MS, ScannerDataMovementPauseStatus, all_local_disk,
-        all_local_disk_path, find_local_disk_by_ref, init_local_disks, init_local_disks_with_instance_ctx, init_lock_clients,
-        prewarm_local_disk_id_map, prewarm_local_disk_id_map_with_instance_ctx,
+        all_local_disk_path, find_local_disk_by_ref, find_local_disk_by_ref_for_rpc, init_local_disks,
+        init_local_disks_with_instance_ctx, init_lock_clients, prewarm_local_disk_id_map,
+        prewarm_local_disk_id_map_with_instance_ctx,
    };
    pub use crate::store::{HealObjectAbsenceProof, HealObjectStorageResult};
 }
@@ -1503,7 +1503,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn load_bucket_metadata_parse_with_presence(
    bucket: &str,
    parse: bool,
 ) -> Result<(BucketMetadata, bool)> {
-    let (mut bm, persisted) = match read_bucket_metadata(api.clone(), bucket).await {
+    let (metadata_res, incarnation_res) = tokio::join!(
+        Box::pin(read_bucket_metadata(api.clone(), bucket)),
+        Box::pin(load_bucket_incarnation(api.clone(), bucket)),
+    );
+    let (mut bm, persisted) = match metadata_res {
        Ok(res) => (res, true),
        Err(err) => {
            if err != Error::ConfigNotFound {
@@ -1514,7 +1518,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn load_bucket_metadata_parse_with_presence(
        }
    };

-    let incarnation = load_bucket_incarnation(api.clone(), bucket).await?;
+    let incarnation = incarnation_res?;
    if persisted {
        if bm.name.is_empty() {
            bm.name = bucket.to_string();
@@ -1435,6 +1435,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_object_lock_config_state_in(

 /// Re-read the Object Lock state and bucket incarnation from the same
 /// authoritative metadata blob while the caller holds the transaction lock.
+#[cfg(all(test, feature = "test-util"))]
 pub(crate) async fn get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_in(
    ctx: &crate::runtime::instance::InstanceContext,
    bucket: &str,
@@ -1453,6 +1454,27 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_with_guard_
    get_delete_config_from_disk_in(ctx, bucket, guard, None).await
 }

+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+pub(crate) async fn get_object_lock_and_quota_config_from_disk_with_guard_in(
+    ctx: &crate::runtime::instance::InstanceContext,
+    bucket: &str,
+    guard: Option<&rustfs_lock::NamespaceLockGuard>,
+) -> Result<(
+    ObjectLockConfigState,
+    Uuid,
+    OffsetDateTime,
+    std::result::Result<(Option<BucketQuota>, Uuid, OffsetDateTime), String>,
+)> {
+    let (state, incarnation_id, updated_at, quota_res) =
+        get_delete_and_quota_config_from_disk_in(ctx, bucket, guard, None, true).await?;
+    Ok((
+        state,
+        incarnation_id,
+        updated_at,
+        quota_res.unwrap_or(Ok((None, incarnation_id, updated_at))),
+    ))
+}
+
 /// Validate queued expiration against the same fresh metadata used for Object
 /// Lock admission. The caller holds the transaction read lock through commit,
 /// so a successful lifecycle update cannot be followed by an old-policy delete.
@@ -1462,6 +1484,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_delete_config_from_disk_in(
    guard: Option<&rustfs_lock::NamespaceLockGuard>,
    expiry_policy: Option<&rustfs_lifecycle::ExpiryPolicySnapshot>,
 ) -> Result<(ObjectLockConfigState, Uuid, OffsetDateTime)> {
+    let (state, incarnation_id, updated_at, _) =
+        get_delete_and_quota_config_from_disk_in(ctx, bucket, guard, expiry_policy, false).await?;
+    Ok((state, incarnation_id, updated_at))
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+async fn get_delete_and_quota_config_from_disk_in(
+    ctx: &crate::runtime::instance::InstanceContext,
+    bucket: &str,
+    guard: Option<&rustfs_lock::NamespaceLockGuard>,
+    expiry_policy: Option<&rustfs_lifecycle::ExpiryPolicySnapshot>,
+    include_quota: bool,
+) -> Result<(
+    ObjectLockConfigState,
+    Uuid,
+    OffsetDateTime,
+    Option<std::result::Result<(Option<BucketQuota>, Uuid, OffsetDateTime), String>>,
+)> {
    let bucket_meta_sys_lock = bucket_metadata_sys_of(ctx)?;
    let bucket_meta_sys = bucket_meta_sys_lock.read().await.clone();

@@ -1477,7 +1517,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_delete_config_from_disk_in(
                .await?
        }
    };
-    match authority {
+    match &authority {
        BucketMetadataAuthority::Authoritative(metadata)
            if metadata.bucket_incarnation_sidecar && !metadata.bucket_incarnation_id.is_nil() =>
        {
@@ -1489,11 +1529,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_delete_config_from_disk_in(
                }
            }
            let object_lock_config_updated_at = metadata.object_lock_config_updated_at;
-            Ok((
-                object_lock_config_state_from_authoritative_metadata(&metadata)?,
-                metadata.bucket_incarnation_id,
-                object_lock_config_updated_at,
-            ))
+            let state = object_lock_config_state_from_authoritative_metadata(metadata)?;
+            let incarnation_id = metadata.bucket_incarnation_id;
+            let quota_res = include_quota
+                .then(|| quota_config_and_incarnation_from_authority(bucket, authority).map_err(|err| err.to_string()));
+            Ok((state, incarnation_id, object_lock_config_updated_at, quota_res))
        }
        BucketMetadataAuthority::Authoritative(_) => {
            Err(Error::other(format!("bucket incarnation metadata is not authoritative: {bucket}")))
@@ -1564,6 +1604,23 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_quota_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_for_options_in(
        return Err(Error::other("quota snapshot metadata transaction fence was released"));
    }

+    #[cfg(test)]
+    let has_injected_error = sys.object_lock_disk_read_errors.read().await.contains(bucket);
+    #[cfg(not(test))]
+    let has_injected_error = false;
+    if !ctx.lock_manager().is_disabled()
+        && !has_injected_error
+        && let Some(fresh_quota) = snapshot.take_fresh_put_quota()
+    {
+        if snapshot_guard.is_lock_lost()
+            || snapshot_guard.is_released()
+            || !snapshot.is_valid_for_destructive_put(store.id, bucket, opts.expected_bucket_incarnation_id.unwrap_or_default())
+        {
+            return Err(Error::other("quota snapshot fence or bucket incarnation changed during the disk read"));
+        }
+        return fresh_quota.map_err(Error::other);
+    }
+
    // The snapshot carries the caller's lifecycle fence, excluding deletion.
    // Its transaction guard excludes config writes, so a same-name object
    // owner need not recursively acquire the bucket namespace here.
@@ -1750,9 +1807,22 @@ struct MetadataPublishGuard {
    _guard: tokio::sync::OwnedMutexGuard<MetadataPublishLockState>,
 }

+static LOCAL_META_MUTATION_GEN: std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64 = std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(1);
+
+pub(crate) fn bump_local_meta_mutation_gen() {
+    LOCAL_META_MUTATION_GEN.fetch_add(1, std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Release);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn current_local_meta_mutation_gen() -> u64 {
+    LOCAL_META_MUTATION_GEN.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Acquire)
+}
+
+type LocalAuthorityCache = Arc<StdMutex<HashMap<String, (u64, Arc<BucketMetadata>)>>>;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct BucketMetadataSys {
    metadata_map: Arc<RwLock<HashMap<String, Arc<BucketMetadata>>>>,
+    local_authority_cache: LocalAuthorityCache,
    /// Serializes metadata-map commits and their derived cache updates for one
    /// bucket. Namespace locks, when present, are acquired before this lock.
    metadata_publish_locks: Arc<MetadataPublishLockRegistry>,
@@ -1796,6 +1866,7 @@ impl BucketMetadataSys {
    pub fn new(api: Arc<ECStore>) -> Self {
        Self {
            metadata_map: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HashMap::new())),
+            local_authority_cache: Arc::new(StdMutex::new(HashMap::new())),
            metadata_publish_locks: Arc::new(MetadataPublishLockRegistry {
                locks: StdMutex::new(HashMap::new()),
            }),
@@ -1830,6 +1901,15 @@ impl BucketMetadataSys {
        self.api.upgrade()
    }

+    /// Whether the backing `ECStore` has been dropped.
+    ///
+    /// Used by `InstanceContext::clear_bucket_metadata_sys_if_stale` during
+    /// `ECStore::drop` so a shared bootstrap context does not retain a
+    /// `BucketMetadataSys` whose weak handle is dangling.
+    pub(crate) fn is_store_stale(&self) -> bool {
+        self.api.upgrade().is_none()
+    }
+
    fn metadata_publish_lock(&self, bucket: &str) -> Arc<Mutex<MetadataPublishLockState>> {
        Self::bucket_lock_in(&self.metadata_publish_locks, bucket)
    }
@@ -2160,6 +2240,7 @@ impl BucketMetadataSys {
    }

    pub async fn set(&self, bucket: String, bm: Arc<BucketMetadata>) {
+        bump_local_meta_mutation_gen();
        if !is_meta_bucketname(&bucket) {
            let publish_lock = self.metadata_publish_lock(&bucket);
            let _publish_guard = publish_lock.lock().await;
@@ -2178,6 +2259,7 @@ impl BucketMetadataSys {
    ///
    /// Returns `true` if an entry was present. Reserved meta buckets are ignored.
    pub async fn remove(&self, bucket: &str) -> bool {
+        bump_local_meta_mutation_gen();
        if is_meta_bucketname(bucket) {
            return false;
        }
@@ -2198,6 +2280,7 @@ impl BucketMetadataSys {
    }

    async fn _reset(&mut self) {
+        bump_local_meta_mutation_gen();
        let mut map = self.metadata_map.write().await;
        map.clear();
        drop(map);
@@ -3001,30 +3084,77 @@ impl BucketMetadataSys {
            return Err(Error::other(format!("injected Object Lock metadata disk read failure: {bucket}")));
        }

-        match await_bucket_namespace_operation(Some(guard), bucket, "bucket metadata snapshot existence check", async {
-            self.object_store()
-                .get_bucket_info_from_sets_at_read_quorum(bucket, &crate::storage_api_contracts::bucket::BucketOptions::default())
-                .await
-        })
-        .await
-        {
+        let store = self.object_store();
+        let can_use_local_authority_cache = !store.ctx.lock_manager().is_disabled() && store.all_disks_local_and_online();
+        let gen_before = current_local_meta_mutation_gen();
+        let cached_authority = can_use_local_authority_cache
+            .then(|| {
+                self.local_authority_cache
+                    .lock()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
+                    .get(bucket)
+                    .filter(|(cached_gen, _)| *cached_gen == gen_before)
+                    .map(|(_, bm)| Arc::clone(bm))
+            })
+            .flatten();
+        if let Some(cached) = cached_authority {
+            await_bucket_namespace_operation(
+                Some(guard),
+                bucket,
+                "bucket metadata authoritative snapshot",
+                std::future::ready(Ok::<_, Error>(())),
+            )
+            .await?;
+            if current_local_meta_mutation_gen() == gen_before && store.all_disks_local_and_online() {
+                return Ok(BucketMetadataAuthority::Authoritative(cached));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let (bucket_info_res, metadata_res) = tokio::join!(
+            Box::pin(await_bucket_namespace_operation(
+                Some(guard),
+                bucket,
+                "bucket metadata snapshot existence check",
+                async {
+                    store
+                        .get_bucket_info_from_sets_at_read_quorum(
+                            bucket,
+                            &crate::storage_api_contracts::bucket::BucketOptions::default(),
+                        )
+                        .await
+                },
+            )),
+            Box::pin(await_bucket_namespace_operation(
+                Some(guard),
+                bucket,
+                "bucket metadata authoritative snapshot",
+                load_bucket_metadata_parse_with_presence(Arc::clone(&store), bucket, true),
+            )),
+        );
+        match bucket_info_res {
            Ok(_) => {}
            Err(Error::VolumeNotFound) => return Ok(BucketMetadataAuthority::MissingBucket),
            Err(err) => return Err(err),
        }

-        let (metadata, persisted) = await_bucket_namespace_operation(
-            Some(guard),
-            bucket,
-            "bucket metadata authoritative snapshot",
-            load_bucket_metadata_parse_with_presence(self.object_store(), bucket, true),
-        )
-        .await?;
+        let (metadata, persisted) = metadata_res?;
        if persisted && metadata.lock_enabled && !metadata.bucket_creation_committed {
            return Err(Error::ErasureWriteQuorum);
        }
        if persisted {
-            Ok(BucketMetadataAuthority::Authoritative(Arc::new(metadata)))
+            let metadata = Arc::new(metadata);
+            if can_use_local_authority_cache
+                && metadata.bucket_incarnation_sidecar
+                && !metadata.bucket_incarnation_id.is_nil()
+                && current_local_meta_mutation_gen() == gen_before
+                && store.all_disks_local_and_online()
+            {
+                self.local_authority_cache
+                    .lock()
+                    .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
+                    .insert(bucket.to_string(), (gen_before, Arc::clone(&metadata)));
+            }
+            Ok(BucketMetadataAuthority::Authoritative(metadata))
        } else {
            Ok(BucketMetadataAuthority::Fabricated)
        }
@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+use crate::disk::background_memory::BackgroundBuffer;
+use std::io::{self, IoSlice};
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::task::{Context, Poll, Waker, ready};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite, DuplexStream, ReadBuf};
+
+pub struct BackgroundPipeReader {
+    inner: PipeEnd,
+}
+
+pub struct BackgroundPipeWriter {
+    inner: PipeEnd,
+}
+
+impl BackgroundPipeWriter {
+    /// Capture only the payload owner, without retaining node or physical units.
+    pub fn memory_budget(&self) -> Option<Arc<crate::disk::BackgroundMemoryBudget>> {
+        match &self.inner {
+            PipeEnd::Foreground(_) => None,
+            PipeEnd::Background(state) => state
+                .lock()
+                .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
+                .buffer
+                .memory_budget(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum PipeEnd {
+    Foreground(DuplexStream),
+    Background(Arc<Mutex<PipeState>>),
+}
+
+// The pipe lock may reserve memory. The memory budget never locks a pipe.
+struct PipeState {
+    buffer: BackgroundBuffer,
+    read_offset: usize,
+    readable: usize,
+    capacity: usize,
+    reader_closed: bool,
+    writer_closed: bool,
+    admission_failure: Option<io::ErrorKind>,
+    read_waker: Option<Waker>,
+    write_waker: Option<Waker>,
+}
+
+/// Capture only memory ownership while the request is admitted. Payload storage
+/// is reserved and initialized once, before the first nonempty background write.
+pub fn background_pipe(capacity: usize) -> (BackgroundPipeReader, BackgroundPipeWriter) {
+    let capacity = capacity.max(1);
+    let memory = crate::disk::current_resource_unit().and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget());
+    match memory {
+        Some(memory) => {
+            let state = Arc::new(Mutex::new(PipeState {
+                buffer: BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(memory)),
+                read_offset: 0,
+                readable: 0,
+                capacity,
+                reader_closed: false,
+                writer_closed: false,
+                admission_failure: None,
+                read_waker: None,
+                write_waker: None,
+            }));
+            (
+                BackgroundPipeReader {
+                    inner: PipeEnd::Background(state.clone()),
+                },
+                BackgroundPipeWriter {
+                    inner: PipeEnd::Background(state),
+                },
+            )
+        }
+        None => {
+            let (reader, writer) = tokio::io::duplex(capacity);
+            (
+                BackgroundPipeReader {
+                    inner: PipeEnd::Foreground(reader),
+                },
+                BackgroundPipeWriter {
+                    inner: PipeEnd::Foreground(writer),
+                },
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn advance_ring(offset: usize, count: usize, capacity: usize) -> usize {
+    let to_end = capacity - offset;
+    if count < to_end { offset + count } else { count - to_end }
+}
+
+fn poll_background_read(state: &Mutex<PipeState>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, output: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+    if output.remaining() == 0 {
+        return Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+    }
+    let mut state = state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    if state.readable == 0 {
+        if let Some(kind) = state.admission_failure.take() {
+            drop(state);
+            return Poll::Ready(Err(io::Error::new(kind, "background pipe storage admission failed")));
+        }
+        if state.writer_closed {
+            return Poll::Ready(Ok(()));
+        }
+        let replaced = state.read_waker.replace(cx.waker().clone());
+        drop(state);
+        drop(replaced);
+        return Poll::Pending;
+    }
+    let length = state.readable.min(output.remaining());
+    let first = length.min(state.capacity - state.read_offset);
+    output.put_slice(&state.buffer.as_slice()[state.read_offset..state.read_offset + first]);
+    output.put_slice(&state.buffer.as_slice()[..length - first]);
+    state.read_offset = advance_ring(state.read_offset, length, state.capacity);
+    state.readable -= length;
+    let wake = state.write_waker.take();
+    drop(state);
+    if let Some(wake) = wake {
+        wake.wake();
+    }
+    Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+}
+
+fn poll_background_write(state: &Mutex<PipeState>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, input: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+    let mut state = state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+    if state.reader_closed || state.writer_closed {
+        return Poll::Ready(Err(io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe.into()));
+    }
+    if input.iter().all(|part| part.is_empty()) {
+        return Poll::Ready(Ok(0));
+    }
+    let available = state.capacity - state.readable;
+    if available == 0 {
+        let replaced = state.write_waker.replace(cx.waker().clone());
+        drop(state);
+        drop(replaced);
+        return Poll::Pending;
+    }
+    let capacity = state.capacity;
+    if let Err(error) = state.buffer.ensure_len(capacity) {
+        // Legacy walk completion may suppress ordinary producer errors. A new
+        // pipe admission failure must also reach the reader instead of EOF.
+        state.admission_failure = Some(error.kind());
+        state.writer_closed = true;
+        let wake = state.read_waker.take();
+        drop(state);
+        if let Some(wake) = wake {
+            wake.wake();
+        }
+        return Poll::Ready(Err(error));
+    }
+    let mut offset = advance_ring(state.read_offset, state.readable, capacity);
+    let mut written = 0;
+    for part in input {
+        let length = part.len().min(available - written);
+        let first = length.min(capacity - offset);
+        state.buffer.as_mut_slice()[offset..offset + first].copy_from_slice(&part[..first]);
+        state.buffer.as_mut_slice()[..length - first].copy_from_slice(&part[first..length]);
+        offset = advance_ring(offset, length, capacity);
+        written += length;
+        if written == available {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    state.readable += written;
+    let wake = state.read_waker.take();
+    drop(state);
+    if let Some(wake) = wake {
+        wake.wake();
+    }
+    Poll::Ready(Ok(written))
+}
+
+impl AsyncRead for BackgroundPipeReader {
+    fn poll_read(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, output: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        match &mut self.get_mut().inner {
+            PipeEnd::Foreground(reader) => Pin::new(reader).poll_read(cx, output),
+            PipeEnd::Background(state) => {
+                let coop = ready!(tokio::task::coop::poll_proceed(cx));
+                let result = poll_background_read(state, cx, output);
+                if result.is_ready() {
+                    coop.made_progress();
+                }
+                result
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsyncWrite for BackgroundPipeWriter {
+    fn poll_write(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, input: &[u8]) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        match &mut self.get_mut().inner {
+            PipeEnd::Foreground(writer) => Pin::new(writer).poll_write(cx, input),
+            PipeEnd::Background(state) => {
+                let coop = ready!(tokio::task::coop::poll_proceed(cx));
+                let result = poll_background_write(state, cx, &[IoSlice::new(input)]);
+                if result.is_ready() {
+                    coop.made_progress();
+                }
+                result
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll_write_vectored(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, input: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        match &mut self.get_mut().inner {
+            PipeEnd::Foreground(writer) => Pin::new(writer).poll_write_vectored(cx, input),
+            PipeEnd::Background(state) => {
+                let coop = ready!(tokio::task::coop::poll_proceed(cx));
+                let result = poll_background_write(state, cx, input);
+                if result.is_ready() {
+                    coop.made_progress();
+                }
+                result
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_write_vectored(&self) -> bool {
+        match &self.inner {
+            PipeEnd::Foreground(writer) => writer.is_write_vectored(),
+            PipeEnd::Background(_) => true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll_flush(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        match &mut self.get_mut().inner {
+            PipeEnd::Foreground(writer) => Pin::new(writer).poll_flush(cx),
+            PipeEnd::Background(_) => Poll::Ready(Ok(())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn poll_shutdown(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+        match &mut self.get_mut().inner {
+            PipeEnd::Foreground(writer) => Pin::new(writer).poll_shutdown(cx),
+            PipeEnd::Background(state) => {
+                let mut state = state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+                state.writer_closed = true;
+                let wake = state.read_waker.take();
+                drop(state);
+                if let Some(wake) = wake {
+                    wake.wake();
+                }
+                Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for BackgroundPipeReader {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let PipeEnd::Background(state) = &self.inner {
+            let mut state = state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            state.reader_closed = true;
+            let wake = state.write_waker.take();
+            let cancelled = state.read_waker.take();
+            drop(state);
+            drop(cancelled);
+            if let Some(wake) = wake {
+                wake.wake();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for BackgroundPipeWriter {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let PipeEnd::Background(state) = &self.inner {
+            let mut state = state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+            state.writer_closed = true;
+            let wake = state.read_waker.take();
+            let cancelled = state.write_waker.take();
+            drop(state);
+            drop(cancelled);
+            if let Some(wake) = wake {
+                wake.wake();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::disk::BackgroundMemoryBudget;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+
+    pub(super) fn budget(capacity: usize) -> Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget> {
+        let budget = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        budget.set_sampled_limit(u64::try_from(capacity).expect("test capacity fits u64"), Duration::from_secs(30));
+        budget
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn local_pipe(
+        memory: &Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>,
+        capacity: usize,
+    ) -> (BackgroundPipeReader, BackgroundPipeWriter) {
+        let state = Arc::new(Mutex::new(PipeState {
+            buffer: BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(memory.clone())),
+            read_offset: 0,
+            readable: 0,
+            capacity,
+            reader_closed: false,
+            writer_closed: false,
+            admission_failure: None,
+            read_waker: None,
+            write_waker: None,
+        }));
+        (
+            BackgroundPipeReader {
+                inner: PipeEnd::Background(state.clone()),
+            },
+            BackgroundPipeWriter {
+                inner: PipeEnd::Background(state),
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn write_now(writer: &mut (impl AsyncWrite + Unpin), bytes: &[u8]) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        Pin::new(writer).poll_write(&mut Context::from_waker(Waker::noop()), bytes)
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn read_now(reader: &mut (impl AsyncRead + Unpin), bytes: &mut [u8]) -> Poll<io::Result<usize>> {
+        let mut output = ReadBuf::new(bytes);
+        match Pin::new(reader).poll_read(&mut Context::from_waker(Waker::noop()), &mut output) {
+            Poll::Ready(Ok(())) => Poll::Ready(Ok(output.filled().len())),
+            Poll::Ready(Err(error)) => Poll::Ready(Err(error)),
+            Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
+        }
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn fixed_ring_allocates_lazily_once_and_keeps_last_owner_charged() {
+        for capacity in [1, 7, 64 * 1024, 1024 * 1024] {
+            let memory = budget(capacity);
+            let (mut reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, capacity);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+            assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer, &[]), Poll::Ready(Ok(0))));
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+            assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer, b"x"), Poll::Ready(Ok(1))));
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, capacity as u64);
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+            let mut output = [0];
+            assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader, &mut output), Poll::Ready(Ok(1))));
+            assert_eq!(output, *b"x");
+            assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer, b"y"), Poll::Ready(Ok(1))));
+            drop(writer);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, capacity as u64, "reader still owns the real ring");
+            assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader, &mut output), Poll::Ready(Ok(1))));
+            assert_eq!(output, *b"y");
+            assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader, &mut output), Poll::Ready(Ok(0))));
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, capacity as u64, "draining does not destroy allocation ownership");
+            drop(reader);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn admission_error_reaches_writer_and_reader_once_without_payload() {
+        for sample in [None, Some((6, Duration::from_secs(30))), Some((7, Duration::ZERO))] {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            if let Some((limit, validity)) = sample {
+                memory.set_sampled_limit(limit, validity);
+            }
+            let (mut reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+            let error = match write_now(&mut writer, b"x") {
+                Poll::Ready(Err(e)) => e,
+                _ => panic!("reject before copying first payload"),
+            };
+            assert!(
+                crate::disk::background_memory::is_memory_pressure(&error),
+                "writer retains the original budget marker"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+            let error = match read_now(&mut reader, &mut [0]) {
+                Poll::Ready(Err(e)) => e,
+                _ => panic!("reader must see a pipe admission failure"),
+            };
+            assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+            assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader, &mut [0]), Poll::Ready(Ok(0))), "failure is delivered once");
+            assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer,b"x"),Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind()==io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe));
+            drop((reader, writer));
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn allocation_overflow_is_a_reader_failure_without_a_leaked_reservation() {
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(u64::MAX, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let (mut reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, usize::MAX);
+        assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer,b"x"),Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind()==io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory));
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader,&mut[0]),Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind()==io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn scalar_and_vectored_wrap_match_a_reference_queue() {
+        use std::collections::VecDeque;
+        for capacity in [1, 3, 7, 31] {
+            let memory = budget(capacity);
+            let (mut reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, capacity);
+            let mut expected = VecDeque::new();
+            let mut next = 0u8;
+            for turn in 0..300 {
+                let input: Vec<_> = (0..(turn % 11 + 1))
+                    .map(|_| {
+                        let byte = next;
+                        next = next.wrapping_add(1);
+                        byte
+                    })
+                    .collect();
+                let available = capacity - expected.len();
+                let written = if turn % 2 == 0 {
+                    write_now(&mut writer, &input)
+                } else {
+                    let split = input.len() / 2;
+                    Pin::new(&mut writer).poll_write_vectored(
+                        &mut Context::from_waker(Waker::noop()),
+                        &[
+                            io::IoSlice::new(&[]),
+                            io::IoSlice::new(&input[..split]),
+                            io::IoSlice::new(&input[split..]),
+                        ],
+                    )
+                };
+                if available == 0 {
+                    assert!(written.is_pending());
+                } else {
+                    let accepted = input.len().min(available);
+                    assert!(matches!(written,Poll::Ready(Ok(n)) if n==accepted));
+                    expected.extend(&input[..accepted]);
+                }
+                let mut output = vec![0; turn % 5 + 1];
+                let count = output.len().min(expected.len());
+                assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader,&mut output),Poll::Ready(Ok(n)) if n==count));
+                for byte in &output[..count] {
+                    assert_eq!(Some(*byte), expected.pop_front());
+                }
+                assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, capacity as u64);
+            }
+            drop(writer);
+            let mut output = vec![0; capacity];
+            let count = expected.len();
+            assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader,&mut output),Poll::Ready(Ok(n)) if n==count));
+            assert_eq!(&output[..count], expected.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>().as_slice());
+            assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader, &mut output), Poll::Ready(Ok(0))));
+            drop(reader);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn reader_drop_wakes_blocked_writer_and_writer_drop_wakes_empty_reader() {
+        let memory = budget(7);
+        let (reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+        writer.write_all(b"1234567").await.expect("fill the ring");
+        let task = tokio::spawn(async move { writer.write_all(b"blocked").await });
+        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        assert!(!task.is_finished());
+        drop(reader);
+        let error = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), task)
+            .await
+            .expect("reader drop wakes writer")
+            .expect("writer task joins")
+            .expect_err("closed reader is BrokenPipe");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        let (mut reader, writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+        let task = tokio::spawn(async move { reader.read(&mut [0]).await });
+        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        assert!(!task.is_finished());
+        drop(writer);
+        assert_eq!(
+            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), task)
+                .await
+                .expect("writer drop wakes reader")
+                .expect("reader task joins")
+                .expect("clean EOF"),
+            0
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn read_wakes_a_full_writer_without_changing_byte_limit() {
+        let memory = budget(7);
+        let (mut reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+        writer.write_all(b"1234567").await.expect("fill initial byte limit");
+        let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            writer.write_all(b"x").await.expect("resume after one byte is read");
+            writer
+        });
+        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        assert!(!task.is_finished());
+        let mut first = [0];
+        reader.read_exact(&mut first).await.expect("read one byte");
+        let writer = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), task)
+            .await
+            .expect("read wakes writer")
+            .expect("writer joins");
+        assert_eq!(&first, b"1");
+        drop(writer);
+        let mut all = Vec::new();
+        reader.read_to_end(&mut all).await.expect("drain wrapped bytes");
+        assert_eq!(all, b"234567x");
+        drop(reader);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn shutdown_drains_then_eof_and_cancelled_writes_accept_nothing() {
+        let memory = budget(7);
+        let (mut reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+        writer
+            .write_all(b"1234567")
+            .await
+            .expect("fill before cancelling a blocked write");
+        {
+            let blocked = writer.write(b"lost");
+            tokio::pin!(blocked);
+            assert!(futures::poll!(&mut blocked).is_pending());
+        }
+        writer.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown does not discard buffered bytes");
+        assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer,b"x"),Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind()==io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe));
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        reader.read_to_end(&mut out).await.expect("drain after shutdown");
+        assert_eq!(out, b"1234567");
+        drop(reader);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 7, "writer still holds the allocation");
+        drop(writer);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn foreground_keeps_native_duplex_semantics() {
+        let (reader, mut writer) = background_pipe(7);
+        assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer, b"12345678"), Poll::Ready(Ok(7))));
+        assert!(write_now(&mut writer, b"x").is_pending());
+        drop(reader);
+        assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer,b"x"),Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind()==io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe));
+        let (mut reader, writer) = background_pipe(7);
+        drop(writer);
+        assert!(matches!(read_now(&mut reader, &mut [0]), Poll::Ready(Ok(0))));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn cancelled_reader_leaves_the_real_ring_charged_until_writer_drop() {
+        let memory = budget(7);
+        let (reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+        assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer, b"x"), Poll::Ready(Ok(1))));
+        drop(reader);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 7, "the surviving writer still owns the ring allocation");
+        assert!(matches!(write_now(&mut writer,b"y"),Poll::Ready(Err(e)) if e.kind()==io::ErrorKind::BrokenPipe));
+        drop(writer);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn runtime_shutdown_releases_queued_writer_but_not_the_surviving_reader() {
+        let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+            .enable_all()
+            .build()
+            .expect("build isolated runtime");
+        let memory = budget(7);
+        let (reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+        runtime.block_on(async {
+            writer.write_all(b"x").await.expect("allocate ring before runtime shutdown");
+            tokio::spawn(async move {
+                let _writer = writer;
+                std::future::pending::<()>().await;
+            });
+            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        });
+        drop(runtime);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 7, "reader holds the actual allocation after runtime cancellation");
+        drop(reader);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn ready_operations_keep_tokio_cooperative_yields() {
+        let memory = budget(7);
+        let (_reader, mut writer) = local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+        let observed = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+        let flag = observed.clone();
+        let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            flag.store(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        });
+        for _ in 0..1000 {
+            assert_eq!(writer.write(&[]).await.expect("empty operation remains successful"), 0);
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            observed.load(Ordering::SeqCst),
+            1,
+            "ready pipe operations must not starve other ready tasks"
+        );
+        task.await.expect("observer task joins");
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod waker_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::sync::{
+        Weak,
+        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+    };
+    use std::task::Wake;
+
+    struct LockCheck {
+        state: Weak<Mutex<PipeState>>,
+        wakes: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+        drops: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+    }
+    impl LockCheck {
+        fn unlocked(&self) {
+            if let Some(state) = self.state.upgrade() {
+                assert!(state.try_lock().is_ok(), "waker code must run outside the pipe lock");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    impl Wake for LockCheck {
+        fn wake(self: Arc<Self>) {
+            self.unlocked();
+            self.wakes.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        }
+    }
+    impl Drop for LockCheck {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            self.unlocked();
+            self.drops.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn replaced_and_woken_reader_and_writer_wakers_run_outside_the_lock() {
+        for waiting_reader in [true, false] {
+            let memory = super::tests::budget(7);
+            let (mut reader, mut writer) = super::tests::local_pipe(&memory, 7);
+            let PipeEnd::Background(state) = &reader.inner else { panic!("background fixture") };
+            let weak = Arc::downgrade(state);
+            let wakes = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+            let drops = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+            if !waiting_reader {
+                assert!(matches!(super::tests::write_now(&mut writer, b"1234567"), Poll::Ready(Ok(7))));
+            }
+            for _ in 0..2 {
+                let waker = Waker::from(Arc::new(LockCheck {
+                    state: weak.clone(),
+                    wakes: wakes.clone(),
+                    drops: drops.clone(),
+                }));
+                let mut cx = Context::from_waker(&waker);
+                if waiting_reader {
+                    let mut bytes = [0];
+                    assert!(
+                        Pin::new(&mut reader)
+                            .poll_read(&mut cx, &mut ReadBuf::new(&mut bytes))
+                            .is_pending()
+                    );
+                } else {
+                    assert!(Pin::new(&mut writer).poll_write(&mut cx, b"x").is_pending());
+                }
+                drop(waker);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(drops.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1, "the replaced waker has been dropped");
+            if waiting_reader {
+                assert!(matches!(super::tests::write_now(&mut writer, b"x"), Poll::Ready(Ok(1))));
+            } else {
+                assert!(matches!(super::tests::read_now(&mut reader, &mut [0]), Poll::Ready(Ok(1))));
+            }
+            assert_eq!(wakes.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 1);
+            assert_eq!(drops.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 2);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+use crate::disk::background_memory::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, Reservation};
+use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
+use futures::Stream;
+use std::io;
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, ReadBuf};
+use tokio_util::io::ReaderStream;
+
+struct ReservedReadBytes {
+    // Free each payload view before releasing its shared allocation receipt.
+    bytes: Bytes,
+    _reservation: Arc<Reservation>,
+}
+
+impl AsRef<[u8]> for ReservedReadBytes {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+struct ReaderBuffer {
+    // These initialized bytes are spare storage, not unconsumed source data.
+    bytes: BytesMut,
+    reservation: Option<Arc<Reservation>>,
+    budget: Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>,
+    capacity: usize,
+}
+
+impl ReaderBuffer {
+    fn new(budget: Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>, capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bytes: BytesMut::new(),
+            reservation: None,
+            budget,
+            capacity: capacity.max(1),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.bytes = BytesMut::new();
+        self.reservation = None;
+    }
+
+    fn ensure_readable(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if !self.bytes.is_empty() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        if self.reservation.is_some() {
+            if self.bytes.try_reclaim(self.capacity) {
+                self.bytes.resize(self.capacity, 0);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            // A live output owns this allocation. Drop our empty view before
+            // its receipt, then reserve independent replacement storage.
+            self.clear();
+        }
+        let reservation = self.budget.reserve(self.capacity)?;
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        bytes
+            .try_reserve_exact(self.capacity)
+            .map_err(|_| io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory)?;
+        bytes.resize(self.capacity, 0);
+        // Fresh ordinary Bytes is unique and spans the complete allocation.
+        // Unlike from_owner output, this conversion cannot require a copy.
+        let bytes = Bytes::from(bytes.into_boxed_slice())
+            .try_into_mut()
+            .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("fresh reader storage was not unique"))?;
+        self.bytes = bytes;
+        self.reservation = Some(Arc::new(reservation));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn take_bytes(&mut self, length: usize) -> io::Result<Bytes> {
+        let reservation = self
+            .reservation
+            .as_ref()
+            .cloned()
+            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::other("reader storage has no memory reservation"))?;
+        Ok(Bytes::from_owner(ReservedReadBytes {
+            bytes: self.bytes.split_to(length).freeze(),
+            _reservation: reservation,
+        }))
+    }
+}
+
+/// RPC response chunks retain their background memory reservation until the
+/// last clone or slice is dropped. Foreground readers use the existing stream.
+pub struct BackgroundReaderStream<R> {
+    inner: ReaderState<R>,
+}
+
+enum ReaderState<R> {
+    Foreground(ReaderStream<R>),
+    Background { reader: Option<R>, buffer: ReaderBuffer },
+}
+
+impl<R: AsyncRead> BackgroundReaderStream<R> {
+    /// Capture memory ownership inside the admitted scope, before moving the
+    /// response body out of it. This stream retains no node or device capacity.
+    pub fn with_capacity(reader: R, capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        let memory = crate::disk::current_resource_unit().and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget());
+        let inner = match memory {
+            Some(memory) => ReaderState::Background {
+                reader: Some(reader),
+                buffer: ReaderBuffer::new(memory, capacity),
+            },
+            None => ReaderState::Foreground(ReaderStream::with_capacity(reader, capacity)),
+        };
+        Self { inner }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<R: AsyncRead + Unpin> Stream for BackgroundReaderStream<R> {
+    type Item = io::Result<Bytes>;
+
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+        match &mut this.inner {
+            ReaderState::Foreground(reader) => Pin::new(reader).poll_next(cx),
+            ReaderState::Background { reader, buffer } => {
+                let Some(inner) = reader.as_mut() else {
+                    return Poll::Ready(None);
+                };
+                if let Err(error) = buffer.ensure_readable() {
+                    *reader = None;
+                    return Poll::Ready(Some(Err(error)));
+                }
+                let mut output = ReadBuf::new(&mut buffer.bytes);
+                match std::task::ready!(Pin::new(inner).poll_read(cx, &mut output)) {
+                    Ok(()) => {
+                        let length = output.filled().len();
+                        if length == 0 {
+                            buffer.clear();
+                            *reader = None;
+                            Poll::Ready(None)
+                        } else {
+                            let bytes = buffer.take_bytes(length);
+                            if bytes.is_err() {
+                                buffer.clear();
+                                *reader = None;
+                            }
+                            Poll::Ready(Some(bytes))
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(error) => {
+                        buffer.clear();
+                        *reader = None;
+                        Poll::Ready(Some(Err(error)))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+    use futures::StreamExt;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+
+    struct ObservedReader {
+        polls: Arc<AtomicUsize>,
+        fail: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl AsyncRead for ObservedReader {
+        fn poll_read(self: Pin<&mut Self>, _cx: &mut Context<'_>, output: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+            self.polls.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
+            if self.fail {
+                Poll::Ready(Err(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied)))
+            } else {
+                output.put_slice(b"data");
+                Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_frames_keep_capacity_until_the_last_slice() {
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(16, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let (resources, gates) = test_resource_units(2);
+        let mut stream = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(io::Cursor::new(b"data"), 16)
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert!(
+            gates.iter().all(|gate| gate.snapshot().active == 0),
+            "the stream captures only memory ownership"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0, "construction does not allocate payload storage");
+        let bytes = stream.next().await.expect("first frame").expect("read frame");
+        assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), b"data");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 16, "charge full capacity rather than visible length");
+        let slice = bytes.slice(1..3);
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        drop(bytes);
+        drop(stream);
+        assert_eq!(slice.as_ref(), b"at");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 16);
+        drop(slice);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_denial_happens_before_reading_and_never_falls_back() {
+        for sample in [None, Some((7, Duration::from_secs(30))), Some((8, Duration::ZERO))] {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            if let Some((limit, validity)) = sample {
+                memory.set_sampled_limit(limit, validity);
+            }
+            let polls = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let mut stream = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+                BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(
+                    ObservedReader {
+                        polls: polls.clone(),
+                        fail: false,
+                    },
+                    8,
+                )
+            })
+            .await;
+            let error = stream
+                .next()
+                .await
+                .expect("allocation failure")
+                .expect_err("background allocation denied");
+            assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+            assert_eq!(polls.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 0, "denial cannot consume source bytes");
+            assert!(stream.next().await.is_none());
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_pending_read_keeps_storage_through_shrink_or_cancellation() {
+        for cancelled in [false, true] {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(16, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let (mut sender, reader) = tokio::io::duplex(4);
+            let mut stream = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+                BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(reader, 16)
+            })
+            .await;
+            assert!(futures::poll!(stream.next()).is_pending());
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 16);
+            let bytes = if cancelled {
+                None
+            } else {
+                sender.write_all(b"data").await.expect("release pending read");
+                Some(
+                    stream
+                        .next()
+                        .await
+                        .expect("pending frame")
+                        .expect("existing allocation survives shrink"),
+                )
+            };
+            drop(stream);
+            if let Some(bytes) = bytes {
+                assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), b"data");
+                assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 16);
+                drop(bytes);
+            }
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_read_error_and_eof_release_storage() {
+        for fail in [false, true] {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(8, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let mut stream = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+                let reader: Box<dyn AsyncRead + Unpin> = if fail {
+                    Box::new(ObservedReader {
+                        polls: Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0)),
+                        fail: true,
+                    })
+                } else {
+                    Box::new(tokio::io::empty())
+                };
+                BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(reader, 8)
+            })
+            .await;
+            if fail {
+                let error = stream.next().await.expect("read failure").expect_err("preserve reader error");
+                assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
+            }
+            assert!(stream.next().await.is_none());
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn retained_frame_blocks_new_storage_until_released() {
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(8, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let mut stream = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(io::Cursor::new(b"firstonefollowup"), 8)
+        })
+        .await;
+        let first = stream.next().await.expect("first frame").expect("fits exact budget");
+        assert_eq!(first.as_ref(), b"firstone");
+        let error = stream
+            .next()
+            .await
+            .expect("next allocation")
+            .expect_err("held frame exhausts budget");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 8);
+        drop(stream);
+        drop(first);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn consumed_frames_keep_reusable_capacity_until_eof() {
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(8, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let mut stream = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(io::Cursor::new(b"firstonefollowup"), 8)
+        })
+        .await;
+        for expected in [b"firstone", b"followup"] {
+            let bytes = stream.next().await.expect("next frame").expect("released previous capacity");
+            assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), expected);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 8);
+            drop(bytes);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 8, "the reusable allocation remains owned by the stream");
+        }
+        assert!(stream.next().await.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn foreground_stream_and_unpolled_cancellation_preserve_existing_behavior() {
+        let mut stream = BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(io::Cursor::new(b"foreground"), 4);
+        assert!(matches!(stream.inner, ReaderState::Foreground(_)));
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
+            bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk.expect("foreground chunk"));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(bytes, b"foreground");
+
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let stream = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(tokio::io::empty(), 8)
+        })
+        .await;
+        drop(stream);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod reuse_tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use bytes::Bytes;
+    use futures::StreamExt;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use std::{
+        io,
+        pin::Pin,
+        task::{Context, Poll},
+    };
+    use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, ReadBuf};
+
+    static DATA: [u8; 1024] = [0x37; 1024];
+    struct ShortReader {
+        offset: usize,
+        length: usize,
+        chunk: usize,
+        fail_at: Option<usize>,
+    }
+    impl AsyncRead for ShortReader {
+        fn poll_read(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, _: &mut Context<'_>, out: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+            if self.fail_at == Some(self.offset) {
+                return Poll::Ready(Err(io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied.into()));
+            }
+            let n = (self.length - self.offset).min(self.chunk).min(out.remaining());
+            out.put_slice(&DATA[self.offset..self.offset + n]);
+            self.offset += n;
+            Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+        }
+    }
+    fn budget(limit: u64) -> Arc<crate::disk::BackgroundMemoryBudget> {
+        let b = crate::disk::BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        b.set_sampled_limit(limit, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        b
+    }
+    async fn stream<R: AsyncRead>(
+        budget: &Arc<crate::disk::BackgroundMemoryBudget>,
+        reader: R,
+        capacity: usize,
+    ) -> BackgroundReaderStream<R> {
+        let (resources, _) = crate::disk::test_resource_units(1);
+        crate::disk::with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(budget.clone())), async {
+            BackgroundReaderStream::with_capacity(reader, capacity)
+        })
+        .await
+    }
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn complete_consumed_frames_reclaim_the_same_storage_after_expiry() {
+        let b = budget(64);
+        let mut s = stream(&b, io::Cursor::new(&DATA[..]), 64).await;
+        let mut pointer = None;
+        for _ in 0..16 {
+            let frame = s.next().await.expect("next full frame").expect("reclaimed backing");
+            assert_eq!(frame.len(), 64);
+            assert_eq!(frame.as_ref(), &DATA[..64]);
+            if let Some(p) = pointer {
+                assert_eq!(frame.as_ptr(), p);
+            } else {
+                pointer = Some(frame.as_ptr());
+            }
+            b.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+            drop(frame);
+            assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 64);
+        }
+        assert!(s.next().await.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn short_live_frames_use_disjoint_tail_then_reserve_separate_storage() {
+        let b = budget(32);
+        let mut s = stream(
+            &b,
+            ShortReader {
+                offset: 0,
+                length: 32,
+                chunk: 4,
+                fail_at: None,
+            },
+            16,
+        )
+        .await;
+        let mut frames: Vec<Bytes> = Vec::new();
+        for i in 0..4 {
+            let frame = s.next().await.expect("short frame").expect("remaining initialized tail");
+            if i != 0 {
+                assert_eq!(frame.as_ptr(), frames[0].as_ptr().wrapping_add(i * 4));
+            }
+            assert_eq!(frame.as_ref(), &DATA[..4]);
+            frames.push(frame);
+            assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 16);
+        }
+        let next = s.next().await.expect("independent frame").expect("second backing fits");
+        assert_ne!(next.as_ptr(), frames[0].as_ptr());
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 32);
+        drop(frames);
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 16);
+        drop(s);
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 16);
+        drop(next);
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn final_slice_prevents_reclaim_and_keeps_old_plus_new_charged() {
+        let b = budget(32);
+        let mut s = stream(&b, io::Cursor::new(&DATA[..32]), 16).await;
+        let first = s.next().await.expect("old frame").expect("old backing");
+        let last = first.slice(15..);
+        drop(first);
+        let next = s.next().await.expect("new frame").expect("second backing fits");
+        assert_eq!(last.as_ref(), &DATA[..1]);
+        assert_ne!(next.as_ptr(), last.as_ptr());
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 32);
+        drop(s);
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 32);
+        drop(next);
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 16);
+        drop(last);
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn expiry_uses_tail_but_rejects_new_storage_before_consuming_source() {
+        let b = budget(16);
+        let mut s = stream(
+            &b,
+            ShortReader {
+                offset: 0,
+                length: 32,
+                chunk: 4,
+                fail_at: None,
+            },
+            16,
+        )
+        .await;
+        let first = s.next().await.expect("first frame").expect("initial backing");
+        b.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            drop(s.next().await.expect("tail frame").expect("reuse charged storage"));
+        }
+        let error = s
+            .next()
+            .await
+            .expect("new backing denied")
+            .expect_err("live frame prevents reclaim");
+        assert!(crate::disk::background_memory::is_memory_pressure(&error));
+        assert!(s.next().await.is_none());
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 16);
+        drop(first);
+        assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn eof_and_error_release_spare_but_keep_live_output_charged() {
+        for fail_at in [None, Some(4)] {
+            let b = budget(16);
+            let mut s = stream(
+                &b,
+                ShortReader {
+                    offset: 0,
+                    length: 4,
+                    chunk: 4,
+                    fail_at,
+                },
+                16,
+            )
+            .await;
+            let frame = s.next().await.expect("first short frame").expect("payload");
+            match fail_at {
+                None => assert!(s.next().await.is_none()),
+                Some(_) => assert_eq!(
+                    s.next()
+                        .await
+                        .expect("read error")
+                        .expect_err("preserve source failure")
+                        .kind(),
+                    io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied
+                ),
+            }
+            assert!(s.next().await.is_none());
+            assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 16);
+            assert_eq!(frame.as_ref(), &DATA[..4]);
+            drop(frame);
+            assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn runtime_shutdown_drops_a_pending_stream_without_refunding_early() {
+        for abort in [false, true] {
+            let b = budget(16);
+            let rt = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+                .enable_all()
+                .build()
+                .expect("runtime");
+            let (_tx, reader) = tokio::io::duplex(4);
+            let (began, wait) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+            let memory = b.clone();
+            let handle = rt.spawn(async move {
+                let mut s = stream(&memory, reader, 16).await;
+                assert!(futures::poll!(s.next()).is_pending());
+                assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 16);
+                began.send(()).expect("notify pending allocation");
+                let _ = s.next().await;
+            });
+            rt.block_on(wait).expect("stream pending");
+            assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 16);
+            if abort {
+                handle.abort();
+                let _ = rt.block_on(handle);
+            }
+            drop(rt);
+            assert_eq!(b.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ use crate::cluster::rpc::http_auth::RPC_REPLAY_SCOPE_VERSION_HEADER;
 use crate::cluster::rpc::http_auth::{
    AuthenticatedPeerReplayCapabilities, RPC_AUTH_VERSION_HEADER, RPC_AUTH_VERSION_V2, RPC_BOOT_EPOCH_CHALLENGE_HEADER,
    RPC_CONTENT_SHA256_HEADER, RPC_REPLAY_CACHE_CAPABILITY_HEADER, RPC_REPLAY_CACHE_CAPABILITY_PROOF_HEADER,
-    RollingMutationBodyDigest, TIMESTAMP_HEADER, internode_rpc_body_digest_strict,
-    verify_tonic_peer_replay_capabilities_response,
+    RollingMutationBodyDigest, TIMESTAMP_HEADER, gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers_with_admission, internode_rpc_body_digest_strict,
+    rpc_background_admission, verify_tonic_peer_replay_capabilities_response,
 };
-use crate::cluster::rpc::{gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers, gen_tonic_signature_headers, normalize_tonic_rpc_audience};
+use crate::cluster::rpc::{gen_tonic_signature_headers, normalize_tonic_rpc_audience};
 #[cfg(test)]
 use crate::cluster::rpc::{tonic_boot_epoch_challenge, tonic_boot_epoch_response_headers};
 use crate::disk::error::{DiskError, Error as DiskErrorType, RpcStatusError};
@@ -415,7 +415,16 @@ where
                    .get(RPC_CONTENT_SHA256_HEADER)
                    .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok()),
            ) {
-                match gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers(audience, request.uri().path(), timestamp, content_sha256, boot_epoch) {
+                match rpc_background_admission(request.headers()).and_then(|background| {
+                    gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers_with_admission(
+                        audience,
+                        request.uri().path(),
+                        timestamp,
+                        content_sha256,
+                        boot_epoch,
+                        background,
+                    )
+                }) {
                    Ok(headers) => request.headers_mut().extend(headers),
                    Err(error) => debug!(error = %error, "could not attach replay-scoped RPC signature"),
                }
@@ -61,6 +61,9 @@ use uuid::Uuid;
 type HmacSha256 = Hmac<Sha256>;

 const SIGNATURE_HEADER: &str = "x-rustfs-signature";
+pub const RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER: &str = "x-rustfs-rpc-background-admission";
+const RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_V1: &str = "v1";
+const RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_DOMAIN: &[u8] = b"rustfs-rpc-background-admission-v1\0";
 pub(crate) const TIMESTAMP_HEADER: &str = "x-rustfs-timestamp";
 pub(crate) const RPC_AUTH_VERSION_HEADER: &str = "x-rustfs-rpc-auth-version";
 const RPC_SIGNATURE_V2_HEADER: &str = "x-rustfs-rpc-signature-v2";
@@ -77,6 +80,46 @@ pub(crate) const RPC_REPLAY_CACHE_CAPABILITY_HEADER: &str = "x-rustfs-rpc-replay
 pub(crate) const RPC_REPLAY_CACHE_CAPABILITY_PROOF_HEADER: &str = "x-rustfs-rpc-replay-cache-capability-proof";
 const RPC_REPLAY_SCOPE_VERSION_V3: &str = "3";
 const RPC_RESPONSE_PROOF_DOMAIN: &[u8] = b"rustfs-rpc-response-proof-v1\0";
+
+tokio::task_local! {
+    static RPC_BACKGROUND_REQUEST: bool;
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn current_rpc_background_request() -> bool {
+    RPC_BACKGROUND_REQUEST
+        .try_with(|background| *background)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| crate::disk::has_resource_io_scope())
+}
+
+/// Preserve the authenticated wire class while polling locally admitted work.
+/// This scope carries only the class, never node, disk, or memory ownership.
+pub async fn with_rpc_background_request<F: std::future::Future>(background: bool, operation: F) -> F::Output {
+    RPC_BACKGROUND_REQUEST.scope(background, operation).await
+}
+
+/// Parse the request class only; callers must verify the signature before using it.
+pub fn rpc_background_admission(headers: &HeaderMap) -> std::io::Result<bool> {
+    let mut values = headers.get_all(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER).iter();
+    match (values.next(), values.next()) {
+        (None, None) => Ok(false),
+        (Some(value), None) if value == RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_V1 => Ok(true),
+        _ => Err(std::io::Error::other("Invalid RPC background admission version")),
+    }
+}
+
+fn bind_background_admission(mac: &mut HmacSha256, background: bool) {
+    if background {
+        // Every auth lane binds the class, so stripping the marker or falling
+        // back to an older signature cannot turn admitted work into foreground I/O.
+        mac.update(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_DOMAIN);
+    }
+}
+
+fn insert_background_admission(headers: &mut HeaderMap, background: bool) {
+    if background {
+        headers.insert(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_static(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_V1));
+    }
+}
 const RPC_REPLAY_SCOPE_DOMAIN: &[u8] = b"rustfs-rpc-replay-scope-v3\0";
 const RPC_BOOT_EPOCH_PROOF_DOMAIN: &[u8] = b"rustfs-rpc-boot-epoch-proof-v1\0";
 const RPC_REPLAY_CACHE_CAPABILITY_PROOF_DOMAIN: &[u8] = b"rustfs-rpc-replay-cache-capability-proof-v1\0";
@@ -519,21 +562,23 @@ fn redacted_rpc_path(url: &str) -> String {
 }

 /// Generate HMAC-SHA256 signature for the given data
-fn generate_signature(secret: &str, url: &str, method: &Method, timestamp: i64) -> String {
+fn generate_signature(secret: &str, url: &str, method: &Method, timestamp: i64, background: bool) -> String {
    let data = signature_payload(url, method, timestamp);
    let mut mac = <HmacSha256 as KeyInit>::new_from_slice(secret.as_bytes()).expect("HMAC can take key of any size");
+    bind_background_admission(&mut mac, background);
    mac.update(data.as_bytes());
    let result = mac.finalize();
    base64_simd::STANDARD.encode_to_string(result.into_bytes())
 }

-fn verify_signature(secret: &str, url: &str, method: &Method, timestamp: i64, signature: &str) -> bool {
+fn verify_signature(secret: &str, url: &str, method: &Method, timestamp: i64, signature: &str, background: bool) -> bool {
    let Ok(signature) = base64_simd::STANDARD.decode_to_vec(signature) else {
        return false;
    };

    let data = signature_payload(url, method, timestamp);
    let mut mac = <HmacSha256 as KeyInit>::new_from_slice(secret.as_bytes()).expect("HMAC can take key of any size");
+    bind_background_admission(&mut mac, background);
    mac.update(data.as_bytes());
    mac.verify_slice(&signature).is_ok()
 }
@@ -771,6 +816,7 @@ pub fn verify_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage(

 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct SignatureV2Scope<'a> {
+    background: bool,
    audience: &'a str,
    service: &'a str,
    rpc_method: &'a str,
@@ -780,6 +826,7 @@ struct SignatureV2Scope<'a> {
 }

 fn update_signature_v2(mac: &mut HmacSha256, scope: SignatureV2Scope<'_>) {
+    bind_background_admission(mac, scope.background);
    for part in [
        b"rustfs-rpc-auth-v2|".as_slice(),
        scope.audience.as_bytes(),
@@ -818,6 +865,7 @@ fn verify_signature_v2(secret: &str, scope: SignatureV2Scope<'_>, signature: &st

 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct ReplayScope<'a> {
+    background: bool,
    audience: &'a str,
    path: &'a str,
    timestamp: &'a str,
@@ -827,6 +875,7 @@ struct ReplayScope<'a> {
 }

 fn update_replay_scope(mac: &mut HmacSha256, scope: ReplayScope<'_>) {
+    bind_background_admission(mac, scope.background);
    mac.update(RPC_REPLAY_SCOPE_DOMAIN);
    for part in [
        scope.audience.as_bytes(),
@@ -970,6 +1019,24 @@ pub fn gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers(
    timestamp: &str,
    content_sha256: &str,
    boot_epoch: Uuid,
+) -> std::io::Result<HeaderMap> {
+    gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers_with_admission(
+        audience,
+        path,
+        timestamp,
+        content_sha256,
+        boot_epoch,
+        current_rpc_background_request(),
+    )
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers_with_admission(
+    audience: &str,
+    path: &str,
+    timestamp: &str,
+    content_sha256: &str,
+    boot_epoch: Uuid,
+    background: bool,
 ) -> std::io::Result<HeaderMap> {
    if audience.is_empty() || !path.starts_with('/') || !valid_content_sha256(content_sha256) || boot_epoch.is_nil() {
        return Err(std::io::Error::other("Invalid replay-scoped RPC signing scope"));
@@ -983,6 +1050,7 @@ pub fn gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers(
    let signature = generate_replay_scope_signature(
        &get_shared_secret()?,
        ReplayScope {
+            background,
            audience,
            path,
            timestamp,
@@ -992,6 +1060,7 @@ pub fn gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers(
        },
    )?;
    let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+    insert_background_admission(&mut headers, background);
    headers.insert(RPC_REPLAY_SCOPE_VERSION_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_static(RPC_REPLAY_SCOPE_VERSION_V3));
    headers.insert(
        RPC_REPLAY_SCOPE_SIGNATURE_HEADER,
@@ -1226,10 +1295,12 @@ pub fn build_auth_headers(url: &str, method: &Method, headers: &mut HeaderMap) -
 pub fn gen_signature_headers(url: &str, method: &Method) -> std::io::Result<HeaderMap> {
    let secret = get_shared_secret()?;
    let timestamp = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().unix_timestamp();
+    let background = current_rpc_background_request();

-    let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, method, timestamp);
+    let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, method, timestamp, background);

    let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+    insert_background_admission(&mut headers, background);
    headers.insert(SIGNATURE_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&signature).expect("Invalid header value"));
    headers.insert(
        TIMESTAMP_HEADER,
@@ -1264,10 +1335,12 @@ pub fn gen_tonic_signature_headers(
    let timestamp_header = timestamp.to_string();
    let body_nonce = (content_sha256 != UNSIGNED_PAYLOAD).then(|| Uuid::new_v4().to_string());
    let nonce = body_nonce.as_deref().unwrap_or(UNSIGNED_PAYLOAD_NONCE);
-    let legacy_signature = generate_signature(&secret, TONIC_RPC_PREFIX, &Method::GET, timestamp);
+    let background = current_rpc_background_request();
+    let legacy_signature = generate_signature(&secret, TONIC_RPC_PREFIX, &Method::GET, timestamp, background);
    let signature_v2 = generate_signature_v2(
        &secret,
        SignatureV2Scope {
+            background,
            audience,
            service,
            rpc_method,
@@ -1278,6 +1351,7 @@ pub fn gen_tonic_signature_headers(
    )?;

    let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+    insert_background_admission(&mut headers, background);
    headers.insert(SIGNATURE_HEADER, header_value(&legacy_signature, SIGNATURE_HEADER)?);
    headers.insert(TIMESTAMP_HEADER, header_value(&timestamp_header, TIMESTAMP_HEADER)?);
    headers.insert(RPC_AUTH_VERSION_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_static(RPC_AUTH_VERSION_V2));
@@ -1501,6 +1575,7 @@ fn verify_tonic_replay_scope_signature(audience: &str, path: &str, headers: &Hea
    if !verify_replay_scope_signature(
        &secret,
        ReplayScope {
+            background: rpc_background_admission(headers)?,
            audience,
            path,
            timestamp,
@@ -1625,6 +1700,9 @@ fn verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_strictness(
    strict: bool,
 ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
    if !has_v2_auth_headers(headers) {
+        if rpc_background_admission(headers)? {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::other("RPC background admission requires v2 authentication"));
+        }
        // RUSTFS_COMPAT_TODO(heal-rpc-auth-v2): accept old peers during rolling upgrades. Remove after the minimum
        // supported RustFS peer version sends v2 authentication on every internode gRPC request.
        if strict {
@@ -1696,6 +1774,7 @@ fn verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_strictness(
    if !verify_signature_v2(
        &secret,
        SignatureV2Scope {
+            background: rpc_background_admission(headers)?,
            audience,
            service,
            rpc_method,
@@ -1736,7 +1815,7 @@ pub fn verify_rpc_signature(url: &str, method: &Method, headers: &HeaderMap) ->
    // Verify signature with constant-time HMAC comparison.
    let secret = get_shared_secret()?;

-    if !verify_signature(&secret, url, method, timestamp, signature) {
+    if !verify_signature(&secret, url, method, timestamp, signature, rpc_background_admission(headers)?) {
        let rpc_path = redacted_rpc_path(url);
        error!(
            rpc_path = %rpc_path,
@@ -1828,6 +1907,98 @@ mod tests {
        runtime_sources::ensure_test_rpc_secret();
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_admission_is_bound_in_http_and_both_tonic_signature_lanes() {
+        ensure_test_rpc_secret();
+        let secret = get_shared_secret().expect("RPC secret");
+        let path = "/node_service.NodeService/ReadAll";
+        for background in [false, true] {
+            let (http, tonic) = with_rpc_background_request(background, async {
+                (
+                    gen_signature_headers("/rustfs/rpc/read?disk=a", &Method::GET).expect("HTTP signature"),
+                    gen_tonic_signature_headers("node-a:9000", "node_service.NodeService", "ReadAll", None)
+                        .expect("gRPC signature"),
+                )
+            })
+            .await;
+            assert_eq!(rpc_background_admission(&http).expect("HTTP class"), background);
+            assert_eq!(rpc_background_admission(&tonic).expect("gRPC class"), background);
+            verify_rpc_signature("/rustfs/rpc/read?disk=a", &Method::GET, &http).expect("HTTP authentication");
+            verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_strictness("node-a:9000", path, &tonic, true).expect("v2 authentication");
+
+            let timestamp = tonic[TIMESTAMP_HEADER].to_str().expect("timestamp");
+            let content = tonic[RPC_CONTENT_SHA256_HEADER].to_str().expect("content digest");
+            assert_eq!(
+                verify_signature_v2(
+                    &secret,
+                    SignatureV2Scope {
+                        background: false,
+                        audience: "node-a:9000",
+                        service: "node_service.NodeService",
+                        rpc_method: "ReadAll",
+                        timestamp,
+                        nonce: tonic[RPC_NONCE_HEADER].to_str().expect("nonce"),
+                        content_sha256: content,
+                    },
+                    tonic[RPC_SIGNATURE_V2_HEADER].to_str().expect("signature"),
+                ),
+                !background,
+                "an old peer cannot authenticate a background request as foreground"
+            );
+
+            let mut replay = tonic.clone();
+            // The channel can run outside the caller's task-local scope.
+            replay.extend(
+                gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers_with_admission(
+                    "node-a:9000",
+                    path,
+                    timestamp,
+                    content,
+                    tonic_rpc_boot_epoch(),
+                    background,
+                )
+                .expect("v3 signature"),
+            );
+            for mutation in ["strip-or-add", "unknown", "duplicate"] {
+                let alter = |headers: &HeaderMap| {
+                    let mut changed = headers.clone();
+                    match mutation {
+                        "strip-or-add" if background => {
+                            changed.remove(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER);
+                        }
+                        "strip-or-add" => insert_background_admission(&mut changed, true),
+                        "unknown" => {
+                            changed.insert(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_static("v2"));
+                        }
+                        _ => {
+                            insert_background_admission(&mut changed, true);
+                            changed.append(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_static("v1"));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    changed
+                };
+                assert!(verify_rpc_signature("/rustfs/rpc/read?disk=a", &Method::GET, &alter(&http)).is_err());
+                assert!(verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_strictness("node-a:9000", path, &alter(&tonic), true).is_err());
+                assert!(verify_tonic_replay_scope_signature("node-a:9000", path, &alter(&replay)).is_err());
+            }
+            verify_tonic_replay_scope_signature("node-a:9000", path, &replay).expect("v3 authentication");
+            assert!(
+                verify_tonic_replay_scope_signature("node-a:9000", path, &replay).is_err(),
+                "replay rejected"
+            );
+
+            if background {
+                let mut downgraded = HeaderMap::new();
+                for name in [SIGNATURE_HEADER, TIMESTAMP_HEADER, RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER] {
+                    downgraded.insert(name, tonic[name].clone());
+                }
+                assert!(verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_strictness("node-a:9000", path, &downgraded, false).is_err());
+                downgraded.remove(RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER);
+                assert!(verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_strictness("node-a:9000", path, &downgraded, false).is_err());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn namespace_scanner_capability_proof_binds_challenge_and_server_epoch() {
        let secret = "test-scanner-capability-secret";
@@ -1965,8 +2136,8 @@ mod tests {
        let method = Method::GET;
        let timestamp = 1640995200; // Fixed timestamp

-        let signature1 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp);
-        let signature2 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp);
+        let signature1 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, false);
+        let signature2 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, false);

        assert_eq!(signature1, signature2, "Same inputs should produce same signature");
        assert!(!signature1.is_empty(), "Signature should not be empty");
@@ -1979,10 +2150,10 @@ mod tests {
        let method = Method::GET;
        let timestamp = 1640995200;

-        let signature1 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp);
-        let signature2 = generate_signature(secret, "http://different.com/api/test2", &method, timestamp);
-        let signature3 = generate_signature(secret, url, &Method::POST, timestamp);
-        let signature4 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp + 1);
+        let signature1 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, false);
+        let signature2 = generate_signature(secret, "http://different.com/api/test2", &method, timestamp, false);
+        let signature3 = generate_signature(secret, url, &Method::POST, timestamp, false);
+        let signature4 = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp + 1, false);

        assert_ne!(signature1, signature2, "Different URLs should produce different signatures");
        assert_ne!(signature1, signature3, "Different methods should produce different signatures");
@@ -2088,14 +2259,14 @@ mod tests {
        let url = "http://example.com/api/test";
        let method = Method::GET;
        let timestamp = 1640995200;
-        let signature = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp);
+        let signature = generate_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, false);
        let mut tampered = base64_simd::STANDARD.decode_to_vec(&signature).unwrap();
        tampered[0] ^= 1;
        let tampered_signature = base64_simd::STANDARD.encode_to_string(tampered);

-        assert!(verify_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, &signature));
-        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, &tampered_signature));
-        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, "invalid-signature"));
+        assert!(verify_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, &signature, false));
+        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, &tampered_signature, false));
+        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, url, &method, timestamp, "invalid-signature", false));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -2112,11 +2283,11 @@ mod tests {
        );
        let method = Method::GET;
        let timestamp = 1_640_995_200;
-        let signature = generate_signature(secret, signed_url, &method, timestamp);
+        let signature = generate_signature(secret, signed_url, &method, timestamp, false);

-        assert!(verify_signature(secret, signed_url, &method, timestamp, &signature));
-        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, downgraded_url, &method, timestamp, &signature));
-        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, tampered_body_digest, &method, timestamp, &signature));
+        assert!(verify_signature(secret, signed_url, &method, timestamp, &signature, false));
+        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, downgraded_url, &method, timestamp, &signature, false));
+        assert!(!verify_signature(secret, tampered_body_digest, &method, timestamp, &signature, false));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -2126,7 +2297,7 @@ mod tests {
        let method = Method::GET;
        let timestamp = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().unix_timestamp();
        let secret = get_shared_secret().expect("test RPC secret should resolve");
-        let expected_signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, timestamp);
+        let expected_signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, timestamp, false);
        let invalid_signature = "invalid-signature";
        let logs = CapturedLogs::default();
        let subscriber = tracing_subscriber::fmt()
@@ -2164,7 +2335,7 @@ mod tests {
        // Set expired timestamp (older than SIGNATURE_VALID_DURATION)
        let expired_timestamp = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().unix_timestamp() - SIGNATURE_VALID_DURATION - 10;
        let secret = get_shared_secret().expect("test RPC secret should resolve");
-        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, expired_timestamp);
+        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, expired_timestamp, false);

        headers.insert(SIGNATURE_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&signature).unwrap());
        headers.insert(TIMESTAMP_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&expired_timestamp.to_string()).unwrap());
@@ -2186,7 +2357,7 @@ mod tests {

        let future_timestamp = OffsetDateTime::now_utc().unix_timestamp() + SIGNATURE_VALID_DURATION + 10;
        let secret = get_shared_secret().expect("test RPC secret should resolve");
-        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, future_timestamp);
+        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, future_timestamp, false);

        headers.insert(SIGNATURE_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&signature).unwrap());
        headers.insert(TIMESTAMP_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&future_timestamp.to_string()).unwrap());
@@ -2300,7 +2471,7 @@ mod tests {
        // Test timestamp just within valid duration
        let valid_timestamp = current_time - SIGNATURE_VALID_DURATION + 1;

-        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, valid_timestamp);
+        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, valid_timestamp, false);

        headers.insert(SIGNATURE_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&signature).unwrap());
        headers.insert(TIMESTAMP_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&valid_timestamp.to_string()).unwrap());
@@ -2311,7 +2482,7 @@ mod tests {
        // Test timestamp just outside valid duration
        let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
        let invalid_timestamp = current_time - SIGNATURE_VALID_DURATION - 15;
-        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, invalid_timestamp);
+        let signature = generate_signature(&secret, url, &method, invalid_timestamp, false);

        headers.insert(SIGNATURE_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&signature).unwrap());
        headers.insert(TIMESTAMP_HEADER, HeaderValue::from_str(&invalid_timestamp.to_string()).unwrap());
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ use rustfs_config::{
    DEFAULT_INTERNODE_DATA_TRANSPORT, ENV_RUSTFS_INTERNODE_DATA_TRANSPORT, INTERNODE_DATA_TRANSPORT_TCP,
    KNOWN_INTERNODE_DATA_TRANSPORT_BACKENDS,
 };
-use rustfs_rio::{ChunkReaderBox, HttpChunkReader, HttpReader, HttpWriter};
+use rustfs_rio::{
+    ChunkReaderBox, HttpChunkReader, HttpReader, HttpWriter, HttpWriterMemoryReservation, HttpWriterMemoryReserver,
+};
 use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::future::Future;
@@ -66,6 +68,19 @@ const PUT_FILE_CAPABILITY_PROBE_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_secs(5);
 const CONTENT_TYPE_JSON: &str = "application/json";
 const CONTENT_TYPE_MSGPACK: &str = "application/msgpack";

+fn http_writer_memory_reserver() -> Option<HttpWriterMemoryReserver> {
+    crate::disk::current_resource_unit()
+        .and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget())
+        .map(|budget| {
+            // Payloads can outlive the operation; never retain its node or disk units.
+            Arc::new(move |capacity| {
+                budget
+                    .reserve(capacity)
+                    .map(|reservation| Box::new(reservation) as HttpWriterMemoryReservation)
+            }) as HttpWriterMemoryReserver
+        })
+}
+
 fn unsupported_transport_message(transport: &str) -> String {
    format!(
        "invalid {ENV_RUSTFS_INTERNODE_DATA_TRANSPORT}={transport:?}; supported values: {}",
@@ -346,13 +361,17 @@ impl InternodeDataTransport for TcpHttpInternodeDataTransport {
    }

    async fn open_write(&self, request: WriteStreamRequest) -> Result<FileWriter> {
+        let memory_reserver = http_writer_memory_reserver();
        let server_epoch = self.put_file_auth_capability(&request.endpoint).await?;
        let auth_scope = server_epoch.map(|server_epoch| (Uuid::new_v4(), server_epoch));
        let url = build_put_file_stream_url(&request, auth_scope);
        let endpoint = request.endpoint;
        let mut headers = json_headers();
        build_auth_headers(&url, &Method::PUT, &mut headers)?;
-        let writer = HttpWriter::new(url.clone(), Method::PUT, headers).await?;
+        let writer = match memory_reserver {
+            Some(reserve) => HttpWriter::new_with_memory_reserver(url.clone(), Method::PUT, headers, reserve).await?,
+            None => HttpWriter::new(url.clone(), Method::PUT, headers).await?,
+        };
        match auth_scope {
            Some((nonce, server_epoch)) => Ok(Box::new(PutFileAuthWriter::new(writer, url, nonce, endpoint, server_epoch))),
            None => Ok(Box::new(writer)),
@@ -948,6 +967,193 @@ mod tests {
    use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
    use tokio::sync::{Barrier, Notify};

+    fn memory_test_write_request(authenticated: bool) -> WriteStreamRequest {
+        crate::runtime::sources::ensure_test_rpc_secret();
+        let endpoint = format!("http://writer-memory-{}.invalid", Uuid::new_v4());
+        put_file_capability_cache_entry(&endpoint).write().cached = Some(if authenticated {
+            PutFileCapabilityState::V1 {
+                server_epoch: Uuid::new_v4(),
+                revalidate_after: Instant::now() + PUT_FILE_V1_CAPABILITY_TTL,
+            }
+        } else {
+            PutFileCapabilityState::LegacyUntil(Instant::now() + PUT_FILE_LEGACY_CAPABILITY_TTL)
+        });
+        WriteStreamRequest {
+            endpoint,
+            disk: "disk-a".to_owned(),
+            volume: "bucket".to_owned(),
+            path: "part.1".to_owned(),
+            append: false,
+            size: 4,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn http_write_memory_reserver_outlives_only_the_memory_scope() {
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        assert!(http_writer_memory_reserver().is_none(), "foreground must use the existing writer");
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(2 * 1024 * 1024, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let (resources, gates) = test_resource_units(2);
+        let request = memory_test_write_request(true);
+        let endpoint = request.endpoint.clone();
+        let writer = with_optional_resource_unit(
+            Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+            TcpHttpInternodeDataTransport.open_write(request),
+        )
+        .await;
+        PUT_FILE_CAPABILITY_CACHE.write().remove(&endpoint);
+        let mut writer = writer.expect("admitted transport writer");
+        assert!(
+            gates.iter().all(|gate| gate.snapshot().active == 0),
+            "the callback must not retain disk units"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 1024 * 1024);
+        writer.write_all(b"data").await.expect("buffered bytes");
+        writer.flush().await.expect("transfer charged allocation to queue");
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(2 * 1024 * 1024, Duration::ZERO);
+        writer
+            .write_all(&vec![0x5a; 1024 * 1024 - 4])
+            .await
+            .expect("reuse the already charged tail after observation expiry");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 1024 * 1024, "reuse must not allocate separate storage");
+        let error = writer
+            .write(b"rejected")
+            .await
+            .expect_err("expired observation must reject new storage");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+        assert!(
+            crate::disk::background_memory::is_memory_pressure(&error),
+            "preserve the typed memory-pressure marker"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 1024 * 1024, "queued storage remains charged after expiry");
+        drop(writer);
+        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn http_write_memory_denial_preserves_the_budget_error() {
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        for (authenticated, sample) in [false, true].into_iter().flat_map(|authenticated| {
+            [
+                None,
+                Some((1024 * 1024 - 1, Duration::from_secs(30))),
+                Some((1024 * 1024, Duration::ZERO)),
+            ]
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(move |sample| (authenticated, sample))
+        }) {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            if let Some((limit, valid_for)) = sample {
+                memory.set_sampled_limit(limit, valid_for);
+            }
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let request = memory_test_write_request(authenticated);
+            let endpoint = request.endpoint.clone();
+            let result = with_optional_resource_unit(
+                Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+                TcpHttpInternodeDataTransport.open_write(request),
+            )
+            .await;
+            PUT_FILE_CAPABILITY_CACHE.write().remove(&endpoint);
+            let error = match result {
+                Err(Error::Io(error)) => error,
+                Err(error) => panic!("unexpected transport error: {error}"),
+                Ok(_) => panic!("unavailable memory must reject construction"),
+            };
+            assert!(crate::disk::background_memory::is_memory_pressure(&error));
+            assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn admitted_remote_reads_bind_receiver_admission_to_the_http_signature() {
+        use crate::disk::with_background_resource_unit;
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptiveAdmission;
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        crate::runtime::sources::ensure_test_rpc_secret();
+        let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
+            .await
+            .expect("remote admission listener");
+        let address = listener.local_addr().expect("remote admission address");
+        let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let (mut socket, _) = listener.accept().await.expect("remote read connection");
+            let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+            while !bytes.windows(4).any(|window| window == b"\r\n\r\n") {
+                let mut chunk = [0; 1024];
+                let read = socket.read(&mut chunk).await.expect("remote read headers");
+                assert!(read > 0 && bytes.len() < 16 * 1024, "bounded complete request headers");
+                bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..read]);
+            }
+            let request = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).expect("HTTP request");
+            let mut lines = request.split("\r\n");
+            let target = lines
+                .next()
+                .expect("request line")
+                .split_whitespace()
+                .nth(1)
+                .expect("request target")
+                .to_owned();
+            let mut headers = HeaderMap::new();
+            for line in lines.take_while(|line| !line.is_empty()) {
+                let (name, value) = line.split_once(':').expect("header field");
+                headers.append(
+                    http::header::HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).expect("header name"),
+                    HeaderValue::from_str(value.trim()).expect("header value"),
+                );
+            }
+            socket
+                .write_all(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\ncontent-length: 5\r\nconnection: close\r\n\r\nhello")
+                .await
+                .expect("remote read response");
+            (target, headers)
+        });
+        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let resource = gate.try_acquire().expect("sender device admission");
+        let mut reader = tokio::time::timeout(
+            Duration::from_secs(5),
+            with_background_resource_unit(
+                resource,
+                TcpHttpInternodeDataTransport.open_read(ReadStreamRequest {
+                    endpoint: format!("http://{address}"),
+                    disk: "disk-a".to_owned(),
+                    volume: "bucket".to_owned(),
+                    path: "part.1".to_owned(),
+                    offset: 0,
+                    length: 5,
+                    stall_timeout: Some(Duration::from_secs(5)),
+                }),
+            ),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("bounded remote request")
+        .expect("remote reader");
+        let mut body = Vec::new();
+        reader.read_to_end(&mut body).await.expect("complete remote body");
+        assert_eq!(body, b"hello");
+        let (target, headers) = server.await.expect("remote request capture");
+        assert_eq!(gate.snapshot().active, 0, "remote body does not retain the sender's device");
+        assert_eq!(
+            headers
+                .get("x-rustfs-rpc-background-admission")
+                .and_then(|value| value.to_str().ok()),
+            Some("v1"),
+            "resource-controlled remote work must request receiver-side admission"
+        );
+        crate::cluster::rpc::verify_rpc_signature(&target, &Method::GET, &headers).expect("bound request signature");
+        let mut stripped = headers;
+        stripped.remove("x-rustfs-rpc-background-admission");
+        assert!(
+            crate::cluster::rpc::verify_rpc_signature(&target, &Method::GET, &stripped).is_err(),
+            "removing background admission must invalidate the signature"
+        );
+    }
+
    async fn wait_for_capability_flight_waiters(entry: &PutFileCapabilityCacheEntry, waiters: usize) {
        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
            loop {
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 pub(crate) mod background_monitor;
+pub(crate) mod background_pipe;
+pub(crate) mod background_reader_stream;
 pub(crate) mod client;
 pub(crate) mod context_propagation;
 pub(crate) mod http_auth;
@@ -33,16 +35,17 @@ pub use client::{
 // Re-exported through `api::rpc`; not every item is consumed inside this crate.
 #[allow(unused_imports)]
 pub use http_auth::{
-    TONIC_RPC_PREFIX, build_auth_headers, build_put_file_auth_trailer, check_and_record_signed_rpc_nonce, gen_signature_headers,
-    gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers, gen_tonic_signature_headers, normalize_tonic_rpc_audience, set_tonic_canonical_body_digest,
-    set_tonic_mutation_body_digest, set_tonic_rolling_canonical_body_digest, set_tonic_rolling_mutation_body_digest,
-    sign_ns_scanner_capability, sign_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage,
-    sign_ns_scanner_capability_with_tier_registry_generation, sign_put_file_capability, sign_tonic_rpc_response_proof,
-    tonic_boot_epoch_challenge, tonic_boot_epoch_response_headers, tonic_rpc_auth_failure_reason, verify_ns_scanner_capability,
-    verify_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage, verify_ns_scanner_capability_with_tier_registry_generation,
-    verify_put_file_auth_trailer, verify_put_file_capability, verify_rpc_signature, verify_tonic_boot_epoch_response,
-    verify_tonic_canonical_body_digest, verify_tonic_mutation_body_digest, verify_tonic_mutation_body_digest_reject_unsigned,
-    verify_tonic_rpc_response_proof, verify_tonic_rpc_signature, verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_bootstrap,
+    RPC_BACKGROUND_ADMISSION_HEADER, TONIC_RPC_PREFIX, build_auth_headers, build_put_file_auth_trailer,
+    check_and_record_signed_rpc_nonce, gen_signature_headers, gen_tonic_replay_scope_headers, gen_tonic_signature_headers,
+    normalize_tonic_rpc_audience, rpc_background_admission, set_tonic_canonical_body_digest, set_tonic_mutation_body_digest,
+    set_tonic_rolling_canonical_body_digest, set_tonic_rolling_mutation_body_digest, sign_ns_scanner_capability,
+    sign_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage, sign_ns_scanner_capability_with_tier_registry_generation,
+    sign_put_file_capability, sign_tonic_rpc_response_proof, tonic_boot_epoch_challenge, tonic_boot_epoch_response_headers,
+    tonic_rpc_auth_failure_reason, verify_ns_scanner_capability, verify_ns_scanner_capability_with_checkpoint_coverage,
+    verify_ns_scanner_capability_with_tier_registry_generation, verify_put_file_auth_trailer, verify_put_file_capability,
+    verify_rpc_signature, verify_tonic_boot_epoch_response, verify_tonic_canonical_body_digest,
+    verify_tonic_mutation_body_digest, verify_tonic_mutation_body_digest_reject_unsigned, verify_tonic_rpc_response_proof,
+    verify_tonic_rpc_signature, verify_tonic_rpc_signature_with_bootstrap,
 };
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use internode_data_transport::TcpHttpInternodeDataTransport;
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::cluster::rpc::client::{
    node_service_delete_recovery_client, node_service_time_out_client, node_service_time_out_client_for_class,
    node_service_time_out_client_no_auth,
 };
+use crate::cluster::rpc::http_auth::{current_rpc_background_request, with_rpc_background_request};
 use crate::cluster::rpc::internode_data_transport::{
    InternodeDataTransport, NsScannerCapabilityRequest, NsScannerStreamRequest, ReadStreamRequest, WalkDirStreamRequest,
    WriteStreamRequest,
@@ -570,6 +571,7 @@ struct RetryingRemoteReader {
    reader: Option<FileReader>,
    transport: Arc<dyn InternodeDataTransport>,
    request: ReadStreamRequest,
+    background: bool,
    emitted: usize,
    retried: bool,
    initial_read_timeout: Option<Duration>,
@@ -590,6 +592,7 @@ impl RetryingRemoteReader {
            reader: Some(reader),
            transport,
            request,
+            background: current_rpc_background_request(),
            emitted: 0,
            retried: false,
            initial_read_timeout,
@@ -607,9 +610,10 @@ impl RetryingRemoteReader {
        let request = resumed_read_request(&self.request, self.emitted)?;
        let recovery_timeout = self.recovery_timeout;
        let transport = Arc::clone(&self.transport);
-        self.resume = Some(AbortOnDropTask::new(tokio::spawn(async move {
-            with_remote_read_recovery_timeout(recovery_timeout, transport.open_read_fresh(request)).await
-        })));
+        self.resume = Some(AbortOnDropTask::new(tokio::spawn(with_rpc_background_request(
+            self.background,
+            async move { with_remote_read_recovery_timeout(recovery_timeout, transport.open_read_fresh(request)).await },
+        ))));
        Ok(())
    }

@@ -717,6 +721,7 @@ struct RetryingRemoteChunkReader {
    reader: Option<rustfs_rio::ChunkReaderBox>,
    transport: Arc<dyn InternodeDataTransport>,
    request: ReadStreamRequest,
+    background: bool,
    emitted: usize,
    retried: bool,
    initial_read_timeout: Option<Duration>,
@@ -737,6 +742,7 @@ impl RetryingRemoteChunkReader {
            reader: Some(reader),
            transport,
            request,
+            background: current_rpc_background_request(),
            emitted: 0,
            retried: false,
            initial_read_timeout,
@@ -754,9 +760,10 @@ impl RetryingRemoteChunkReader {
        let request = resumed_read_request(&self.request, self.emitted)?;
        let recovery_timeout = self.recovery_timeout;
        let transport = Arc::clone(&self.transport);
-        self.resume = Some(AbortOnDropTask::new(tokio::spawn(async move {
-            with_remote_read_recovery_timeout(recovery_timeout, transport.open_read_chunks_fresh(request)).await
-        })));
+        self.resume = Some(AbortOnDropTask::new(tokio::spawn(with_rpc_background_request(
+            self.background,
+            async move { with_remote_read_recovery_timeout(recovery_timeout, transport.open_read_chunks_fresh(request)).await },
+        ))));
        Ok(())
    }

@@ -7769,6 +7776,98 @@ mod tests {
        .await;
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn remote_read_retries_preserve_signed_admission_after_sender_scope_ends() {
+        use crate::cluster::rpc::{rpc_background_admission, verify_rpc_signature};
+        use crate::disk::with_background_resource_unit;
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptiveAdmission;
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        crate::runtime::sources::ensure_test_rpc_secret();
+        for background in [false, true] {
+            for chunked in [false, true] {
+                let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await.expect("retry listener");
+                let address = listener.local_addr().expect("retry address");
+                let server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    let (mut socket, _) = listener.accept().await.expect("fresh connection");
+                    let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+                    while !bytes.windows(4).any(|window| window == b"\r\n\r\n") {
+                        let mut chunk = [0; 1024];
+                        let read = socket.read(&mut chunk).await.expect("retry request");
+                        assert!(read > 0 && bytes.len() < 16 * 1024, "bounded complete headers");
+                        bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk[..read]);
+                    }
+                    let request = std::str::from_utf8(&bytes).expect("HTTP request");
+                    let mut lines = request.split("\r\n");
+                    let target = lines
+                        .next()
+                        .expect("request line")
+                        .split_whitespace()
+                        .nth(1)
+                        .expect("target")
+                        .to_owned();
+                    let mut headers = http::HeaderMap::new();
+                    for line in lines.take_while(|line| !line.is_empty()) {
+                        let (name, value) = line.split_once(':').expect("header");
+                        headers.append(
+                            http::header::HeaderName::from_bytes(name.as_bytes()).expect("header name"),
+                            http::HeaderValue::from_str(value.trim()).expect("header value"),
+                        );
+                    }
+                    socket
+                        .write_all(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\ncontent-length: 6\r\nconnection: close\r\n\r\n456789")
+                        .await
+                        .expect("retry response");
+                    (target, headers)
+                });
+                let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+                let request = ReadStreamRequest {
+                    endpoint: format!("http://{address}"),
+                    ..resume_request(10)
+                };
+                let create = async {
+                    let transport = Arc::new(TcpHttpInternodeDataTransport);
+                    if chunked {
+                        Box::new(RetryingRemoteChunkReader::new_with_timeouts(
+                            resume_step_chunk_reader(ResumeReadStep::PartialThenReset(b"0123".to_vec())),
+                            transport,
+                            request,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                        )) as FileReader
+                    } else {
+                        Box::new(RetryingRemoteReader::new_with_timeouts(
+                            resume_step_reader(ResumeReadStep::PartialThenReset(b"0123".to_vec())),
+                            transport,
+                            request,
+                            None,
+                            None,
+                        )) as FileReader
+                    }
+                };
+                let mut reader = if background {
+                    with_background_resource_unit(gate.try_acquire().expect("sender admission"), create).await
+                } else {
+                    create.await
+                };
+                assert_eq!(gate.snapshot().active, 0, "retry reader cannot retain sender disk capacity");
+                let mut output = Vec::new();
+                tokio::time::timeout(
+                    Duration::from_secs(5),
+                    with_rpc_background_request(!background, reader.read_to_end(&mut output)),
+                )
+                .await
+                .expect("bounded retry")
+                .expect("resumed body");
+                assert_eq!(output, b"0123456789", "chunked={chunked}, background={background}");
+                let (target, headers) = server.await.expect("captured retry");
+                assert!(target.contains("offset=11") && target.contains("length=6"), "{target}");
+                assert_eq!(rpc_background_admission(&headers).expect("admission marker"), background);
+                verify_rpc_signature(&target, &http::Method::GET, &headers).expect("signed retry class");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn remote_reader_resumes_from_emitted_bytes_without_duplicates() {
        let transport = Arc::new(ResumeTransport::with_read_steps(vec![ResumeReadStep::Data(b"456789".to_vec())]));
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ pub(super) async fn fixture_inline_pool_meta_replicas(payload: &[u8], modified:
        writer.shutdown().await.expect("fixture bitrot writer should finish");
        let mut info = base.clone();
        info.erasure.index = *coding_index;
-        info.data = Some(Bytes::from(writer.into_inline_data().expect("fixture writer should retain inline bytes")));
+        info.data = Some(writer.into_inline_data().expect("fixture writer should retain inline bytes"));
        let mut meta = FileMeta::new();
        meta.add_version(info).expect("test inline FileInfo should serialize");
        raw.push(Bytes::from(meta.marshal_msg().expect("test xl.meta should serialize")));
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) enum CrashPoint {
 }

 #[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use armed::{arm, disarm, should_crash_at};
+pub(crate) use armed::{arm, disarm, is_armed, should_crash_at};

 /// Production no-op: the compiler inlines this to `false`, so armed crash points
 /// exist only in `#[cfg(test)]` builds and never add a branch to real commits.
@@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ pub(crate) fn should_crash_at(_point: CrashPoint, _key: &str) -> bool {
    false
 }

+#[cfg(not(test))]
+#[inline(always)]
+pub(crate) fn is_armed(_point: CrashPoint, _key: &str) -> bool {
+    false
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod armed {
    use super::CrashPoint;
@@ -132,6 +138,10 @@ mod armed {
        guard().retain(|(p, k)| !(*p == point && k == key));
    }

+    pub(crate) fn is_armed(point: CrashPoint, key: &str) -> bool {
+        guard().iter().any(|(p, k)| *p == point && k == key)
+    }
+
    /// Returns `true` (consuming the arm) iff a crash is armed for exactly this
    /// `point` and `key`.
    pub(crate) fn should_crash_at(point: CrashPoint, key: &str) -> bool {
@@ -624,58 +624,58 @@ mod tests {

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn cleanup_dispatch_retains_resource_units_without_inheriting_disk_policy() {
-        use crate::disk::io_admission::{current_disk_io_context, with_background_disk_io, with_background_resource_unit};
-        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptiveAdmission;
-        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+        use crate::disk::io_admission::{current_disk_io_context, test_resource_units, with_background_disk_io};
        use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;

-        for mode in 0..4 {
-            let runtime = Arc::new(CleanupRuntime::new(config(1, 1, 1)).expect("cleanup runtime"));
-            let worker_runtime = runtime.clone();
-            let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::new(1).expect("one unit"), 1);
-            let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
-            let (release_tx, release_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
-            let work = async move {
-                started_tx
-                    .send((current_resource_unit().is_some(), current_disk_io_context().is_none()))
-                    .expect("report worker context");
-                release_rx.await.expect("release owned worker");
-                Ok::<_, super::super::error::DiskError>(())
-            };
-            let task = tokio::spawn(with_background_disk_io(
-                CancellationToken::new(),
-                with_background_resource_unit(gate.acquire().await, async move {
-                    match mode {
-                        0 => worker_runtime
-                            .disk_operation(work, DiskAdmission::Request)
-                            .await
-                            .expect("disk operation"),
-                        1 => worker_runtime.gc_operation(move |_| work).await.expect("GC operation"),
-                        2 => {
-                            let reservation = worker_runtime.reserve().expect("cleanup reservation");
-                            run(Some(reservation), async { work.await.expect("cleanup operation") }).await;
+        for physical_count in [1, 2] {
+            for mode in 0..4 {
+                let runtime = Arc::new(CleanupRuntime::new(config(1, 1, 1)).expect("cleanup runtime"));
+                let worker_runtime = runtime.clone();
+                let (unit, gates) = test_resource_units(physical_count);
+                let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+                let (release_tx, release_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+                let work = async move {
+                    started_tx
+                        .send((current_resource_unit().is_some(), current_disk_io_context().is_none()))
+                        .expect("report worker context");
+                    release_rx.await.expect("release owned worker");
+                    Ok::<_, super::super::error::DiskError>(())
+                };
+                let task = tokio::spawn(with_background_disk_io(
+                    CancellationToken::new(),
+                    with_optional_resource_unit(Some(unit), async move {
+                        match mode {
+                            0 => worker_runtime
+                                .disk_operation(work, DiskAdmission::Request)
+                                .await
+                                .expect("disk operation"),
+                            1 => worker_runtime.gc_operation(move |_| work).await.expect("GC operation"),
+                            2 => {
+                                let reservation = worker_runtime.reserve().expect("cleanup reservation");
+                                run(Some(reservation), async { work.await.expect("cleanup operation") }).await;
+                            }
+                            _ => spawn(None, work)
+                                .await
+                                .expect("unisolated worker")
+                                .expect("unisolated operation"),
                        }
-                        _ => spawn(None, work)
-                            .await
-                            .expect("unisolated worker")
-                            .expect("unisolated operation"),
+                    }),
+                ));
+                let (inherited, original_policy) = deadline(started_rx).await.expect("owned work starts");
+                task.abort();
+                assert!(task.await.expect_err("waiter cancelled").is_cancelled());
+                let held: Vec<_> = gates.iter().map(|gate| gate.snapshot().active).collect();
+                release_tx.send(()).expect("owned work survives cancellation");
+                deadline(async {
+                    while gates.iter().any(|gate| gate.snapshot().active != 0) {
+                        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
                    }
-                }),
-            ));
-            let (inherited, original_policy) = deadline(started_rx).await.expect("owned work starts");
-            task.abort();
-            assert!(task.await.expect_err("waiter cancelled").is_cancelled());
-            let held = gate.snapshot().active;
-            release_tx.send(()).expect("owned work survives cancellation");
-            deadline(async {
-                while gate.snapshot().active != 0 {
-                    tokio::task::yield_now().await;
-                }
-            })
-            .await;
-            assert!(inherited, "mode {mode} lost resource ownership");
-            assert!(original_policy, "mode {mode} changed the detached worker's disk policy");
-            assert_eq!(held, 1, "mode {mode} released a live worker's unit");
+                })
+                .await;
+                assert!(inherited, "mode {mode} lost resource ownership");
+                assert!(original_policy, "mode {mode} changed the detached worker's disk policy");
+                assert_eq!(held, vec![1; physical_count], "mode {mode} released a live worker's unit");
+            }
        }
    }
    fn config(pending: usize, workers: usize, blocking_threads: usize) -> Config {
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ use std::sync::OnceLock;
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::{
    collections::HashMap,
+    io,
    path::PathBuf,
    pin::Pin,
    sync::{
@@ -99,6 +100,16 @@ async fn observe_disk_operation<F: std::future::Future>(
    }
 }

+// The health, admission and timeout layers above a disk operation each embed its
+// future, and unoptimized builds copy it into every awaiting frame. Box it where
+// it is created so those layers carry only a pointer: one allocation per operation.
+fn boxed_disk_operation<F, Fut>(operation: F, io_permit: Option<crate::disk::io_admission::DiskIoPermit>) -> Pin<Box<Fut>>
+where
+    F: FnOnce(Option<crate::disk::io_admission::DiskIoPermit>) -> Fut,
+{
+    Box::pin(operation(io_permit))
+}
+
 struct SlowDiskWriter {
    inner: crate::disk::FileWriter,
    endpoint: Endpoint,
@@ -1574,6 +1585,8 @@ pub struct LocalDiskWrapper {
    metrics: Arc<DiskHealthMetricEpoch>,
    /// Per-drive foreground/background admission shared across wrapper reconnects.
    io_admission: Arc<DiskIoAdmission>,
+    /// Physical leaves are refreshed by the node sampler, never by object I/O.
+    physical_admission: Arc<crate::disk::io_admission::PhysicalDiskBinding>,
    /// Whether health checking is enabled
    health_check: bool,
    /// Cancellation token for monitoring tasks
@@ -1728,6 +1741,7 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
            health,
            metrics,
            io_admission,
+            physical_admission: Arc::new(crate::disk::io_admission::PhysicalDiskBinding::default()),
            health_check: health_check && env_health_check,
            cancel_token: CancellationToken::new(),
            disk_id: Arc::new(RwLock::new(None)),
@@ -1745,6 +1759,10 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
        }
    }

+    pub(crate) fn physical_admission(&self) -> Arc<crate::disk::io_admission::PhysicalDiskBinding> {
+        self.physical_admission.clone()
+    }
+
    pub fn get_disk(&self) -> Arc<LocalDisk> {
        self.disk.clone()
    }
@@ -1786,6 +1804,33 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
        context
    }

+    // Projection cannot wait: callers may already hold namespace or cache locks.
+    // Enter before identity probes, disk permits, or owned native jobs are created.
+    async fn with_native_resources<F: std::future::Future>(&self, operation: F) -> Result<F::Output> {
+        let Some(resources) = current_resource_unit() else {
+            if super::remote_io_admission::active() {
+                return Err(DiskError::Io(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock)));
+            }
+            return Ok(operation.await);
+        };
+        let resources = if let Some(permits) = resources.as_set() {
+            let unavailable = || DiskError::Io(io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock));
+            let plan = self.physical_admission.plan().ok_or_else(unavailable)?;
+            let native = plan
+                .capture_or_acquire_native(permits)
+                .map_err(|error| DiskError::Io(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock, error)))?;
+            if !plan.is_current() {
+                return Err(unavailable());
+            }
+            resources.with_permits(native)
+        } else {
+            resources
+        };
+        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+        let resources = resources.with_mount_lease(self.disk.native_mount_lease());
+        Ok(with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources), operation).await)
+    }
+
    async fn acquire_disk_io_permit(&self) -> Result<Option<crate::disk::io_admission::DiskIoPermit>> {
        if let Some(context) = current_disk_io_context() {
            if let Some(permit) = context.permit
@@ -2201,6 +2246,19 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
        versions: Vec<FileInfoVersions>,
        opts: DeleteOptions,
        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Vec<Option<Error>> {
+        let count = versions.len();
+        self.with_native_resources(self.delete_versions_admitted(volume, versions, opts, namespace_owner))
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_else(|error| vec![Some(error); count])
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_versions_admitted(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        versions: Vec<FileInfoVersions>,
+        opts: DeleteOptions,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
    ) -> Vec<Option<Error>> {
        let version_count = versions.len();
        self.metrics.record_operation_call("delete_versions");
@@ -2253,6 +2311,19 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
        versions: Vec<GuardedFileInfoVersions>,
        opts: DeleteOptions,
        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Vec<Option<Error>> {
+        let count = versions.len();
+        self.with_native_resources(self.delete_versions_guarded_admitted(volume, versions, opts, namespace_owner))
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_else(|error| vec![Some(error); count])
+    }
+
+    async fn delete_versions_guarded_admitted(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        versions: Vec<GuardedFileInfoVersions>,
+        opts: DeleteOptions,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
    ) -> Vec<Option<Error>> {
        let version_count = versions.len();
        self.metrics.record_operation_call("delete_versions");
@@ -2327,6 +2398,51 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
        .await
    }

+    pub(crate) async fn try_publish_prepared_delete_local(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        transaction: uuid::Uuid,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<(crate::disk::DeleteRecoveryJournal, bool, bool)>> {
+        self.track_disk_health_mutation(
+            "settle_delete_transaction",
+            DiskMetricMutation::Delete,
+            || {
+                Box::pin(async {
+                    self.disk
+                        .try_publish_prepared_delete_local(volume, object, transaction, namespace_owner)
+                        .await
+                })
+            },
+            crate::disk::get_delete_recovery_timeout()?,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn try_finish_and_finalize_prepared_delete_local(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        transaction: uuid::Uuid,
+        journal: &crate::disk::DeleteRecoveryJournal,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.track_disk_health_mutation(
+            "settle_delete_transaction",
+            DiskMetricMutation::Delete,
+            || {
+                Box::pin(async {
+                    self.disk
+                        .try_finish_and_finalize_prepared_delete_local(volume, object, transaction, journal, namespace_owner)
+                        .await
+                })
+            },
+            crate::disk::get_delete_recovery_timeout()?,
+        )
+        .await
+    }
+
    /// Track disk health for an operation.
    /// This method should wrap disk operations to ensure health checking.
    pub async fn track_disk_health<T, F, Fut>(&self, operation: F, timeout_duration: Duration) -> Result<T>
@@ -2451,6 +2567,28 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
        timeout_health_action: TimeoutHealthAction,
        mutation: DiskMetricMutation,
    ) -> Result<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Option<crate::disk::io_admission::DiskIoPermit>) -> Fut,
+        Fut: std::future::Future<Output = Result<T>>,
+    {
+        self.with_native_resources(self.track_admitted_disk_operation(
+            op,
+            operation,
+            timeout_duration,
+            timeout_health_action,
+            mutation,
+        ))
+        .await?
+    }
+
+    async fn track_admitted_disk_operation<T, F, Fut>(
+        &self,
+        op: &'static str,
+        operation: F,
+        timeout_duration: Duration,
+        timeout_health_action: TimeoutHealthAction,
+        mutation: DiskMetricMutation,
+    ) -> Result<T>
    where
        F: FnOnce(Option<crate::disk::io_admission::DiskIoPermit>) -> Fut,
        Fut: std::future::Future<Output = Result<T>>,
@@ -2483,13 +2621,14 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
        let _waiting_guard = self.health.waiting_guard();
        let _metric_waiting_guard = self.metrics.waiting_guard();
        let started = Instant::now();
-        let operation = observe_disk_operation(|| self.endpoint(), op, operation(io_permit));
+        let operation = observe_disk_operation(|| self.endpoint(), op, boxed_disk_operation(operation, io_permit));

        if timeout_duration == Duration::ZERO {
            let result = operation.await;
            self.metrics.record_operation_latency(op, started.elapsed());
            self.record_result_error_metrics(&result);
            if result.is_ok() {
+                super::remote_io_admission::record_progress();
                self.health.record_operation_success(&self.endpoint(), "operation_success");
                self.metrics.record_mutation_success(mutation);
            }
@@ -2504,6 +2643,7 @@ impl LocalDiskWrapper {
                self.record_result_error_metrics(&operation_result);
                // Log success; the waiting guard balances every exit path.
                if operation_result.is_ok() {
+                    super::remote_io_admission::record_progress();
                    self.health.record_operation_success(&self.endpoint(), "operation_success");
                    self.metrics.record_mutation_success(mutation);
                }
@@ -2675,7 +2815,7 @@ impl DiskAPI for LocalDiskWrapper {
        if self.health.is_faulty() {
            return false;
        }
-        let Ok(Some(disk_id)) = self.disk.get_disk_id().await else {
+        let Ok(Some(disk_id)) = self.get_disk_id().await else {
            return false;
        };

@@ -2708,7 +2848,7 @@ impl DiskAPI for LocalDiskWrapper {
    }

    async fn get_disk_id(&self) -> Result<Option<Uuid>> {
-        self.disk.get_disk_id().await
+        self.with_native_resources(self.disk.get_disk_id()).await?
    }

    async fn set_disk_id(&self, id: Option<Uuid>) -> Result<()> {
@@ -3140,25 +3280,29 @@ impl DiskAPI for LocalDiskWrapper {
    }

    async fn read_file(&self, volume: &str, path: &str) -> Result<crate::disk::FileReader> {
-        let reader = self
-            .track_disk_health_with_op(
-                "read_file",
-                || async { self.disk.read_file(volume, path).await },
-                get_max_timeout_duration(),
-            )
-            .await?;
-        Ok(Box::new(AdmissionReader::new(reader, self.io_admission.clone(), self.disk_io_context())))
+        self.track_disk_health_with_op(
+            "read_file",
+            || async {
+                let reader = self.disk.read_file(volume, path).await?;
+                Ok(Box::new(AdmissionReader::new(reader, self.io_admission.clone(), self.disk_io_context()))
+                    as crate::disk::FileReader)
+            },
+            get_max_timeout_duration(),
+        )
+        .await
    }

    async fn read_file_stream(&self, volume: &str, path: &str, offset: usize, length: usize) -> Result<crate::disk::FileReader> {
-        let reader = self
-            .track_disk_health_with_op(
-                "read_file_stream",
-                || async { self.disk.read_file_stream(volume, path, offset, length).await },
-                get_max_timeout_duration(),
-            )
-            .await?;
-        Ok(Box::new(AdmissionReader::new(reader, self.io_admission.clone(), self.disk_io_context())))
+        self.track_disk_health_with_op(
+            "read_file_stream",
+            || async {
+                let reader = self.disk.read_file_stream(volume, path, offset, length).await?;
+                Ok(Box::new(AdmissionReader::new(reader, self.io_admission.clone(), self.disk_io_context()))
+                    as crate::disk::FileReader)
+            },
+            get_max_timeout_duration(),
+        )
+        .await
    }

    async fn read_file_stream_chunks(
@@ -3168,20 +3312,21 @@ impl DiskAPI for LocalDiskWrapper {
        offset: usize,
        length: usize,
    ) -> Result<Option<rustfs_rio::ChunkReaderBox>> {
-        let reader = self
-            .track_disk_health_with_op(
-                "read_file_stream_chunks",
-                || async { self.disk.read_file_stream_chunks(volume, path, offset, length).await },
-                get_max_timeout_duration(),
-            )
-            .await?;
-        Ok(reader.map(|reader| {
-            Box::new(AdmissionReader::new(
-                BoxedChunkReader(reader),
-                self.io_admission.clone(),
-                self.disk_io_context(),
-            )) as rustfs_rio::ChunkReaderBox
-        }))
+        self.track_disk_health_with_op(
+            "read_file_stream_chunks",
+            || async {
+                let reader = self.disk.read_file_stream_chunks(volume, path, offset, length).await?;
+                Ok(reader.map(|reader| {
+                    Box::new(AdmissionReader::new(
+                        BoxedChunkReader(reader),
+                        self.io_admission.clone(),
+                        self.disk_io_context(),
+                    )) as rustfs_rio::ChunkReaderBox
+                }))
+            },
+            get_max_timeout_duration(),
+        )
+        .await
    }

    async fn read_file_mmap_copy(&self, volume: &str, path: &str, offset: usize, length: usize) -> Result<bytes::Bytes> {
@@ -4146,6 +4291,573 @@ mod tests {
        );
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn local_disk_resource_identity_probes_keep_only_their_native_device_after_cancel() {
+        assert_native_identity_probe_cancellation(false).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn remote_background_native_identity_cancellation_keeps_receiver_device() {
+        assert_native_identity_probe_cancellation(true).await;
+    }
+
+    async fn assert_native_identity_probe_cancellation(remote: bool) {
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{
+            AdaptiveAdmission, FeedbackController, FeedbackObservation, NodeAdmission, ResourcePressure,
+            permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner,
+        };
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        for read in [false, true] {
+            for online in [false, true] {
+                let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("format probe fixture");
+                let mut endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(dir.path().to_str().expect("fixture path")).expect("local endpoint");
+                endpoint.set_pool_index(0);
+                endpoint.set_set_index(0);
+                endpoint.set_disk_index(0);
+                let meta = dir.path().join(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET);
+                tokio::fs::create_dir_all(&meta).await.expect("metadata directory");
+                let mut format = FormatV3::new(1, 1);
+                format.erasure.this = format.erasure.sets[0][0];
+                tokio::fs::write(meta.join(FORMAT_CONFIG_FILE), format.to_json().expect("format bytes"))
+                    .await
+                    .expect("write format");
+                let disk = Arc::new(LocalDisk::new(&endpoint, false).await.expect("formatted disk"));
+                {
+                    let mut cache = disk.format_info.write().await;
+                    cache.last_check = None;
+                    if read {
+                        cache.file_info = None;
+                    }
+                }
+                let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+                let (release_tx, release_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+                disk.install_format_probe_hook(read, move || {
+                    let _ = started_tx.send(());
+                    let _ = release_rx.blocking_recv();
+                });
+                let wrapper = Arc::new(LocalDiskWrapper::new(disk, false));
+                let a = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+                let b = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+                let shared = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![a.clone(), b.clone()]).expect("catalog");
+                wrapper
+                    .physical_admission
+                    .set_test_shared_capacity(shared.clone(), vec![a.clone()])
+                    .expect("native device A");
+                let node = NodeAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN);
+                node.update(
+                    &mut FeedbackController::new(),
+                    Some(FeedbackObservation {
+                        generation: 1,
+                        max_concurrency: 1,
+                        pressure: ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+                        completed_units: None,
+                    }),
+                );
+                let parent = (!remote).then(|| shared.try_acquire_with_node(&node).expect("planned devices"));
+                let task = tokio::spawn({
+                    let wrapper = wrapper.clone();
+                    let node = node.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        let operation = async {
+                            if online {
+                                assert!(wrapper.is_online().await);
+                            } else {
+                                wrapper.get_disk_id().await.expect("disk identity");
+                            }
+                        };
+                        if remote {
+                            crate::disk::with_remote_background_io(Some(crate::disk::RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node)), async {
+                                crate::disk::remote_io_admission::admit(&wrapper.physical_admission).expect("RPC disk admission");
+                                operation.await;
+                            })
+                            .await;
+                        } else {
+                            let parent = parent.expect("local operation admission");
+                            crate::disk::with_background_resource_set(parent.resources().clone(), operation).await;
+                            parent.complete();
+                        }
+                    }
+                });
+                tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), started_rx)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("native probe starts")
+                    .expect("native signal");
+                task.abort();
+                assert!(task.await.expect_err("cancel waiter").is_cancelled());
+                let held = [node.snapshot().active, a.snapshot().active, b.snapshot().active];
+                let healthy_available = b.try_acquire().is_some();
+                release_tx.send(()).expect("release native probe before assertions");
+                tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
+                    while a.snapshot().active != 0 || b.snapshot().active != 0 {
+                        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+                    }
+                })
+                .await
+                .expect("native probe releases its device");
+                assert_eq!(held, [0, 1, 0], "read={read}, online={online}");
+                assert!(healthy_available);
+                assert_eq!([node.completed(), a.completed(), b.completed()], [Some(0), Some(0), Some(0)]);
+                assert_eq!(wrapper.get_disk_id().await.expect("format remains readable"), Some(format.erasure.this));
+                assert!(wrapper.is_online().await);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn local_disk_resource_projection_releases_unrelated_devices_after_native_cancellation() {
+        use crate::disk::io_admission::spawn_blocking_with_disk_io_permit;
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{
+            AdaptiveAdmission, FeedbackController, FeedbackObservation, NodeAdmission, ResourcePressure,
+            permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner,
+        };
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        for auxiliary in [false, true] {
+            let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("local disk fixture");
+            let endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(dir.path().to_str().expect("fixture path")).expect("local endpoint");
+            let disk = Arc::new(LocalDisk::new(&endpoint, false).await.expect("local disk"));
+            let wrapper = LocalDiskWrapper::new(disk, false);
+            let first = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+            let second = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+            let shared = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![first.clone(), second.clone()])
+                .expect("shared operation resources");
+            wrapper
+                .physical_admission
+                .set_test_shared_capacity(shared.clone(), vec![if auxiliary { second.clone() } else { first.clone() }])
+                .expect("only the first device backs this wrapper");
+            let node = NodeAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN);
+            node.update(
+                &mut FeedbackController::new(),
+                Some(FeedbackObservation {
+                    generation: 1,
+                    max_concurrency: 1,
+                    pressure: ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+                    completed_units: None,
+                }),
+            );
+            let parent = if auxiliary {
+                shared
+                    .select(std::slice::from_ref(&first))
+                    .expect("initial object device")
+                    .try_acquire_with_node(&node)
+            } else {
+                shared.try_acquire_with_node(&node)
+            }
+            .expect("initial object admission");
+            let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+            let (release_tx, release_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+            let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                crate::disk::with_background_resource_set(parent.resources().clone(), async {
+                    wrapper
+                        .track_disk_health_with_op_timeout_action_and_mutation_with_io_permit(
+                            "read_all",
+                            move |permit| async move {
+                                spawn_blocking_with_disk_io_permit(permit, move || {
+                                    started_tx.send(()).expect("signal native start");
+                                    release_rx.blocking_recv().expect("release native I/O");
+                                })
+                                .await
+                                .expect("native I/O joined");
+                                Ok(())
+                            },
+                            Duration::ZERO,
+                            TimeoutHealthAction::MarkFailure,
+                            DiskMetricMutation::None,
+                        )
+                        .await
+                        .expect("wrapped I/O");
+                })
+                .await;
+                parent.complete();
+            });
+            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), started_rx)
+                .await
+                .expect("native work starts")
+                .expect("start notification");
+            task.abort();
+            assert!(task.await.expect_err("cancel waiter").is_cancelled());
+            let held = [node.snapshot().active, first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active];
+            let healthy_available = if auxiliary {
+                first.try_acquire().is_some()
+            } else {
+                second.try_acquire().is_some()
+            };
+            release_tx.send(()).expect("finish native work before asserting");
+            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
+                while first.snapshot().active != 0 || second.snapshot().active != 0 {
+                    tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("native resource return");
+            assert_eq!(
+                held,
+                if auxiliary { [0, 0, 1] } else { [0, 1, 0] },
+                "only the actual native device remains charged"
+            );
+            assert!(healthy_available, "healthy work must resume before native I/O finishes");
+            assert_eq!(node.completed(), Some(0), "cancelled work is not progress");
+            assert_eq!([first.completed(), second.completed()], [Some(0), Some(0)]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn local_disk_resource_projection_escaped_readers_keep_only_their_device() {
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{AdaptiveAdmission, permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner};
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+        use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("reader fixture");
+        let endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(dir.path().to_str().expect("fixture path")).expect("local endpoint");
+        let disk = Arc::new(LocalDisk::new(&endpoint, false).await.expect("local disk"));
+        let wrapper = LocalDiskWrapper::new(disk, false);
+        tokio::fs::create_dir_all(dir.path().join("bucket"))
+            .await
+            .expect("bucket directory");
+        let bytes = b"physical disk reader payload";
+        tokio::fs::write(dir.path().join("bucket/object"), bytes)
+            .await
+            .expect("reader bytes");
+        let first = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let second = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let shared = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![first.clone(), second.clone()]).expect("parent resources");
+        wrapper
+            .physical_admission
+            .set_test_shared_capacity(shared.clone(), vec![first.clone()])
+            .expect("reader device");
+
+        for stream in [false, true] {
+            let a = first.try_acquire().expect("first device");
+            let b = second.try_acquire().expect("second device");
+            let parent = shared.capture(&[&a, &b]).expect("admitted parent");
+            drop((a, b));
+            let mut reader = crate::disk::with_background_resource_set(parent, async {
+                if stream {
+                    wrapper.read_file_stream("bucket", "object", 0, bytes.len()).await
+                } else {
+                    wrapper.read_file("bucket", "object").await
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("reader escapes the resource scope");
+            assert_eq!([first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active], [1, 0]);
+            assert!(second.try_acquire().is_some(), "unrelated work is available while the reader lives");
+            let mut actual = Vec::new();
+            reader.read_to_end(&mut actual).await.expect("consume escaped reader");
+            assert_eq!(actual, bytes);
+            drop(reader);
+            assert_eq!(first.snapshot().active, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[test]
+    fn local_disk_resource_projection_cancelled_stream_read_retains_native_device() {
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{AdaptiveAdmission, permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner};
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+        use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, ReadBuf};
+
+        let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+            .enable_all()
+            .max_blocking_threads(1)
+            .build()
+            .expect("one-thread native read pool");
+        runtime.block_on(async {
+            let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("native reader fixture");
+            let endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(dir.path().to_str().expect("fixture path")).expect("local endpoint");
+            let disk = Arc::new(LocalDisk::new(&endpoint, false).await.expect("local disk"));
+            let wrapper = LocalDiskWrapper::new(disk, false);
+            std::fs::create_dir(dir.path().join("bucket")).expect("bucket directory");
+            let bytes = b"physical disk native reader payload";
+            std::fs::write(dir.path().join("bucket/object"), bytes).expect("reader bytes");
+            let first = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+            let second = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+            let shared =
+                AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![first.clone(), second.clone()]).expect("parent resources");
+            wrapper
+                .physical_admission
+                .set_test_shared_capacity(shared.clone(), vec![first.clone()])
+                .expect("reader device");
+            let mut observations = Vec::new();
+            for stream in [false, true] {
+                let a = first.try_acquire().expect("first device");
+                let b = second.try_acquire().expect("second device");
+                let parent = shared.capture(&[&a, &b]).expect("admitted parent");
+                drop((a, b));
+                let mut reader = crate::disk::with_background_resource_set(
+                    parent,
+                    crate::disk::with_background_disk_io(CancellationToken::new(), async {
+                        if stream {
+                            wrapper.read_file_stream("bucket", "object", 3, bytes.len() - 3).await
+                        } else {
+                            wrapper.read_file("bucket", "object").await
+                        }
+                    }),
+                )
+                .await
+                .expect("background reader escapes its parent");
+                assert_eq!([first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active], [1, 0]);
+                let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+                let (release_tx, release_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel::<()>();
+                let blocker = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+                    let _ = started_tx.send(());
+                    let _ = release_rx.recv();
+                });
+                started_rx.await.expect("native pool occupied after open");
+                let (pending_tx, pending_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+                let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    let mut data = [0; 1];
+                    let mut pending_tx = Some(pending_tx);
+                    std::future::poll_fn(|cx| {
+                        let mut buffer = ReadBuf::new(&mut data);
+                        let result = Pin::new(&mut reader).poll_read(cx, &mut buffer);
+                        if result.is_pending()
+                            && let Some(signal) = pending_tx.take()
+                        {
+                            let _ = signal.send(());
+                        }
+                        result
+                    })
+                    .await
+                });
+                tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), pending_rx)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("read queues behind native worker")
+                    .expect("pending read signal");
+                let admitted = wrapper.background_io_active_for_tests();
+                task.abort();
+                assert!(task.await.expect_err("cancel pending read").is_cancelled());
+                let held = [first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active];
+                release_tx.send(()).expect("release native pool before asserting");
+                blocker.await.expect("blocking worker released");
+                tokio::task::spawn_blocking(|| ())
+                    .await
+                    .expect("drain the single native queue");
+                assert_eq!([first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+                observations.push((stream, admitted, held));
+            }
+            for (stream, admitted, held) in observations {
+                assert!(admitted, "stream={stream}: cancellation follows disk admission, not its wait");
+                assert_eq!(held, [1, 0], "stream={stream}: only the pending native read's device stays charged");
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn projected_stream_memory_survives_scope_exit_and_hot_shrink() {
+        use crate::disk::io_admission::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, ResourceIoUnit, with_optional_resource_unit};
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{AdaptiveAdmission, permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner};
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+        use tokio::io::AsyncReadExt;
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("memory admission fixture");
+        let endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(dir.path().to_str().expect("fixture path")).expect("local endpoint");
+        let disk = Arc::new(LocalDisk::new(&endpoint, false).await.expect("local disk"));
+        let wrapper = LocalDiskWrapper::new(disk, false);
+        std::fs::create_dir(dir.path().join("bucket")).expect("bucket directory");
+        let bytes = b"0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuv";
+        std::fs::write(dir.path().join("bucket/object"), bytes).expect("reader bytes");
+        let first = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let second = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let shared = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![first.clone(), second.clone()]).expect("parent resources");
+        wrapper
+            .physical_admission
+            .set_test_shared_capacity(shared.clone(), vec![first.clone()])
+            .expect("selected device");
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+
+        for stream in [false, true] {
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(4, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let a = first.try_acquire().expect("first device");
+            let b = second.try_acquire().expect("second device");
+            let parent =
+                ResourceIoUnit::from(shared.capture(&[&a, &b]).expect("admitted parent")).with_memory_budget(memory.clone());
+            drop((a, b));
+            let mut reader = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(parent), async {
+                if stream {
+                    wrapper.read_file_stream("bucket", "object", 0, bytes.len()).await
+                } else {
+                    wrapper.read_file("bucket", "object").await
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("reader escapes its resource scope");
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0, "opening does not allocate a read buffer");
+            let mut prefix = [0; 4];
+            reader.read_exact(&mut prefix).await.expect("initial read");
+            assert_eq!(&prefix, &bytes[..4]);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 4, "projection retains the same memory owner");
+            assert_eq!([first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active], [1, 0]);
+
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+            let mut reused = [0; 2];
+            reader
+                .read_exact(&mut reused)
+                .await
+                .expect("already allocated storage remains usable");
+            assert_eq!(&reused, &bytes[4..6]);
+            let mut next = [99; 8];
+            let error = reader.read(&mut next).await.expect_err("new storage is blocked after shrink");
+            assert_eq!(error.kind(), std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+            assert_eq!(next, [99; 8], "denied allocation exposes no stale bytes");
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 4);
+
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(12, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            reader
+                .read_exact(&mut next)
+                .await
+                .expect("growth includes old and replacement storage");
+            assert_eq!(&next, &bytes[6..14], "denial did not advance the file");
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 8);
+            drop(reader);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+            assert_eq!([first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn local_disk_resource_projection_auxiliary_metadata_retries_without_parking_or_false_progress() {
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{
+            AdaptiveAdmission, FeedbackController, FeedbackObservation, NodeAdmission, ResourcePressure,
+            permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner,
+        };
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("metadata fixture");
+        let endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(dir.path().to_str().expect("fixture path")).expect("local endpoint");
+        let disk = Arc::new(LocalDisk::new(&endpoint, false).await.expect("local disk"));
+        let wrapper = LocalDiskWrapper::new(disk, false);
+        tokio::fs::create_dir_all(dir.path().join("bucket"))
+            .await
+            .expect("metadata bucket");
+        tokio::fs::write(dir.path().join("bucket/metadata"), b"auxiliary metadata")
+            .await
+            .expect("metadata bytes");
+        let a = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let b = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 0);
+        let shared = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![a.clone(), b.clone()]).expect("topology");
+        wrapper
+            .physical_admission
+            .set_test_shared_capacity(shared.clone(), vec![b.clone()])
+            .expect("metadata on B");
+        let node = NodeAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN);
+        node.update(
+            &mut FeedbackController::new(),
+            Some(FeedbackObservation {
+                generation: 1,
+                max_concurrency: 1,
+                pressure: ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+                completed_units: None,
+            }),
+        );
+        let parent = shared
+            .select(std::slice::from_ref(&a))
+            .expect("object on A")
+            .try_acquire_with_node(&node)
+            .expect("object admission");
+        crate::disk::with_background_resource_set(parent.resources().clone(), async {
+            let mut read = Box::pin(wrapper.read_all("bucket", "metadata"));
+            let rejected = std::future::poll_fn(|cx| Poll::Ready(read.as_mut().poll(cx))).await;
+            assert!(
+                matches!(rejected, Poll::Ready(Err(DiskError::Io(error))) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock),
+                "auxiliary admission must return immediately under storage locks"
+            );
+            drop(read);
+            assert!(
+                matches!(wrapper.get_disk_id().await, Err(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock)
+            );
+            assert!(!wrapper.is_online().await, "identity checks cannot bypass closed physical capacity");
+            assert_eq!([a.snapshot().active, b.snapshot().active, node.snapshot().active], [1, 0, 1]);
+            assert_eq!([a.completed(), b.completed(), node.completed()], [Some(0), Some(0), Some(0)]);
+            b.set_limit(1);
+            for _ in 0..2 {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    wrapper.read_all("bucket", "metadata").await.expect("retry metadata read"),
+                    Bytes::from_static(b"auxiliary metadata")
+                );
+                assert_eq!(b.snapshot().active, 1, "repeated I/O reuses the parent's physical unit");
+            }
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(wrapper.metrics_snapshot().total_errors_availability, 0);
+        assert_eq!([a.completed(), b.completed(), node.completed()], [Some(0), Some(0), Some(0)]);
+        parent.complete();
+        assert_eq!([a.completed(), b.completed(), node.completed()], [Some(1), Some(1), Some(1)]);
+        assert_eq!([a.snapshot().active, b.snapshot().active, node.snapshot().active], [0, 0, 0]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn local_disk_resource_projection_defers_missing_or_foreign_owners_before_io() {
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{AdaptiveAdmission, permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner};
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("unavailable resource fixture");
+        let endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(dir.path().to_str().expect("fixture path")).expect("local endpoint");
+        let disk = Arc::new(LocalDisk::new(&endpoint, false).await.expect("local disk"));
+        let wrapper = LocalDiskWrapper::new(disk, false);
+        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let shared = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![gate.clone()]).expect("parent");
+        let permit = gate.try_acquire().expect("parent device");
+        let parent = shared.capture(&[&permit]).expect("parent ownership");
+        drop(permit);
+        for foreign in [false, true] {
+            if foreign {
+                wrapper
+                    .physical_admission
+                    .set_test_capacity(vec![AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1)])
+                    .expect("replaced device");
+            }
+            crate::disk::with_background_resource_set(parent.clone(), async {
+                let polled = std::cell::Cell::new(false);
+                let result = wrapper
+                    .track_disk_health_with_op(
+                        "read_all",
+                        || async {
+                            polled.set(true);
+                            Ok(())
+                        },
+                        Duration::ZERO,
+                    )
+                    .await;
+                assert!(matches!(result, Err(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock));
+                assert!(!polled.get(), "unavailable ownership cannot start native work");
+                let group = FileInfoVersions::default();
+                let plain = wrapper
+                    .delete_versions("bucket", vec![group.clone(); 2], DeleteOptions::default())
+                    .await;
+                let guarded = wrapper
+                    .delete_versions_guarded_with_namespace_owner(
+                        "bucket",
+                        vec![
+                            GuardedFileInfoVersions {
+                                group,
+                                expected_current: crate::disk::CurrentDeleteGeneration::Absent
+                            };
+                            2
+                        ],
+                        DeleteOptions::default(),
+                        None,
+                    )
+                    .await;
+                for errors in [plain, guarded] {
+                    assert_eq!(errors.len(), 2);
+                    assert!(errors.iter().all(|error| matches!(error,
+                        Some(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock)));
+                }
+            })
+            .await;
+            assert_eq!(wrapper.health.waiting_count(), 0);
+            assert_eq!(
+                wrapper.metrics_snapshot().total_errors_availability,
+                0,
+                "resource deferral is not a failed drive"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(gate.snapshot().active, 1, "rejection does not refund parent ownership");
+        }
+    }
+
    async fn assert_multipart_recovery_waiter_preserves_physical_owner(wait_timeout: Duration) {
        use crate::disk::multipart_source::{
            MULTIPART_SOURCE_PROTOCOL_VERSION, MultipartRecoveryRound, MultipartSourceOperation, MultipartSourcePhase,
@@ -16,40 +16,15 @@ use std::{
    collections::HashMap,
    fs::Metadata,
    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock},
+    sync::Mutex,
    time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
-use tokio::{
-    fs::{self, File},
-    io,
-};
+use tokio::{fs::File, io};

-static READONLY_OPTIONS: OnceLock<Arc<fs::OpenOptions>> = OnceLock::new();
-static WRITEONLY_OPTIONS: OnceLock<Arc<fs::OpenOptions>> = OnceLock::new();
-static READWRITE_OPTIONS: OnceLock<Arc<fs::OpenOptions>> = OnceLock::new();
-
-fn get_readonly_options() -> &'static Arc<fs::OpenOptions> {
-    READONLY_OPTIONS.get_or_init(|| {
-        let mut opts = fs::OpenOptions::new();
-        opts.read(true);
-        Arc::new(opts)
-    })
-}
-
-fn get_writeonly_options() -> &'static Arc<fs::OpenOptions> {
-    WRITEONLY_OPTIONS.get_or_init(|| {
-        let mut opts = fs::OpenOptions::new();
-        opts.write(true);
-        Arc::new(opts)
-    })
-}
-
-fn get_readwrite_options() -> &'static Arc<fs::OpenOptions> {
-    READWRITE_OPTIONS.get_or_init(|| {
-        let mut opts = fs::OpenOptions::new();
-        opts.read(true).write(true);
-        Arc::new(opts)
-    })
+async fn native_io<T: Send + 'static>(operation: impl FnOnce() -> io::Result<T> + Send + 'static) -> io::Result<T> {
+    super::io_admission::spawn_blocking_with_resource_ownership(operation)
+        .await
+        .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("background task failed"))?
 }

 #[cfg(not(windows))]
@@ -117,33 +92,32 @@ pub const O_APPEND: FileMode = 0x00400;
 //     create_new: bool,

 pub async fn open_file(path: impl AsRef<Path>, mode: FileMode) -> io::Result<File> {
-    let base_opts = match mode & (O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY | O_RDWR) {
-        O_RDONLY => get_readonly_options(),
-        O_WRONLY => get_writeonly_options(),
-        O_RDWR => get_readwrite_options(),
-        _ => get_readonly_options(),
-    };
-
-    if (mode & (O_CREATE | O_APPEND | O_TRUNC)) != 0 {
-        let mut opts = (**base_opts).clone();
-        if mode & O_CREATE != 0 {
-            opts.create(true);
+    let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    native_io(move || {
+        let mut options = std::fs::OpenOptions::new();
+        match mode & (O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY | O_RDWR) {
+            O_WRONLY => options.write(true),
+            O_RDWR => options.read(true).write(true),
+            _ => options.read(true),
        }
-        if mode & O_APPEND != 0 {
-            opts.append(true);
+        .create(mode & O_CREATE != 0)
+        .append(mode & O_APPEND != 0)
+        .truncate(mode & O_TRUNC != 0);
+        #[cfg(all(any(test, feature = "test-util"), not(windows)))]
+        if mode == O_RDONLY {
+            super::os::prepared_publication_test_hooks::run(
+                super::os::prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::NativeReadOpen,
+                &path,
+            );
        }
-        if mode & O_TRUNC != 0 {
-            opts.truncate(true);
-        }
-        opts.open(path.as_ref()).await
-    } else {
-        base_opts.open(path.as_ref()).await
-    }
+        options.open(path).map(File::from_std)
+    })
+    .await
 }

 pub async fn access(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
-    fs::metadata(path).await?;
-    Ok(())
+    let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    native_io(move || std::fs::metadata(path).map(|_| ())).await
 }

 pub fn access_std(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
@@ -152,7 +126,8 @@ pub fn access_std(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
 }

 pub async fn lstat(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<Metadata> {
-    fs::symlink_metadata(path).await
+    let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    native_io(move || std::fs::symlink_metadata(path)).await
 }

 pub fn lstat_std(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<Metadata> {
@@ -170,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn create_dir_all_std(path: &Path) -> io::Result<()> {

 pub async fn make_dir_all(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
    let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
-    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || create_dir_all_std(&path)).await?
+    native_io(move || create_dir_all_std(&path)).await
 }

 fn is_dir_error(e: &io::Error) -> bool {
@@ -183,9 +158,13 @@ fn is_dir_error(e: &io::Error) -> bool {
 #[tracing::instrument(level = "debug", skip_all)]
 pub async fn remove(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
    // Try remove_file first; fall back to remove_dir if it's a directory
-    match fs::remove_file(path.as_ref()).await {
+    let file_path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    match native_io(move || std::fs::remove_file(file_path)).await {
        Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-        Err(e) if is_dir_error(&e) => fs::remove_dir(path.as_ref()).await,
+        Err(e) if is_dir_error(&e) => {
+            let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+            native_io(move || std::fs::remove_dir(path)).await
+        }
        Err(e) => Err(e),
    }
 }
@@ -193,9 +172,13 @@ pub async fn remove(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
 #[allow(dead_code, reason = "asserted by this file's tests (backlog#1823)")]
 pub async fn remove_all(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
    // Try remove_file first; fall back to remove_dir_all if it's a directory
-    match fs::remove_file(path.as_ref()).await {
+    let file_path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    match native_io(move || std::fs::remove_file(file_path)).await {
        Ok(()) => Ok(()),
-        Err(e) if is_dir_error(&e) => fs::remove_dir_all(path.as_ref()).await,
+        Err(e) if is_dir_error(&e) => {
+            let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+            native_io(move || std::fs::remove_dir_all(path)).await
+        }
        Err(e) => Err(e),
    }
 }
@@ -222,11 +205,14 @@ pub fn remove_all_std(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {

 #[cfg(test)]
 pub async fn mkdir(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
-    fs::create_dir(path.as_ref()).await
+    let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    native_io(move || std::fs::create_dir(path)).await
 }

 pub async fn rename(from: impl AsRef<Path>, to: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
-    fs::rename(from, to).await
+    let from = from.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    let to = to.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+    native_io(move || std::fs::rename(from, to)).await
 }

 #[cfg(any(not(windows), test))]
@@ -289,7 +275,7 @@ pub async fn cached_access(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
    }

    let path_buf = path.to_path_buf();
-    let result = fs::metadata(&path_buf).await;
+    let result = access(&path_buf).await;

    match &result {
        Ok(_) => BUCKET_EXISTENCE_CACHE.record(path_buf, true),
@@ -304,6 +290,7 @@ pub async fn cached_access(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
 }

 pub fn invalidate_bucket_cache(path: impl AsRef<Path>) {
+    crate::bucket::metadata_sys::bump_local_meta_mutation_gen();
    BUCKET_EXISTENCE_CACHE.invalidate(path.as_ref());
 }

@@ -313,6 +300,89 @@ mod tests {
    use tempfile::TempDir;
    use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;

+    #[test]
+    fn cancelled_filesystem_jobs_retain_physical_resources() {
+        use crate::disk::io_admission::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        let runtime = tokio::runtime::Builder::new_current_thread()
+            .enable_all()
+            .max_blocking_threads(1)
+            .build()
+            .expect("single native worker");
+        runtime.block_on(async {
+            let mut observations = Vec::new();
+            for count in 1..=2 {
+                for operation in [
+                    "access",
+                    "cached_access",
+                    "lstat",
+                    "mkdir",
+                    "make_dir_all",
+                    "remove",
+                    "remove_all",
+                    "rename",
+                    "open",
+                ] {
+                    let dir = TempDir::new().expect("filesystem ownership fixture");
+                    let source = dir.path().join("source");
+                    let target = dir.path().join("target");
+                    match operation {
+                        "mkdir" | "make_dir_all" | "open" => {}
+                        "remove_all" => {
+                            std::fs::create_dir(&source).expect("recursive removal directory");
+                            std::fs::write(source.join("child"), b"payload").expect("recursive removal child");
+                        }
+                        _ => std::fs::write(&source, b"payload").expect("existing file"),
+                    }
+                    let (resources, gates) = test_resource_units(count);
+                    let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+                    let (release_tx, release_rx) = std::sync::mpsc::channel();
+                    let blocker = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
+                        let _ = started_tx.send(());
+                        let _ = release_rx.recv();
+                    });
+                    started_rx.await.expect("native worker occupied");
+                    let mut future = Box::pin(with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources), async {
+                        match operation {
+                            "access" => access(&source).await,
+                            "cached_access" => cached_access(&source).await,
+                            "lstat" => lstat(&source).await.map(|_| ()),
+                            "mkdir" => mkdir(&source).await,
+                            "make_dir_all" => make_dir_all(source.join("child")).await,
+                            "remove" => remove(&source).await,
+                            "remove_all" => remove_all(&source).await,
+                            "rename" => rename(&source, &target).await,
+                            "open" => open_file(&source, O_CREATE | O_WRONLY).await.map(|_| ()),
+                            _ => unreachable!("fixed operation list"),
+                        }
+                    }));
+                    assert!(futures::poll!(&mut future).is_pending(), "{operation}: native job queued");
+                    drop(future);
+                    let held: Vec<_> = gates.iter().map(|gate| gate.snapshot().active).collect();
+                    release_tx.send(()).expect("release native worker before assertions");
+                    blocker.await.expect("native blocker completed");
+                    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(|| ()).await.expect("native queue drained");
+                    assert!(gates.iter().all(|gate| gate.snapshot().active == 0));
+                    match operation {
+                        "mkdir" => assert!(source.is_dir()),
+                        "make_dir_all" => assert!(source.join("child").is_dir()),
+                        "open" => assert!(source.is_file()),
+                        "remove" => assert!(!source.exists()),
+                        "rename" => {
+                            assert!(!source.exists());
+                            assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&target).expect("renamed file"), b"payload");
+                        }
+                        _ => {}
+                    }
+                    observations.push((count, operation, held));
+                }
+            }
+            for (count, operation, held) in observations {
+                assert_eq!(held, vec![1; count], "{operation}: queued native job keeps its physical resources");
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn test_file_mode_constants() {
        assert_eq!(O_RDONLY, 0x00000);
@@ -14,6 +14,18 @@

 //! Per-local-disk foreground-priority admission for scanner I/O.

+pub(crate) mod memory;
+mod physical_identity;
+mod physical_owners;
+mod physical_sampler;
+
+pub use memory::BackgroundMemoryBudget;
+
+pub(crate) use physical_sampler::PhysicalHealBinding;
+pub use physical_sampler::{
+    PhysicalDiskBinding, PhysicalDiskPlan, PhysicalDiskSample, PhysicalDiskSampler, PhysicalResourcePlan,
+};
+
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::future::Future;
 use std::io;
@@ -25,18 +37,118 @@ use std::time::Duration;

 use metrics::{counter, gauge, histogram};
 use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptivePermit;
+use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::permit_set::AdaptivePermitSet;
 use rustfs_rio::ChunkReader;
 use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, ReadBuf};
 use tokio::sync::Notify;
 use tokio::time::Instant;
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;

+pub(crate) mod remote;
+pub use remote::{RemoteBackgroundIo, with_remote_background_io};
+
 const BACKGROUND_FOREGROUND_BURST: u32 = 8;
 const BACKGROUND_MAX_WAIT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(100);

 tokio::task_local! {
    static DISK_IO_CONTEXT: DiskIoContext;
-    static RESOURCE_IO_UNIT: AdaptivePermit;
+    static RESOURCE_IO_UNIT: ResourceIoUnit;
+}
+
+/// Native I/O retains the physical subset selected before storage work. A
+/// layered disk may touch several leaves; unrelated devices stay outside it.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct ResourceIoUnit {
+    permits: ResourceIoPermits,
+    memory_budget: Option<Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>>,
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    _mount_lease: Option<Arc<std::fs::File>>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum ResourceIoPermits {
+    Single(AdaptivePermit),
+    Set(AdaptivePermitSet),
+}
+
+impl Clone for ResourceIoPermits {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::Single(permit) => Self::Single(permit.clone()),
+            Self::Set(permits) => Self::Set(permits.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<AdaptivePermit> for ResourceIoUnit {
+    fn from(permit: AdaptivePermit) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            permits: ResourceIoPermits::Single(permit),
+            memory_budget: BackgroundMemoryBudget::current(),
+            #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+            _mount_lease: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<AdaptivePermitSet> for ResourceIoUnit {
+    fn from(permits: AdaptivePermitSet) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            permits: ResourceIoPermits::Set(permits),
+            memory_budget: BackgroundMemoryBudget::current(),
+            #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+            _mount_lease: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ResourceIoUnit {
+    pub(crate) fn memory_budget(&self) -> Option<Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>> {
+        self.memory_budget.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn with_permits(mut self, permits: AdaptivePermitSet) -> Self {
+        self.permits = ResourceIoPermits::Set(permits);
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(crate) fn with_memory_budget(mut self, budget: Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>) -> Self {
+        self.memory_budget = Some(budget);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_set(&self) -> Option<&AdaptivePermitSet> {
+        match &self.permits {
+            ResourceIoPermits::Single(_) => None,
+            ResourceIoPermits::Set(permits) => Some(permits),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    pub(crate) fn with_mount_lease(mut self, mount_lease: Arc<std::fs::File>) -> Self {
+        // The selected disk's proc-fd paths must survive native jobs after its
+        // async wrapper retires. Clones carry the same pinned mount generation.
+        self._mount_lease = Some(mount_lease);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub(crate) fn test_resource_units(count: usize) -> (ResourceIoUnit, Vec<Arc<rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptiveAdmission>>) {
+    use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{AdaptiveAdmission, permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner};
+    use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+    assert!((1..=2).contains(&count), "test single and layered disks");
+    let gates: Vec<_> = (0..count).map(|_| AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1)).collect();
+    let mut admitted: Vec<_> = gates.iter().map(|gate| gate.try_acquire().expect("test resource")).collect();
+    let unit = if count == 1 {
+        ResourceIoUnit::from(admitted.pop().expect("single resource"))
+    } else {
+        let owner = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, gates.clone()).expect("layered resource");
+        ResourceIoUnit::from(owner.capture(&admitted.iter().collect::<Vec<_>>()).expect("admitted subset"))
+    };
+    (unit, gates)
 }

 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -51,7 +163,7 @@ pub(crate) struct DiskIoContext {
    pub(crate) cancellation: CancellationToken,
    pub(crate) admission: Option<Arc<DiskIoAdmission>>,
    pub(crate) permit: Option<DiskIoPermit>,
-    pub(crate) resource_unit: Option<AdaptivePermit>,
+    pub(crate) resource_unit: Option<ResourceIoUnit>,
 }

 /// Mark disk I/O issued by `future` as background work for local-disk admission.
@@ -78,24 +190,46 @@ pub async fn with_background_disk_io<F: Future>(cancellation: CancellationToken,
 /// of a stalled native operation. Escaping buffers need their own memory leases.
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub async fn with_background_resource_unit<F: Future>(unit: AdaptivePermit, future: F) -> F::Output {
-    RESOURCE_IO_UNIT.scope(unit, future).await
+    RESOURCE_IO_UNIT.scope(ResourceIoUnit::from(unit), future).await
 }

-pub(crate) fn current_resource_unit() -> Option<AdaptivePermit> {
-    RESOURCE_IO_UNIT.try_with(Clone::clone).ok().or_else(|| {
-        DISK_IO_CONTEXT
-            .try_with(|context| context.resource_unit.clone())
-            .ok()
-            .flatten()
-    })
+/// Retain only the previously admitted physical leaves touched by this I/O.
+/// Projection of owned units never waits and may run under storage locks.
+/// Acquire the planned resources before locking; auxiliary leaves discovered
+/// later must use nonblocking admission. Do not pass unrelated parent resources
+/// to a native job that touches only some of its disks.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub async fn with_background_resource_set<F: Future>(units: AdaptivePermitSet, future: F) -> F::Output {
+    RESOURCE_IO_UNIT.scope(ResourceIoUnit::from(units), future).await
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn current_resource_unit() -> Option<ResourceIoUnit> {
+    RESOURCE_IO_UNIT
+        .try_with(Clone::clone)
+        .ok()
+        .or_else(|| {
+            DISK_IO_CONTEXT
+                .try_with(|context| context.resource_unit.clone())
+                .ok()
+                .flatten()
+        })
+        .or_else(remote::resources)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn has_resource_io_scope() -> bool {
+    RESOURCE_IO_UNIT.try_with(|_| ()).is_ok()
+        || DISK_IO_CONTEXT
+            .try_with(|context| context.resource_unit.is_some())
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+        || remote::active()
 }

 /// Transfer only resource ownership into an existing spawned task. Disk
 /// classification/permits are not inherited: changing those can introduce a
 /// wait behind a disk permit still held by the parent.
-pub(crate) async fn with_optional_resource_unit<F: Future>(unit: Option<AdaptivePermit>, future: F) -> F::Output {
+pub(crate) async fn with_optional_resource_unit<F: Future>(unit: Option<ResourceIoUnit>, future: F) -> F::Output {
    match unit {
-        Some(unit) => with_background_resource_unit(unit, future).await,
+        Some(unit) => RESOURCE_IO_UNIT.scope(unit, future).await,
        None => future.await,
    }
 }
@@ -233,7 +367,7 @@ impl DiskIoAdmission {
        self.foreground_with_resource(current_resource_unit())
    }

-    fn foreground_with_resource(self: &Arc<Self>, resource_unit: Option<AdaptivePermit>) -> DiskIoPermit {
+    fn foreground_with_resource(self: &Arc<Self>, resource_unit: Option<ResourceIoUnit>) -> DiskIoPermit {
        self.foreground_active.fetch_add(1, Ordering::AcqRel);
        if self.background_waiters.load(Ordering::Acquire) > 0 {
            self.record_state();
@@ -254,7 +388,7 @@ impl DiskIoAdmission {
    async fn background_with_resource(
        self: &Arc<Self>,
        cancellation: &CancellationToken,
-        resource_unit: Option<AdaptivePermit>,
+        resource_unit: Option<ResourceIoUnit>,
    ) -> std::io::Result<DiskIoPermit> {
        let started_at = Instant::now();
        let ticket = {
@@ -429,7 +563,7 @@ impl DiskIoPermit {
 struct DiskIoPermitLease {
    admission: Arc<DiskIoAdmission>,
    class: DiskIoClass,
-    resource_unit: Option<AdaptivePermit>,
+    resource_unit: Option<ResourceIoUnit>,
 }

 pub(crate) fn spawn_blocking_with_disk_io_permit<T, F>(
@@ -450,6 +584,18 @@ where
    })
 }

+/// Run native filesystem work with the current resource ownership. Cancelling
+/// the async waiter cannot refund a unit while the native operation still runs.
+/// This does not acquire capacity or change foreground/background policy.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn spawn_blocking_with_resource_ownership<T, F>(operation: F) -> tokio::task::JoinHandle<T>
+where
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    F: FnOnce() -> T + Send + 'static,
+{
+    spawn_blocking_with_disk_io_permit(None, operation)
+}
+
 type AdmissionWait = Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = io::Result<DiskIoPermit>> + Send>>;

 impl Drop for DiskIoPermitLease {
@@ -595,6 +741,63 @@ mod tests {
    use std::num::NonZeroU16;
    use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn physical_subset_survives_native_cancellation_without_retaining_unrelated_disks() {
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner;
+
+        for disk_permit in [false, true] {
+            let maximum = NonZeroU16::new(1).expect("one physical unit");
+            let first = AdaptiveAdmission::new(maximum, 1);
+            let second = AdaptiveAdmission::new(maximum, 1);
+            let unrelated = AdaptiveAdmission::new(maximum, 1);
+            let owner = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(maximum, vec![first.clone(), second.clone()]).expect("layered disk");
+            let a = first.try_acquire().expect("first backing device");
+            let b = second.try_acquire().expect("second backing device");
+            let healthy = unrelated.try_acquire().expect("another disk in the parent operation");
+            let subset = owner.capture(&[&a, &b]).expect("capture before storage work");
+            drop((a, b, owner));
+            let disk = DiskIoAdmission::new("physical-subset-native");
+            let (started_tx, started_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+            let (release_tx, release_rx) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+            let task = tokio::spawn(async move {
+                let _healthy = healthy;
+                with_background_resource_set(subset, async {
+                    let permit = if disk_permit {
+                        Some(disk.background(&CancellationToken::new()).await.expect("logical disk permit"))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    };
+                    spawn_blocking_with_disk_io_permit(permit, move || {
+                        started_tx.send(()).expect("native I/O started");
+                        release_rx.blocking_recv().expect("release native I/O");
+                    })
+                    .await
+                    .expect("native I/O completed");
+                })
+                .await;
+            });
+            started_rx.await.expect("native worker retains subset");
+            task.abort();
+            assert!(task.await.expect_err("cancel async waiter").is_cancelled());
+            let active = [first.snapshot().active, second.snapshot().active, unrelated.snapshot().active];
+            let healthy_available = unrelated.try_acquire().is_some();
+            first.set_limit(0);
+            second.set_limit(0);
+            release_tx.send(()).expect("finish native work");
+            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
+                while first.snapshot().active != 0 || second.snapshot().active != 0 {
+                    tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+                }
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("both backing devices are returned after native completion");
+            assert_eq!(active, [1, 1, 0], "only the native I/O's physical subset remains charged");
+            assert!(healthy_available, "cancellation frees the independent disk immediately");
+            assert!(first.try_acquire().is_none());
+            assert!(second.try_acquire().is_none(), "old completions cannot reopen shrunken owners");
+        }
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn resource_unit_outlives_cancelled_scope_until_native_io_finishes() {
        for permit_mode in 0..4 {
@@ -0,0 +1,547 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use std::io;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, OnceLock};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use tokio::time::Instant;
+
+static BACKGROUND_MEMORY: OnceLock<Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>> = OnceLock::new();
+
+/// Process-wide payload storage retained by admitted background I/O. The
+/// existing resource sampler publishes limits; this owner starts no workers.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct BackgroundMemoryBudget {
+    // This short critical section only changes counters and a deadline. It
+    // never allocates, calls storage, or acquires another lock while held.
+    state: Mutex<State>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct State {
+    limit: u64,
+    used: u64,
+    valid_until: Instant,
+}
+
+/// A coherent view of the leased cap and retained payload storage.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct BackgroundMemorySnapshot {
+    /// Zero when the latest resource observation has expired.
+    pub limit: u64,
+    /// Existing storage remains charged even after the cap shrinks below it.
+    pub used: u64,
+}
+
+impl BackgroundMemoryBudget {
+    /// Start closed until the existing resource sampler publishes a limit.
+    pub fn new() -> Arc<Self> {
+        Arc::new(Self {
+            state: Mutex::new(State {
+                limit: 0,
+                used: 0,
+                valid_until: Instant::now(),
+            }),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Install the sole process owner before starting adaptive background work.
+    /// Returns false if an owner was already installed.
+    pub fn install(self: &Arc<Self>) -> bool {
+        BACKGROUND_MEMORY.set(self.clone()).is_ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Return only the installed process memory policy; no node or disk ownership.
+    /// No policy is installed in the default, non-adaptive startup path.
+    pub fn current() -> Option<Arc<Self>> {
+        BACKGROUND_MEMORY.get().cloned()
+    }
+
+    /// Update admission without revoking storage retained by native tasks or
+    /// readers. Missing observations must publish zero capacity.
+    pub fn set_sampled_limit(&self, limit: u64, valid_for: Duration) {
+        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        state.limit = limit;
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        state.valid_until = now.checked_add(valid_for).unwrap_or(now);
+    }
+
+    /// Read the cap and retained byte count under the same short lock.
+    pub fn snapshot(&self) -> BackgroundMemorySnapshot {
+        let state = self.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        BackgroundMemorySnapshot {
+            limit: if Instant::now() < state.valid_until { state.limit } else { 0 },
+            used: state.used,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn reserve(self: &Arc<Self>, bytes: usize) -> io::Result<Reservation> {
+        let bytes = u64::try_from(bytes).map_err(|_| io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory))?;
+        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        let used = state
+            .used
+            .checked_add(bytes)
+            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock, BackgroundMemoryExhausted))?;
+        if bytes != 0 && (Instant::now() >= state.valid_until || used > state.limit) {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock, BackgroundMemoryExhausted));
+        }
+        state.used = used;
+        Ok(Reservation {
+            owner: self.clone(),
+            bytes,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BackgroundMemoryExhausted;
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for BackgroundMemoryExhausted {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str("background buffer memory budget exhausted")
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for BackgroundMemoryExhausted {}
+
+pub(crate) fn is_memory_pressure(error: &io::Error) -> bool {
+    error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory || error.get_ref().is_some_and(|inner| inner.is::<BackgroundMemoryExhausted>())
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Reservation {
+    owner: Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>,
+    bytes: u64,
+}
+
+impl Reservation {
+    pub(crate) fn belongs_to(&self, budget: &Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>) -> bool {
+        Arc::ptr_eq(&self.owner, budget)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn wrap(bytes: Bytes, reservation: Option<Self>) -> Bytes {
+        if bytes.is_empty() {
+            drop(bytes);
+            drop(reservation);
+            return Bytes::new();
+        }
+        match reservation {
+            Some(reservation) => Bytes::from_owner(BackgroundBytes {
+                bytes,
+                _reservation: reservation,
+            }),
+            None => bytes,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct BackgroundBytes {
+    // Free the payload before refunding it, including after the last slice.
+    bytes: Bytes,
+    _reservation: Reservation,
+}
+
+impl AsRef<[u8]> for BackgroundBytes {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Reservation {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.owner
+            .state
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
+            .used -= self.bytes;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reusable initialized payload storage. The reservation is embedded in the
+/// existing native job state, with no per-read owner allocation or payload copy.
+pub(crate) struct BackgroundBuffer {
+    // Field order releases the allocation before refunding its reservation.
+    bytes: Box<[u8]>,
+    reservation: Option<Reservation>,
+    budget: Option<Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>>,
+}
+
+impl BackgroundBuffer {
+    pub(crate) fn new(budget: Option<Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bytes: Box::default(),
+            reservation: None,
+            budget,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Call only after the previous contents have been consumed. Growth charges
+    /// both allocations until the old buffer is freed, including after shrink.
+    pub(crate) fn ensure_len(&mut self, length: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+        self.grow(length, 0)
+    }
+
+    /// Preserve an initialized prefix when replacing storage. Callers keep
+    /// `preserve` within both the existing allocation and the requested length.
+    pub(crate) fn grow(&mut self, length: usize, preserve: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if self.bytes.len() >= length {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let reservation = self.budget.as_ref().map(|budget| budget.reserve(length)).transpose()?;
+        let mut bytes = Vec::new();
+        bytes
+            .try_reserve_exact(length)
+            .map_err(|_| io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory))?;
+        bytes.resize(length, 0);
+        bytes[..preserve].copy_from_slice(&self.bytes[..preserve]);
+        self.bytes = bytes.into_boxed_slice();
+        self.reservation = reservation;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Metadata is only a size hint: concurrent growth still reads through EOF.
+    /// Every replacement is charged before copying the retained prefix.
+    pub(crate) fn read_to_end(mut self, reader: &mut impl io::Read, hint: usize) -> io::Result<Bytes> {
+        self.ensure_len(hint)?;
+        let mut filled = 0;
+        loop {
+            if filled == self.bytes.len() {
+                // Probe EOF without forcing a larger allocation for an exact fit.
+                let mut probe = [0];
+                match reader.read(&mut probe) {
+                    Ok(0) => break,
+                    Ok(_) => {
+                        let length = self.bytes.len().checked_mul(2).ok_or(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory)?.max(32);
+                        self.grow(length, filled)?;
+                        self.bytes[filled] = probe[0];
+                        filled += 1;
+                    }
+                    Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
+                    Err(error) => return Err(error),
+                }
+            }
+            match reader.read(&mut self.bytes[filled..]) {
+                Ok(0) => break,
+                Ok(length) => filled += length,
+                Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => continue,
+                Err(error) => return Err(error),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(self.take_bytes(filled))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn take_bytes(&mut self, length: usize) -> Bytes {
+        let bytes = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);
+        let reservation = self.reservation.take();
+        let mut bytes = Bytes::from(bytes.into_vec());
+        bytes.truncate(length);
+        Reservation::wrap(bytes, reservation)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn memory_budget(&self) -> Option<Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>> {
+        self.budget.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_mut_slice(&mut self) -> &mut [u8] {
+        &mut self.bytes
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.bytes
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bounded encoded-frame storage for serializer output and raw read staging.
+/// Both paths reserve the actual allocation before initializing its bytes.
+pub struct BackgroundEncodeBuffer {
+    buffer: BackgroundBuffer,
+    filled: usize,
+    maximum: usize,
+}
+
+impl BackgroundEncodeBuffer {
+    pub fn new(memory: Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>, maximum: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buffer: BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(memory)),
+            filled: 0,
+            maximum,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow initialized raw-frame staging; decode only after a successful read.
+    /// Staging is not encoded output: `into_bytes` remains empty for this path.
+    pub fn prepare_read(&mut self, length: usize) -> io::Result<&mut [u8]> {
+        if length > self.maximum {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
+                "background encoded frame exceeds its size limit",
+            ));
+        }
+        self.buffer.ensure_len(length)?;
+        self.filled = 0;
+        Ok(&mut self.buffer.as_mut_slice()[..length])
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_bytes(mut self) -> Bytes {
+        self.buffer.take_bytes(self.filled)
+    }
+}
+
+impl io::Write for BackgroundEncodeBuffer {
+    fn write(&mut self, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        let required = self.filled.checked_add(bytes.len()).ok_or(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory)?;
+        if required > self.maximum {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(
+                io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
+                "background encoded frame exceeds its size limit",
+            ));
+        }
+        if required > self.buffer.as_slice().len() {
+            let capacity = self
+                .buffer
+                .as_slice()
+                .len()
+                .saturating_mul(2)
+                .max(32)
+                .max(required)
+                .min(self.maximum);
+            self.buffer.grow(capacity, self.filled)?;
+        }
+        self.buffer.as_mut_slice()[self.filled..required].copy_from_slice(bytes);
+        self.filled = required;
+        Ok(bytes.len())
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encoded_buffer_growth_retains_both_allocations_and_the_last_slice() {
+        use std::io::Write;
+
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(95, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut buffer = BackgroundEncodeBuffer::new(owner.clone(), 64);
+        buffer.write_all(&[7; 32]).expect("initial allocation fits");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 32);
+
+        let error = buffer.write_all(&[8]).expect_err("old 32 plus replacement 64 exceed 95");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+        assert!(is_memory_pressure(&error));
+        assert_eq!(buffer.filled, 32);
+        assert_eq!(buffer.buffer.as_slice(), &[7; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 32);
+
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(96, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        buffer.write_all(&[8]).expect("old 32 plus replacement 64 fit 96");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 64);
+        let bytes = buffer.into_bytes();
+        assert_eq!(&bytes[..32], &[7; 32]);
+        assert_eq!(bytes[32], 8);
+        assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 33);
+        let slice = bytes.slice(32..);
+        drop(bytes);
+        assert_eq!(slice.as_ref(), &[8]);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 64);
+        drop(slice);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn encoded_buffer_checks_its_limit_before_reserving_storage() {
+        use std::io::Write;
+
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        for maximum in [0, 3] {
+            let mut buffer = BackgroundEncodeBuffer::new(owner.clone(), maximum);
+            buffer
+                .write_all(&[])
+                .expect("empty input needs no storage, including at limit zero");
+            let error = buffer
+                .write_all(&[7; 4])
+                .expect_err("oversized input must fail before memory admission");
+            assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::InvalidData);
+            assert!(buffer.buffer.as_slice().is_empty());
+            assert!(buffer.into_bytes().is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn returned_bytes_keep_the_allocation_charged_through_slices_and_shrink() {
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(8, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let bytes = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()))
+            .read_to_end(&mut &b"abcdefgh"[..], 8)
+            .expect("exact allocation fits without an EOF growth allocation");
+        assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), b"abcdefgh");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 8);
+        let slice = bytes.slice(2..6);
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        drop(bytes);
+        assert_eq!(slice.as_ref(), b"cdef");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 8, "the final slice still owns the complete allocation");
+        assert!(owner.reserve(1).is_err());
+        drop(slice);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn whole_file_size_hint_never_truncates_growth_or_exposes_unused_bytes() {
+        for (hint, retained) in [(0, 32), (4, 32), (8, 8), (16, 16)] {
+            let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            owner.set_sampled_limit(36, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let bytes = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()))
+                .read_to_end(&mut &b"abcdefgh"[..], hint)
+                .expect("read through EOF independently of the metadata hint");
+            assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), b"abcdefgh", "hint={hint}");
+            assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, retained, "charge allocated capacity, not visible length");
+            drop(bytes);
+            assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(16, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let bytes = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()))
+            .read_to_end(&mut std::io::empty(), 16)
+            .expect("file shrank to empty");
+        assert!(bytes.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0, "empty results free unused storage before refund");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn preserving_growth_keeps_existing_payload_on_denial_and_reuse() {
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(11, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut buffer = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()));
+        buffer.ensure_len(4).expect("allocate initial payload");
+        buffer.as_mut_slice().copy_from_slice(b"data");
+
+        let error = buffer
+            .grow(8, 4)
+            .expect_err("old and replacement allocations need twelve bytes");
+        assert!(is_memory_pressure(&error));
+        assert_eq!(buffer.as_slice(), b"data");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 4);
+
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(12, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        buffer.grow(8, 4).expect("preserve the payload after admission");
+        assert_eq!(buffer.as_slice(), b"data\0\0\0\0");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 8);
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        buffer.grow(8, 4).expect("reuse retained storage after expiry");
+        assert_eq!(buffer.as_slice(), b"data\0\0\0\0");
+
+        let bytes = buffer.take_bytes(4);
+        drop(buffer);
+        assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), b"data");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 8);
+        drop(bytes);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn whole_file_growth_denial_and_source_failure_refund_storage() {
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(35, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let error = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()))
+            .read_to_end(&mut &b"abcdefgh"[..], 4)
+            .expect_err("old four plus new thirty-two bytes exceed capacity");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+
+        struct FailedRead(u8);
+        impl io::Read for FailedRead {
+            fn read(&mut self, bytes: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+                self.0 += 1;
+                match self.0 {
+                    1 => Err(io::ErrorKind::Interrupted.into()),
+                    2 => {
+                        bytes[..2].copy_from_slice(b"ab");
+                        Ok(2)
+                    }
+                    _ => Err(io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied.into()),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let error = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()))
+            .read_to_end(&mut FailedRead(0), 8)
+            .expect_err("failure after partial output is not successful EOF");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
+    async fn shrink_and_expiry_keep_retained_storage_charged() {
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        assert!(owner.reserve(1).is_err());
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(16, Duration::from_secs(3));
+        let mut buffer = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()));
+        buffer.ensure_len(8).expect("initial allocation");
+        let pointer = buffer.as_slice().as_ptr();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(4, Duration::from_secs(3));
+        buffer.ensure_len(8).expect("existing storage can be reused after shrink");
+        assert_eq!(buffer.as_slice().as_ptr(), pointer);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot(), BackgroundMemorySnapshot { limit: 4, used: 8 });
+        assert_eq!(buffer.ensure_len(9).expect_err("growth must be denied").kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 8, "failed growth preserves the existing reservation");
+        tokio::time::advance(Duration::from_secs(3)).await;
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot(), BackgroundMemorySnapshot { limit: 0, used: 8 });
+        assert!(owner.reserve(1).is_err(), "an expired sampler cannot grant memory");
+        drop(buffer);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn growth_accounts_for_both_allocations_and_refunds_failed_attempts() {
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(12, Duration::from_secs(3));
+        let mut buffer = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(owner.clone()));
+        buffer.ensure_len(4).expect("first allocation");
+        buffer.as_mut_slice().copy_from_slice(b"data");
+        assert!(buffer.ensure_len(9).is_err(), "four old plus nine new bytes exceed the cap");
+        assert_eq!(buffer.as_slice(), b"data");
+        buffer.ensure_len(8).expect("four old plus eight new bytes fit");
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 8);
+        assert_eq!(buffer.as_slice(), &[0; 8]);
+        drop(buffer);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn concurrent_reservations_share_one_cap() {
+        let owner = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        owner.set_sampled_limit(1024, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let ready = Arc::new(std::sync::Barrier::new(17));
+        let release = Arc::new(std::sync::Barrier::new(17));
+        // Start every worker before the first barrier; lazy spawning would deadlock.
+        let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(16);
+        for _ in 0..16 {
+            let owner = owner.clone();
+            let ready = ready.clone();
+            let release = release.clone();
+            workers.push(std::thread::spawn(move || {
+                let reservation = owner.reserve(128).ok();
+                ready.wait();
+                release.wait();
+                reservation.is_some()
+            }));
+        }
+        ready.wait();
+        let retained = owner.snapshot().used;
+        release.wait();
+        let granted = workers
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|worker| worker.join().expect("reservation worker"))
+            .filter(|granted| *granted)
+            .count();
+        assert_eq!(retained, 1024);
+        assert_eq!(granted, 8);
+        assert_eq!(owner.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io::{self, Read};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+const MAX_TOPOLOGY_NODES: usize = 256;
+const MAX_TOPOLOGY_DEPTH: usize = 32;
+const MAX_ATTRIBUTE_BYTES: u64 = 128;
+
+/// Kernel device numbers can be reused after removal. `diskseq` distinguishes
+/// those incarnations; this identity does not authorize storage mutations.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Ord, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub(super) struct PhysicalDeviceIdentity {
+    pub(super) major: u32,
+    pub(super) minor: u32,
+    pub(super) generation: u64,
+}
+
+fn invalid(message: &'static str) -> io::Error {
+    io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, message)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn attribute(path: &Path) -> io::Result<String> {
+    let mut value = String::new();
+    File::open(path)?.take(MAX_ATTRIBUTE_BYTES + 1).read_to_string(&mut value)?;
+    if value.len() > MAX_ATTRIBUTE_BYTES as usize {
+        return Err(invalid("physical device attribute exceeds its bound"));
+    }
+    Ok(value.trim().to_owned())
+}
+
+fn number(value: &str) -> io::Result<u64> {
+    if value.is_empty() || !value.bytes().all(|byte| byte.is_ascii_digit()) {
+        return Err(invalid("invalid physical device number"));
+    }
+    value.parse().map_err(|_| invalid("physical device number overflow"))
+}
+
+fn identity(path: &Path) -> io::Result<PhysicalDeviceIdentity> {
+    let generation = number(&attribute(&path.join("diskseq"))?)?;
+    if generation == 0 {
+        return Err(invalid("physical device generation is missing"));
+    }
+    let device = attribute(&path.join("dev"))?;
+    let (major, minor) = device
+        .split_once(':')
+        .ok_or_else(|| invalid("invalid physical device identity"))?;
+    let major = u32::try_from(number(major)?).map_err(|_| invalid("physical major number overflow"))?;
+    let minor = u32::try_from(number(minor)?).map_err(|_| invalid("physical minor number overflow"))?;
+    if number(&attribute(&path.join("diskseq"))?)? != generation {
+        return Err(invalid("physical device changed during discovery"));
+    }
+    Ok(PhysicalDeviceIdentity {
+        major,
+        minor,
+        generation,
+    })
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum NodeTopology {
+    Partition {
+        device: String,
+        number: u64,
+        parent: PathBuf,
+    },
+    Whole {
+        identity: PhysicalDeviceIdentity,
+        children: Vec<PathBuf>,
+    },
+}
+
+fn canonical_beneath(path: &Path, root: &Path) -> io::Result<PathBuf> {
+    let path = path.canonicalize()?;
+    if !path.starts_with(root) {
+        return Err(invalid("physical device topology escapes sysfs"));
+    }
+    Ok(path)
+}
+
+fn node_topology(path: &Path, root: &Path) -> io::Result<NodeTopology> {
+    if canonical_beneath(path, root)? != path {
+        return Err(invalid("physical device path changed during discovery"));
+    }
+    match attribute(&path.join("partition")) {
+        Ok(partition) => {
+            let number = number(&partition)?;
+            if number == 0 {
+                return Err(invalid("physical partition number is missing"));
+            }
+            let parent = path.parent().ok_or_else(|| invalid("physical partition has no parent"))?;
+            return Ok(NodeTopology::Partition {
+                device: attribute(&path.join("dev"))?,
+                number,
+                parent: canonical_beneath(parent, root)?,
+            });
+        }
+        Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+        Err(error) => return Err(error),
+    }
+    let identity = identity(path)?;
+    let mut children = Vec::new();
+    for entry in std::fs::read_dir(path.join("slaves"))? {
+        if children.len() >= MAX_TOPOLOGY_NODES {
+            return Err(invalid("physical device topology fanout exceeds its bound"));
+        }
+        children.push(canonical_beneath(&entry?.path(), root)?);
+    }
+    children.sort_unstable();
+    children.dedup();
+    Ok(NodeTopology::Whole { identity, children })
+}
+
+struct TopologySnapshot {
+    root: PathBuf,
+    entry: PathBuf,
+    first: PathBuf,
+    nodes: BTreeMap<PathBuf, NodeTopology>,
+    leaves: BTreeSet<PhysicalDeviceIdentity>,
+}
+
+impl TopologySnapshot {
+    fn discover(sysfs_root: &Path, major: u64, minor: u64) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        let root = sysfs_root.canonicalize()?;
+        let entry = root.join(format!("dev/block/{major}:{minor}"));
+        let first = canonical_beneath(&entry, &root)?;
+        if attribute(&first.join("dev"))? != format!("{major}:{minor}") {
+            return Err(invalid("physical device entry does not match its device number"));
+        }
+        let mut stack = vec![(first.clone(), 0, false)];
+        let mut active = BTreeSet::new();
+        let mut nodes = BTreeMap::new();
+        let mut leaves = BTreeMap::<PhysicalDeviceIdentity, PathBuf>::new();
+        while let Some((path, depth, exiting)) = stack.pop() {
+            if exiting {
+                active.remove(&path);
+                continue;
+            }
+            if depth > MAX_TOPOLOGY_DEPTH {
+                return Err(invalid("physical device topology is too deep"));
+            }
+            if active.contains(&path) {
+                return Err(invalid("physical device topology contains a cycle"));
+            }
+            if nodes.contains_key(&path) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if nodes.len() >= MAX_TOPOLOGY_NODES {
+                return Err(invalid("physical device topology exceeds its node bound"));
+            }
+            let topology = node_topology(&path, &root)?;
+            active.insert(path.clone());
+            stack.push((path.clone(), depth, true));
+            match &topology {
+                NodeTopology::Partition { parent, .. } => stack.push((parent.clone(), depth + 1, false)),
+                NodeTopology::Whole { identity, children } => {
+                    if stack.len() + children.len() > MAX_TOPOLOGY_NODES * 2 {
+                        return Err(invalid("physical device topology fanout exceeds its bound"));
+                    }
+                    for child in children {
+                        stack.push((child.clone(), depth + 1, false));
+                    }
+                    if children.is_empty()
+                        && let Some(previous) = leaves.insert(*identity, path.clone())
+                        && previous != path
+                    {
+                        return Err(invalid("physical device identity is ambiguous"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            nodes.insert(path, topology);
+        }
+        if leaves.is_empty() {
+            return Err(invalid("physical device topology has no leaves"));
+        }
+        Ok(Self {
+            root,
+            entry,
+            first,
+            nodes,
+            leaves: leaves.into_keys().collect(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn validate(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if canonical_beneath(&self.entry, &self.root)? != self.first {
+            return Err(invalid("physical device entry changed during discovery"));
+        }
+        for (path, expected) in &self.nodes {
+            if &node_topology(path, &self.root)? != expected {
+                return Err(invalid("physical device topology changed during discovery"));
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Resolve a bounded sysfs topology once, before installing an admission owner.
+/// Missing topology or generation evidence is unknown, never a name-based owner.
+/// Validate intermediate mappings too: stable leaves alone do not prove that a
+/// device-mapper table still points to those leaves. This is an observation, not
+/// a kernel topology lock; the admission owner must expire and refresh it.
+pub(super) fn resolve_physical_devices(sysfs_root: &Path, major: u64, minor: u64) -> io::Result<Vec<PhysicalDeviceIdentity>> {
+    let snapshot = TopologySnapshot::discover(sysfs_root, major, minor)?;
+    snapshot.validate()?;
+    Ok(snapshot.leaves.into_iter().collect())
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(test, unix))]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use std::os::unix::fs::symlink;
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+    struct Fixture(PathBuf);
+
+    impl Fixture {
+        fn new() -> Self {
+            static NEXT: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+            let stamp = std::time::SystemTime::now()
+                .duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH)
+                .expect("clock")
+                .as_nanos();
+            let root = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+                "physical-identity-{}-{stamp}-{}",
+                std::process::id(),
+                NEXT.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed)
+            ));
+            std::fs::create_dir(&root).expect("exclusive test root");
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(root.join("sys/dev/block")).expect("sysfs fixture");
+            Self(root)
+        }
+
+        fn root(&self) -> PathBuf {
+            self.0.join("sys")
+        }
+
+        fn device(&self, name: &str, major: u32, minor: u32, generation: u64) -> PathBuf {
+            let path = self.root().join("devices").join(name);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path.join("slaves")).expect("device fixture");
+            std::fs::write(path.join("dev"), format!("{major}:{minor}\n")).expect("device number");
+            std::fs::write(path.join("diskseq"), format!("{generation}\n")).expect("device generation");
+            symlink(&path, self.root().join(format!("dev/block/{major}:{minor}"))).expect("sysfs link");
+            path
+        }
+
+        fn link(&self, parent: &Path, child: &Path, name: &str) {
+            symlink(child, parent.join("slaves").join(name)).expect("slave link");
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for Fixture {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0).expect("remove owned fixture");
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn partitions_share_the_leaf_generation_and_replacement_changes_identity() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let leaf = fixture.device("sda", 8, 0, 41);
+        let first = fixture.device("sda/sda1", 8, 1, 41);
+        let second = fixture.device("sda/sda2", 8, 2, 41);
+        std::fs::write(first.join("partition"), "1\n").expect("first partition");
+        std::fs::write(second.join("partition"), "2\n").expect("second partition");
+        let old = resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 1).expect("first leaf");
+        assert_eq!(old, resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 2).expect("alias leaf"));
+        assert_eq!(
+            old,
+            vec![PhysicalDeviceIdentity {
+                major: 8,
+                minor: 0,
+                generation: 41
+            }]
+        );
+        std::fs::write(leaf.join("diskseq"), "42\n").expect("replacement generation");
+        let new = resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 1).expect("replacement leaf");
+        assert_ne!(old, new);
+        assert_eq!(new[0].generation, 42);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn overlapping_stacks_deduplicate_shared_physical_leaves() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let a = fixture.device("a", 8, 0, 1);
+        let b = fixture.device("b", 8, 16, 2);
+        let inner = fixture.device("dm-0", 253, 0, 3);
+        let outer = fixture.device("dm-1", 253, 1, 4);
+        fixture.link(&inner, &a, "a");
+        fixture.link(&inner, &b, "b");
+        fixture.link(&outer, &inner, "dm-0");
+        fixture.link(&outer, &a, "a-again");
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 0).expect("inner"),
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 1).expect("outer")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 1).expect("leaves").len(), 2);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_or_invalid_generation_never_falls_back_to_a_device_name() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let leaf = fixture.device("a", 8, 0, 1);
+        for value in ["0", "-1", "18446744073709551616", "+1"] {
+            std::fs::write(leaf.join("diskseq"), value).expect("bad generation");
+            assert!(resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 0).is_err(), "accepted {value}");
+        }
+        std::fs::remove_file(leaf.join("diskseq")).expect("missing generation");
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 0)
+                .expect_err("unknown generation")
+                .kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::NotFound
+        );
+        assert!(resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 99, 99).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn topology_cycles_and_escaping_links_are_rejected() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let a = fixture.device("a", 8, 0, 1);
+        let b = fixture.device("b", 8, 16, 2);
+        fixture.link(&a, &b, "b");
+        fixture.link(&b, &a, "a");
+        assert!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 0)
+                .expect_err("cycle")
+                .to_string()
+                .contains("cycle")
+        );
+        std::fs::remove_file(b.join("slaves/a")).expect("remove cycle edge");
+        fixture.link(&b, &fixture.0, "outside");
+        assert!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 0)
+                .expect_err("escape")
+                .to_string()
+                .contains("escapes")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn intermediate_mapping_changes_are_rejected_even_when_old_leaves_survive() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let a = fixture.device("a", 8, 0, 1);
+        let b = fixture.device("b", 8, 16, 2);
+        let mapper = fixture.device("dm-0", 253, 0, 3);
+        fixture.link(&mapper, &a, "backing");
+        let snapshot = TopologySnapshot::discover(&fixture.root(), 253, 0).expect("initial mapping");
+        snapshot.validate().expect("unchanged topology");
+        std::fs::remove_file(mapper.join("slaves/backing")).expect("replace mapping");
+        fixture.link(&mapper, &b, "backing");
+        assert_eq!(identity(&a).expect("old leaf still exists").generation, 1);
+        assert!(snapshot.validate().is_err(), "stable old leaves cannot certify a changed mapper");
+        let current = resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 0).expect("new complete mapping");
+        assert_eq!(current, vec![identity(&b).expect("new leaf")]);
+        let snapshot = TopologySnapshot::discover(&fixture.root(), 253, 0).expect("new mapping");
+        std::fs::write(mapper.join("diskseq"), "4\n").expect("replace mapper incarnation");
+        assert!(
+            snapshot.validate().is_err(),
+            "an intermediate generation change also invalidates discovery"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn entry_and_partition_changes_are_not_hidden_by_an_unchanged_parent() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        fixture.device("a", 8, 0, 1);
+        let partition = fixture.device("a/p1", 8, 1, 1);
+        std::fs::write(partition.join("partition"), "1\n").expect("partition index");
+        let snapshot = TopologySnapshot::discover(&fixture.root(), 8, 1).expect("partition topology");
+        std::fs::write(partition.join("partition"), "2\n").expect("changed partition");
+        assert!(snapshot.validate().is_err());
+        let b = fixture.device("b", 8, 16, 2);
+        let snapshot = TopologySnapshot::discover(&fixture.root(), 8, 0).expect("first entry");
+        let entry = fixture.root().join("dev/block/8:0");
+        std::fs::remove_file(&entry).expect("replace entry");
+        symlink(&b, &entry).expect("changed entry target");
+        assert!(snapshot.validate().is_err());
+        assert!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 8, 0).is_err(),
+            "entry device numbers must match"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn missing_slave_directory_is_unknown_not_a_physical_leaf() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let mapper = fixture.device("dm-0", 253, 0, 1);
+        std::fs::remove_dir(mapper.join("slaves")).expect("missing topology evidence");
+        assert!(resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 0).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn topology_depth_and_attribute_sizes_are_bounded() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let first = fixture.device("d0", 253, 0, 1);
+        let mut previous = first.clone();
+        for index in 1..=MAX_TOPOLOGY_DEPTH + 1 {
+            let child = fixture.device(&format!("d{index}"), 253, u32::try_from(index).expect("bounded index"), 1);
+            fixture.link(&previous, &child, "next");
+            previous = child;
+        }
+        assert!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 0)
+                .expect_err("depth bound")
+                .to_string()
+                .contains("deep")
+        );
+        std::fs::remove_file(first.join("slaves/next")).expect("make first node a leaf");
+        std::fs::write(first.join("diskseq"), "1".repeat(129)).expect("oversized attribute");
+        assert!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 0)
+                .expect_err("attribute bound")
+                .to_string()
+                .contains("attribute")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn exact_node_bound_passes_and_one_more_node_is_rejected() {
+        let fixture = Fixture::new();
+        let root = fixture.device("root", 253, 0, 1);
+        for index in 0..MAX_TOPOLOGY_NODES - 1 {
+            let leaf = fixture.device(&format!("leaf-{index}"), 8, u32::try_from(index).expect("bounded index"), 2);
+            fixture.link(&root, &leaf, &format!("leaf-{index}"));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 0)
+                .expect("exact node bound")
+                .len(),
+            MAX_TOPOLOGY_NODES - 1
+        );
+        let extra = fixture.device("extra", 9, 0, 3);
+        fixture.link(&root, &extra, "extra");
+        assert!(
+            resolve_physical_devices(&fixture.root(), 253, 0).is_err(),
+            "reject a graph above the node bound"
+        );
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+use std::io;
+use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Weak};
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptiveAdmission;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{AdaptiveAdmissionSnapshot, AdaptivePermit};
+
+use super::physical_identity::PhysicalDeviceIdentity;
+
+const MAX_PHYSICAL_OWNERS: usize = 256;
+
+/// Resolve aliases outside object work. The sampling owner serializes changes;
+/// attached handles and native permits never consult this registry.
+pub(super) struct PhysicalOwnerRegistry {
+    maximum: NonZeroU16,
+    owners: BTreeMap<PhysicalDeviceIdentity, Weak<AdaptiveAdmission>>,
+}
+
+/// One attachment to an existing physical capacity owner, not a reservation.
+/// The gate itself owns permit slots, so native permit clones keep a registry
+/// entry alive even after the last logical disk attachment disappears.
+pub(super) struct PhysicalDeviceAdmission {
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    identity: PhysicalDeviceIdentity,
+    gate: Arc<AdaptiveAdmission>,
+}
+
+impl PhysicalOwnerRegistry {
+    pub(super) fn new(maximum: NonZeroU16) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            maximum,
+            owners: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Old topology descriptors may still reference an unused gate. Close it
+    /// before reclaiming its registry slot; only admitted I/O keeps an absent
+    /// incarnation alive, and its final release still reaches the same owner.
+    pub(super) fn retire_absent(&mut self, current: &BTreeSet<PhysicalDeviceIdentity>) {
+        self.owners.retain(|identity, owner| {
+            let Some(gate) = owner.upgrade() else {
+                return false;
+            };
+            if current.contains(identity) {
+                return true;
+            }
+            gate.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+            gate.snapshot().active != 0
+        });
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn bind(&mut self, identities: &[PhysicalDeviceIdentity]) -> io::Result<Vec<PhysicalDeviceAdmission>> {
+        if identities.is_empty() || identities.len() > MAX_PHYSICAL_OWNERS || identities.iter().any(|id| id.generation == 0) {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "invalid physical capacity identities"));
+        }
+        let identities = identities.iter().copied().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+        self.owners.retain(|_, owner| owner.strong_count() != 0);
+        let new_owners = identities
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|identity| !self.owners.contains_key(identity))
+            .count();
+        if new_owners > MAX_PHYSICAL_OWNERS - self.owners.len() {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock, "physical capacity registry is full"));
+        }
+        Ok(identities
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|identity| {
+                let gate = self.owners.get(&identity).and_then(Weak::upgrade).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                    let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(self.maximum, 0);
+                    self.owners.insert(identity, Arc::downgrade(&gate));
+                    gate
+                });
+                PhysicalDeviceAdmission {
+                    #[cfg(test)]
+                    identity,
+                    gate,
+                }
+            })
+            .collect())
+    }
+
+    /// Only the sampling owner publishes capacity. New or expired identities
+    /// remain closed until a fresh observation establishes a bounded limit.
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(super) fn publish(&mut self, identity: PhysicalDeviceIdentity, limit: u32, valid_for: Duration) -> bool {
+        let Some(gate) = self.owners.get(&identity).and_then(Weak::upgrade) else {
+            return false;
+        };
+        gate.set_sampled_limit(limit, valid_for);
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl PhysicalDeviceAdmission {
+    pub(super) fn gate(&self) -> &Arc<AdaptiveAdmission> {
+        &self.gate
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(super) fn identity(&self) -> PhysicalDeviceIdentity {
+        self.identity
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(super) fn snapshot(&self) -> AdaptiveAdmissionSnapshot {
+        self.gate.snapshot()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(super) fn try_acquire(&self) -> Option<AdaptivePermit> {
+        self.gate.try_acquire()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn device(minor: u32, generation: u64) -> PhysicalDeviceIdentity {
+        PhysicalDeviceIdentity {
+            major: 259,
+            minor,
+            generation,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn registry() -> PhysicalOwnerRegistry {
+        PhysicalOwnerRegistry::new(NonZeroU16::new(2).expect("two units"))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn aliases_and_overlapping_stacks_share_one_physical_capacity() {
+        let mut registry = registry();
+        let a = device(1, 11);
+        let b = device(2, 12);
+        let single = registry.bind(&[a]).expect("single device");
+        let stack = registry.bind(&[b, a, a]).expect("overlapping stack");
+        assert_eq!(stack.len(), 2, "duplicates cannot reserve additional units");
+        assert_eq!(stack[0].identity(), a);
+        assert!(single[0].try_acquire().is_none(), "unobserved capacity is closed");
+        assert!(registry.publish(a, 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        let held = single[0].try_acquire().expect("physical unit");
+        assert!(stack[0].try_acquire().is_none(), "the alias cannot double the capacity");
+        assert_eq!(stack[0].snapshot().active, 1);
+        drop(held);
+        assert!(stack[0].try_acquire().is_some());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn native_tail_keeps_the_owner_alive_after_all_attachments_are_gone() {
+        let mut registry = registry();
+        let id = device(1, 11);
+        let attachment = registry.bind(&[id]).expect("logical disk");
+        assert!(registry.publish(id, 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        let waiter = attachment[0].try_acquire().expect("admitted work");
+        let native = waiter.clone();
+        drop(waiter);
+        drop(attachment);
+        let reconnected = registry.bind(&[id]).expect("reconnect during native I/O");
+        assert_eq!(reconnected[0].snapshot().active, 1);
+        assert!(reconnected[0].try_acquire().is_none());
+        drop(native);
+        assert!(reconnected[0].try_acquire().is_some(), "only the final native release returns capacity");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn replacement_generation_does_not_receive_old_native_refunds() {
+        let mut registry = registry();
+        let old_id = device(1, 11);
+        let new_id = device(1, 12);
+        let old = registry.bind(&[old_id]).expect("old incarnation");
+        assert!(registry.publish(old_id, 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        let native = old[0].try_acquire().expect("old native I/O");
+        drop(old);
+        let new = registry.bind(&[new_id]).expect("replacement incarnation");
+        assert_eq!(new[0].snapshot().active, 0);
+        assert!(new[0].try_acquire().is_none());
+        assert!(registry.publish(new_id, 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        let current = new[0].try_acquire().expect("new work");
+        drop(native);
+        assert_eq!(new[0].snapshot().active, 1, "old completion cannot refund the replacement");
+        assert!(new[0].try_acquire().is_none());
+        drop(current);
+        assert_eq!(new[0].snapshot().active, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn shrink_and_expiry_preserve_active_units_and_leave_other_disks_available() {
+        let mut registry = registry();
+        let a = device(1, 11);
+        let b = device(2, 12);
+        let disks = registry.bind(&[a, b]).expect("two physical disks");
+        assert!(registry.publish(a, 2, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        assert!(registry.publish(b, 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        let first = disks[0].try_acquire().expect("first unit");
+        let second = disks[0].try_acquire().expect("second unit");
+        assert!(registry.publish(a, 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        assert_eq!(disks[0].snapshot().active, 2);
+        assert!(disks[0].try_acquire().is_none());
+        assert!(disks[1].try_acquire().is_some(), "a stalled disk cannot consume another disk's capacity");
+        assert!(registry.publish(a, 2, Duration::ZERO));
+        assert_eq!(disks[0].snapshot().limit, 0);
+        assert_eq!(disks[0].snapshot().active, 2);
+        drop((first, second));
+        assert!(disks[0].try_acquire().is_none(), "expired observations do not reopen after completion");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn registry_bound_preserves_live_native_owners_and_reclaims_only_dead_entries() {
+        let mut registry = registry();
+        let ids = (0..MAX_PHYSICAL_OWNERS)
+            .map(|minor| device(u32::try_from(minor).expect("bounded minor"), 1))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let attachments = registry.bind(&ids).expect("exact registry bound");
+        let extra = device(999, 1);
+        assert!(matches!(registry.bind(&[extra]), Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock));
+        assert_eq!(registry.owners.len(), MAX_PHYSICAL_OWNERS, "failed binding must not add partial owners");
+        assert!(registry.publish(ids[0], 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        let native = attachments[0].try_acquire().expect("native tail");
+        drop(attachments);
+        let replacement = registry.bind(&[extra]).expect("dead owners reclaimed");
+        assert_eq!(registry.owners.len(), 2, "the native tail still owns its original entry");
+        let original = registry.bind(&[ids[0]]).expect("original native owner");
+        assert_eq!(original[0].snapshot().active, 1);
+        drop((native, original, replacement));
+        assert!(!registry.publish(extra, 1, Duration::from_secs(60)), "a dead owner cannot be refreshed");
+        assert!(registry.bind(&[]).is_err());
+        assert!(registry.bind(&[device(1, 0)]).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn retirement_reclaims_idle_descriptors_but_keeps_active_native_incarnations() {
+        let mut registry = registry();
+        let ids = (0..MAX_PHYSICAL_OWNERS)
+            .map(|minor| device(u32::try_from(minor).expect("bounded minor"), 1))
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let descriptors = registry.bind(&ids).expect("full registry");
+        assert!(registry.publish(ids[0], 1, Duration::from_secs(60)));
+        let native = descriptors[0].try_acquire().expect("active old incarnation");
+        let mut current = ids[2..].iter().copied().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>();
+        registry.retire_absent(&current);
+        assert_eq!(registry.owners.len(), MAX_PHYSICAL_OWNERS - 1);
+        assert_eq!(descriptors[0].snapshot().active, 1);
+        assert!(descriptors[0].try_acquire().is_none());
+        assert!(descriptors[1].try_acquire().is_none());
+        let first = device(0, 2);
+        let second = device(1, 2);
+        let replacement = registry.bind(&[first]).expect("idle descriptor was reclaimed");
+        current.insert(first);
+        assert!(matches!(registry.bind(&[second]), Err(error) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock));
+        drop(native);
+        registry.retire_absent(&current);
+        let next = registry.bind(&[second]).expect("final native release permits reclamation");
+        assert_eq!(replacement[0].snapshot().active, 0);
+        assert_eq!(next[0].snapshot().active, 0);
+        assert_eq!(descriptors[0].snapshot().active, 0);
+        assert!(
+            !registry.publish(ids[0], 1, Duration::from_secs(60)),
+            "retired identity cannot be refreshed"
+        );
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+use super::{PhysicalDiskBinding, ResourceIoUnit};
+use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{
+    NodeAdmission,
+    permit_set::{NodeResourceCompletion, NodeResourcePermit},
+};
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::io;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+tokio::task_local! {
+    static REMOTE_RESOURCES: RemoteBackgroundIo;
+}
+
+/// Receiver-owned admission for an authenticated background RPC. The owner must
+/// be the same node controller used by local Scanner and Heal work.
+pub struct RemoteBackgroundIo {
+    node: Arc<NodeAdmission>,
+    admitted: RefCell<Option<NodeResourcePermit>>,
+    progressed: Cell<bool>,
+    finished: Cell<bool>,
+}
+
+impl RemoteBackgroundIo {
+    pub fn new(node: Arc<NodeAdmission>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            node,
+            admitted: RefCell::new(None),
+            progressed: Cell::new(false),
+            finished: Cell::new(false),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Move the request's reservations into its existing stream producer.
+    /// Only physical subsets may be cloned into native I/O; never its node unit.
+    pub fn take_current() -> Option<Self> {
+        REMOTE_RESOURCES
+            .try_with(|context| Self {
+                node: context.node.clone(),
+                admitted: RefCell::new(context.admitted.take()),
+                progressed: Cell::new(context.progressed.replace(false)),
+                finished: Cell::new(false),
+            })
+            .ok()
+    }
+
+    /// Defer a response's progress without keeping async admission alive while
+    /// its body streams. The reader retains its own native resource ownership.
+    pub fn take_current_completion() -> Option<NodeResourceCompletion> {
+        REMOTE_RESOURCES
+            .try_with(|context| {
+                let admitted = context.admitted.take();
+                if context.progressed.replace(false) {
+                    admitted.map(NodeResourcePermit::into_completion)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+    }
+
+    /// A failed response or cancelled producer must not credit earlier phases.
+    pub fn discard_current_progress() {
+        let _ = REMOTE_RESOURCES.try_with(|context| context.progressed.set(false));
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for RemoteBackgroundIo {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if self.finished.get()
+            && self.progressed.get()
+            && let Some(permit) = self.admitted.get_mut().take()
+        {
+            permit.complete();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Scope a verified request or its stream producer. An interrupted request
+/// returns node capacity while native jobs retain their selected physical units.
+pub async fn with_remote_background_io<F: Future>(context: Option<RemoteBackgroundIo>, operation: F) -> F::Output {
+    match context {
+        Some(context) => {
+            REMOTE_RESOURCES
+                .scope(context, async {
+                    let result = operation.await;
+                    REMOTE_RESOURCES.with(|context| context.finished.set(true));
+                    result
+                })
+                .await
+        }
+        None => operation.await,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn active() -> bool {
+    REMOTE_RESOURCES.try_with(|_| ()).is_ok()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn resources() -> Option<ResourceIoUnit> {
+    REMOTE_RESOURCES
+        .try_with(|context| {
+            context
+                .admitted
+                .borrow()
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|permit| ResourceIoUnit::from(permit.resources().clone()))
+        })
+        .ok()
+        .flatten()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn record_progress() {
+    let _ = REMOTE_RESOURCES.try_with(|context| context.progressed.set(true));
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn admit(binding: &PhysicalDiskBinding) -> io::Result<()> {
+    REMOTE_RESOURCES
+        .try_with(|context| {
+            let deferred = || io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+            let plan = binding.plan().ok_or_else(deferred)?;
+            let mut admitted = context.admitted.borrow_mut();
+            if let Some(permit) = admitted.as_ref() {
+                // Reuse the request's receipt for append/read/rename phases at
+                // capacity one. Additional attachments never wait under locks.
+                let native = plan.capture_or_acquire_native(permit.resources()).map_err(|_| deferred())?;
+                drop(native);
+                if !plan.is_current() {
+                    return Err(deferred());
+                }
+            } else {
+                *admitted = Some(plan.try_acquire(&context.node).ok_or_else(deferred)?);
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(Ok(()))
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{
+        AdaptiveAdmission, FeedbackController, FeedbackObservation, ResourcePressure, permit_set::AdaptivePermitSetOwner,
+    };
+    use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+    fn node() -> Arc<NodeAdmission> {
+        let node = NodeAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN);
+        node.update(
+            &mut FeedbackController::new(),
+            Some(FeedbackObservation {
+                generation: 1,
+                max_concurrency: 1,
+                pressure: ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+                completed_units: None,
+            }),
+        );
+        node
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn receiver_reuses_one_receipt_across_phases_and_releases_only_native_subsets() {
+        let node = node();
+        let a = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let b = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let shared = AdaptivePermitSetOwner::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, vec![a.clone(), b.clone()]).expect("device catalog");
+        let first = PhysicalDiskBinding::default();
+        let second = PhysicalDiskBinding::default();
+        first
+            .set_test_shared_capacity(shared.clone(), vec![a.clone()])
+            .expect("device A");
+        second.set_test_shared_capacity(shared, vec![b.clone()]).expect("device B");
+
+        let native = with_remote_background_io(Some(RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node.clone())), async {
+            assert!(resources().is_none(), "no physical work before target selection");
+            admit(&first).expect("first phase");
+            let admitted = resources().expect("admitted resources");
+            let native = first
+                .plan()
+                .expect("current plan")
+                .capture_native(admitted.as_set().expect("resource set"))
+                .expect("escaped native read");
+            admit(&first).expect("second phase reuses capacity while the first reader lives");
+            admit(&second).expect("additional selected device");
+            assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, a.snapshot().active, b.snapshot().active], [1, 1, 1]);
+            record_progress();
+            native
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, a.snapshot().active, b.snapshot().active], [0, 1, 0]);
+        assert_eq!([node.completed(), a.completed(), b.completed()], [Some(1), Some(1), Some(1)]);
+        drop(native);
+        assert_eq!(a.snapshot().active, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn receiver_cancellation_returns_node_but_not_escaped_native_capacity() {
+        let node = node();
+        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let binding = PhysicalDiskBinding::default();
+        binding.set_test_capacity(vec![gate.clone()]).expect("device plan");
+        let (sender, receiver) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+        let task = tokio::spawn(with_remote_background_io(Some(RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node.clone())), async move {
+            admit(&binding).expect("receiver admission");
+            let admitted = resources().expect("receiver resources");
+            let native = binding
+                .plan()
+                .expect("plan")
+                .capture_native(admitted.as_set().expect("set"))
+                .expect("native subset");
+            sender.send(native).expect("native owner receiver");
+            record_progress();
+            std::future::pending::<()>().await;
+        }));
+        let native = receiver.await.expect("native read ownership");
+        task.abort();
+        assert!(task.await.expect_err("cancel request").is_cancelled());
+        assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 1]);
+        assert_eq!([node.completed(), gate.completed()], [Some(0), Some(0)]);
+        drop(native);
+        assert_eq!(gate.snapshot().active, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn receiver_defers_stream_progress_without_retaining_node_capacity() {
+        for (progressed, succeeds) in [(false, true), (true, false), (true, true)] {
+            let node = node();
+            let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+            let binding = PhysicalDiskBinding::default();
+            binding.set_test_capacity(vec![gate.clone()]).expect("device plan");
+            let completion = with_remote_background_io(Some(RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node.clone())), async {
+                admit(&binding).expect("receiver admission");
+                if progressed {
+                    record_progress();
+                }
+                let completion = RemoteBackgroundIo::take_current_completion();
+                assert!(RemoteBackgroundIo::take_current_completion().is_none(), "single progress owner");
+                assert!(resources().is_none());
+                completion
+            })
+            .await;
+            assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+            assert_eq!([node.completed(), gate.completed()], [Some(0), Some(0)]);
+            assert_eq!(completion.is_some(), progressed);
+            if succeeds && let Some(completion) = completion {
+                completion.complete();
+            }
+            let expected = u64::from(progressed && succeeds);
+            assert_eq!([node.completed(), gate.completed()], [Some(expected), Some(expected)]);
+        }
+        assert!(
+            RemoteBackgroundIo::take_current_completion().is_none(),
+            "foreground has no progress owner"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn receiver_failed_completion_does_not_credit_successful_preparation() {
+        let node = node();
+        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let binding = PhysicalDiskBinding::default();
+        binding.set_test_capacity(vec![gate.clone()]).expect("device plan");
+        with_remote_background_io(Some(RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node.clone())), async {
+            admit(&binding).expect("receiver admission");
+            record_progress();
+            RemoteBackgroundIo::discard_current_progress();
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!([node.completed(), gate.completed()], [Some(0), Some(0)]);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn receiver_stream_transfer_moves_node_ownership_and_defers_unavailable_devices() {
+        let node = node();
+        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 0);
+        let binding = PhysicalDiskBinding::default();
+        binding.set_test_capacity(vec![gate.clone()]).expect("device plan");
+        let context = with_remote_background_io(Some(RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node.clone())), async {
+            assert_eq!(admit(&binding).expect_err("closed device").kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+            assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+            gate.set_limit(1);
+            admit(&binding).expect("opened device");
+            let context = RemoteBackgroundIo::take_current().expect("stream context");
+            assert!(resources().is_none(), "request cannot keep a second node owner");
+            context
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [1, 1]);
+        assert_eq!(node.completed(), Some(0));
+        with_remote_background_io(Some(context), async {
+            admit(&binding).expect("stream reuses the request's receipt");
+            binding
+                .set_test_capacity(vec![AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1)])
+                .expect("replace physical device");
+            assert_eq!(
+                admit(&binding).expect_err("old receipt cannot cross topology").kind(),
+                io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock
+            );
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(node.completed(), Some(0), "admission alone is not completed work");
+    }
+}
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use super::{
    should_remove_staged_meta_before_commit, skip_access_checks, tmp_staging_mutation_path,
 };
 #[cfg(test)]
-use super::{run_inline_before_file_sync_admission, run_owned_file_write_before_open, run_rename_data_after_first_publication};
+use super::{run_inline_before_file_sync_admission, run_owned_file_before_open, run_rename_data_after_first_publication};
 use crate::crash_inject::{self, CrashPoint};
 use crate::disk::{
    QUOTA_MUTATION_FENCE_METADATA_SUFFIX, RenameDataResp, STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE, STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE_BACKUP, SnapshotLeaseToken,
@@ -329,6 +329,38 @@ pub(super) async fn lock_rename_commit_directories(
    result.map_err(to_file_error).map_err(DiskError::from)
 }

+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn prepare_rename_commit_and_destination_metadata_std(
+    create_source_parent: bool,
+    source_parent: &Path,
+    destination_parent: &Path,
+    destination_metadata: &Path,
+    base_dir: &Path,
+    publication_root: &os::PublicationRoot,
+) -> std::io::Result<(os::RenameCommitGuard, Option<Bytes>)> {
+    if create_source_parent {
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(source_parent)?;
+    }
+    let guard = match os::prepare_rename_commit_guard(source_parent, destination_parent, base_dir, publication_root) {
+        Ok(guard) => guard,
+        Err(err) => {
+            return Err(match std::fs::symlink_metadata(base_dir) {
+                Err(base_err) if base_err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => base_err,
+                _ => err,
+            });
+        }
+    };
+    let data = os::read_destination_file_with_commit_guard(destination_metadata, &guard)?;
+    Ok((guard, data.map(Bytes::from)))
+}
+
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+enum FusedCommitAttempt {
+    Committed(RenameDataResp),
+    CommitErr(DiskError),
+    Fallback(os::RenameCommitGuard, Option<Bytes>, FileInfo),
+}
+
 async fn prepare_rename_commit_and_destination_metadata(
    create_source_parent: bool,
    source_parent: &Path,
@@ -571,6 +603,9 @@ impl LocalDisk {
                return Err(err);
            }
        }
+        if dst_volume == crate::disk::RUSTFS_META_BUCKET {
+            crate::bucket::metadata_sys::bump_local_meta_mutation_gen();
+        }
        if fi.is_legacy_indexed_delete_marker() {
            fi.erasure.index = 0;
        }
@@ -698,6 +733,216 @@ impl LocalDisk {
        let dst_file_parent = dst_file_path
            .parent()
            .ok_or_else(|| DiskError::other("missing object metadata parent"))?;
+
+        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+        let (rename_commit_guard, has_dst_buf) = if !preserve_upload_metadata
+            && multipart_publication.is_none()
+            && pool_meta_condition.is_none()
+            && !fi_healing
+            && !os::dst_dir_fsync_group_commit_enabled()
+            && !os::file_fdatasync_group_commit_enabled()
+            && !super::has_rename_data_test_failpoints(dst_path)
+            && !crash_inject::is_armed(CrashPoint::RenameAfterDataRename, dst_path)
+            && !crash_inject::is_armed(CrashPoint::RenameAfterBackupBeforeMetaCommit, dst_path)
+            && !crash_inject::is_armed(CrashPoint::RenameAfterMetaCommit, dst_path)
+            && !super::has_delete_version_test_failpoints()
+        {
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            if !no_inline {
+                run_inline_before_file_sync_admission(dst_path);
+            }
+            let sync_data_shards = no_inline && durability.syncs_data_shards();
+            let sync_commit_metadata = durability.syncs_commit_metadata();
+            let file_sync_admission = if sync_data_shards || sync_commit_metadata {
+                Some(
+                    os::acquire_file_sync_admission(self.file_sync_permits.clone())
+                        .await
+                        .map_err(to_file_error)
+                        .map_err(DiskError::from)?,
+                )
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            let src_parent_owned = src_file_parent.to_path_buf();
+            let dst_parent_owned = dst_file_parent.to_path_buf();
+            let src_file_path_owned = src_file_path.clone();
+            let dst_file_path_owned = dst_file_path.clone();
+            let dst_volume_dir_owned = dst_volume_dir.clone();
+            let publication_root_owned = self.publication_root.clone();
+            let has_data_dir_path_owned = has_data_dir_path.clone();
+            let dst_volume_str = dst_volume.to_string();
+            let dst_path_str = dst_path.to_string();
+            let fi_moved = fi;
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            let root_owned = self.root.clone();
+
+            let fused_attempt = move |is_cancelled: &dyn Fn() -> bool| -> std::io::Result<FusedCommitAttempt> {
+                let (guard, has_dst_buf) = prepare_rename_commit_and_destination_metadata_std(
+                    !no_inline,
+                    &src_parent_owned,
+                    &dst_parent_owned,
+                    &dst_file_path_owned,
+                    &dst_volume_dir_owned,
+                    &publication_root_owned,
+                )?;
+                // An existing xl.meta can share versions or require rollback
+                // restoration when a post-rename directory sync fails.
+                if is_cancelled() || (sync_commit_metadata && has_dst_buf.is_some()) {
+                    return Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::Fallback(guard, has_dst_buf, fi_moved));
+                }
+                let mut xlmeta = FileMeta::new();
+                let mut dst_meta_unparsable = false;
+                if let Some(ref dst_buf) = has_dst_buf {
+                    if FileMeta::is_xl2_v1_format(dst_buf)
+                        && let Ok(nmeta) = FileMeta::load(dst_buf)
+                    {
+                        xlmeta = nmeta;
+                    } else {
+                        dst_meta_unparsable = true;
+                    }
+                }
+                let version_id = fi_moved.version_id.unwrap_or_default();
+                let has_old_data_dir = xlmeta.find_unshared_data_dir_for_version(Some(version_id));
+                let rollback_data_dir = has_old_data_dir.or_else(|| {
+                    if has_dst_buf.is_some() && xlmeta.find_version(Some(version_id)).is_ok() {
+                        Some(inline_metadata_rollback_dir(version_id, &xlmeta))
+                    } else {
+                        None
+                    }
+                });
+                if rollback_data_dir.is_some() {
+                    return Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::Fallback(guard, has_dst_buf, fi_moved));
+                }
+                let (old_current_size, old_current_source_checked, old_current_source) = observe_old_current(
+                    has_dst_buf.is_some(),
+                    dst_meta_unparsable,
+                    &xlmeta,
+                    &dst_volume_str,
+                    &dst_path_str,
+                    version_id,
+                );
+                xlmeta.add_version(fi_moved)?;
+                let version_signature = rename_data_versions_signature(&xlmeta);
+                let new_dst_buf = xlmeta.marshal_msg().map_err(std::io::Error::other)?;
+                let destination_was_absent = has_dst_buf.is_none();
+                let mut skip_parent = dst_volume_dir_owned.clone();
+                if has_dst_buf.is_some() {
+                    skip_parent = dst_parent_owned.clone();
+                }
+
+                let mut prepared_metadata_source =
+                    os::create_prepared_rename_source_with_commit_guard(&src_file_path_owned, &dst_file_path_owned, &guard)?;
+                prepared_metadata_source.write_all(&new_dst_buf, sync_commit_metadata)?;
+
+                if no_inline {
+                    if sync_data_shards && let Some((src_data_path, _)) = has_data_dir_path_owned.as_ref() {
+                        let sync_result = if super::take_presynced_tmp_data_dir(src_data_path) {
+                            // The payload was synced, but its part.1 directory entry
+                            // must also be persisted before moving the data directory.
+                            os::fsync_dir_std(src_data_path)
+                        } else {
+                            os::sync_dir_files_std(src_data_path)
+                        };
+                        if let Err(err) = sync_result
+                            && err.kind() != ErrorKind::NotFound
+                        {
+                            return Err(err);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if let Some((src_data_path, dst_data_path)) = has_data_dir_path_owned.as_ref()
+                        && let Err(err) = os::rename_all_with_commit_guard_on_thread(src_data_path, dst_data_path, &guard)
+                    {
+                        return Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::CommitErr(err));
+                    }
+                    #[cfg(test)]
+                    if has_data_dir_path_owned.is_some() {
+                        run_rename_data_after_first_publication(&root_owned, &dst_volume_str, &dst_path_str);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if let Err(err) = os::rename_prepared_source_on_thread(
+                    prepared_metadata_source,
+                    &src_file_path_owned,
+                    &dst_file_path_owned,
+                    &skip_parent,
+                    &publication_root_owned,
+                    &guard,
+                ) {
+                    if no_inline && let Some((src_data_path, dst_data_path)) = has_data_dir_path_owned.as_ref() {
+                        let _ = std::fs::rename(dst_data_path, src_data_path);
+                    }
+                    return Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::CommitErr(err));
+                }
+
+                if sync_commit_metadata
+                    && let Err(err) =
+                        fsync_inline_commit_std(&dst_file_path_owned, &dst_volume_dir_owned, destination_was_absent, None, &guard)
+                {
+                    if no_inline && let Some((src_data_path, dst_data_path)) = has_data_dir_path_owned.as_ref() {
+                        let _ = std::fs::rename(dst_data_path, src_data_path);
+                    }
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+
+                if let Some(parent) = src_file_path_owned.parent() {
+                    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir(parent);
+                }
+
+                Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::Committed(RenameDataResp {
+                    multipart_source: None,
+                    old_data_dir: None,
+                    rollback_data_dir: None,
+                    cleanup_data_dir: None,
+                    sign: version_signature,
+                    old_current_size,
+                    old_current_source_checked,
+                    old_current_source,
+                }))
+            };
+
+            let attempt_res = if let Some(admission) = file_sync_admission.as_ref() {
+                os::run_cancellable_blocking_namespace_file_sync_operation(mutation_lease.clone(), admission, fused_attempt).await
+            } else {
+                os::run_cancellable_blocking_namespace_operation(mutation_lease.clone(), fused_attempt).await
+            }
+            .map_err(to_file_error)
+            .map_err(DiskError::from);
+            drop(file_sync_admission);
+            match attempt_res {
+                Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::Committed(resp)) => {
+                    for part_path in &invalidate_part_paths {
+                        self.io_backend.invalidate_cached_fd(dst_volume, part_path).await;
+                    }
+                    #[cfg(unix)]
+                    if let Some(receipt_mutation) = receipt_mutation.as_mut() {
+                        receipt_mutation.complete();
+                    }
+                    return Ok(resp);
+                }
+                Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::CommitErr(err)) | Err(err) => {
+                    for part_path in &invalidate_part_paths {
+                        self.io_backend.invalidate_cached_fd(dst_volume, part_path).await;
+                    }
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+                Ok(FusedCommitAttempt::Fallback(guard, dst_buf, restored_fi)) => {
+                    fi = restored_fi;
+                    (guard, dst_buf)
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            prepare_rename_commit_and_destination_metadata(
+                !no_inline && !preserve_upload_metadata,
+                src_file_parent,
+                dst_file_parent,
+                &dst_file_path,
+                &dst_volume_dir,
+                &self.publication_root,
+                mutation_lease.clone(),
+            )
+            .await?
+        };
+        #[cfg(not(target_os = "linux"))]
        // Acquire the common trees before reading destination metadata. On
        // Windows this pins the object directory identity across publication.
        // Multipart authority already created its source tree. Recreating it
@@ -840,7 +1085,7 @@ impl LocalDisk {
                async move {
                    os::run_blocking_namespace_operation(owned_mutation_lease, move || {
                        #[cfg(test)]
-                        run_owned_file_write_before_open(&src_file_path);
+                        run_owned_file_before_open(&src_file_path);
                        let mut prepared_metadata_source = os::create_prepared_rename_source_with_commit_guard(
                            &src_file_path,
                            &dst_file_path,
@@ -1026,7 +1271,7 @@ impl LocalDisk {
                // deterministic rollback backup.
                let write_result = os::run_blocking_namespace_operation(commit.mutation_lease.clone(), move || {
                    #[cfg(test)]
-                    run_owned_file_write_before_open(&backup_path);
+                    run_owned_file_before_open(&backup_path);
                    backup_path_guard.write_file_for_path_access(
                        &backup_path,
                        backup_bytes.as_ref(),
@@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@ impl LocalDisk {
                    continue;
                };
                #[cfg(test)]
-                run_owned_file_write_before_open(&record_destination.join(name));
+                run_owned_file_before_open(&record_destination.join(name));
                let mut file = std::fs::File::create(staged.path().join(name))?;
                std::io::Write::write_all(&mut file, bytes)?;
                if sync && !bytes.is_empty() {
@@ -1795,7 +1795,7 @@ impl LocalDisk {
                        self.write_all_meta_with_namespace_owner(
                            volume,
                            &format!("{object}/{STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE}"),
-                            &target,
+                            target,
                            true,
                            owner.clone(),
                        )
@@ -2090,6 +2090,474 @@ impl LocalDisk {
    pub(super) async fn delete_recovery_barrier(&self, volume: &str, object: &str, transaction: Uuid, stage: &str) -> Result<()> {
        barrier(volume, object, transaction, stage, &self.root).await
    }
+
+    pub(super) async fn try_fused_recoverable_delete_version(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        fi: &FileInfo,
+        opts: &DeleteOptions,
+        transaction: Uuid,
+        owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<()>> {
+        if !opts.recoverable_delete
+            || opts.undo_write
+            || opts.expected_delete_marker.is_some()
+            || pool_meta_native::is_object(&self.root, volume, object)
+            || has_delete_version_test_failpoints()
+        {
+            return Ok(None);
+        }
+        self.reject_multipart_delete_recovery_mutation(volume, object)?;
+        self.wait_for_startup_cleanup().await;
+
+        let (_, file_path) = self.io_get_bucket_and_object_path(volume, object)?;
+        check_path_length(file_path.to_string_lossy().as_ref())?;
+        let xl_path = path_join(&[file_path.as_path(), Path::new(STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE)]);
+        let destination = file_path.join(transaction.to_string());
+        let staging_root = self.io_get_bucket_path(RUSTFS_META_TMP_BUCKET)?;
+        let sync = effective_durability(volume).syncs_commit_metadata();
+        let incarnation = opts.delete_recovery_bucket_incarnation;
+        let lease = os::acquire_namespace_mutation_lease_with_owner(&destination, owner).await;
+        let fi_clone = fi.clone();
+        let volume_str = volume.to_owned();
+        let object_str = object.to_owned();
+
+        let res = os::run_blocking_namespace_operation_with_sync(
+            lease,
+            sync,
+            move || -> std::io::Result<Result<Option<Option<Uuid>>>> {
+                let buf = match std::fs::read(&xl_path) {
+                    Ok(buf) => buf,
+                    Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => return Ok(Ok(None)),
+                    Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                };
+                let (old_dir, journal_raw) = match (|| -> Result<Option<(Option<Uuid>, Vec<u8>)>> {
+                    let mut meta = FileMeta::load(&buf)?;
+                    let deleted_versions: Vec<_> = meta
+                        .versions
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|v| v.header.version_id.unwrap_or_default())
+                        .collect();
+                    let original_versions: Vec<_> = meta
+                        .versions
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|v| generation(v.into_fileinfo(&volume_str, &object_str, true)?))
+                        .collect::<Result<_>>()?;
+                    let old_dir = meta.delete_version(&fi_clone)?;
+                    if old_dir.is_some_and(|dir| dir == transaction || dir.is_nil()) {
+                        return Err(DiskError::FileCorrupt);
+                    }
+                    if let Some(uuid) = old_dir {
+                        meta.data.remove(vec![fi_clone.version_id.unwrap_or_default(), uuid])?;
+                        let old_path = path_join(&[file_path.as_path(), Path::new(uuid.to_string().as_str())]);
+                        check_path_length(old_path.to_string_lossy().as_ref())?;
+                        if old_path.join(STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE).exists() {
+                            return Ok(None);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if !meta.versions.is_empty() {
+                        return Ok(None);
+                    }
+                    let mut predecessors = BTreeSet::new();
+                    if let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(&file_path) {
+                        for (visited, entry) in entries.enumerate() {
+                            if visited >= 65536 {
+                                return Err(DiskError::DiskOngoingReq);
+                            }
+                            let entry = entry.map_err(to_file_error)?;
+                            let Some(id) = entry
+                                .file_name()
+                                .to_str()
+                                .and_then(|name| Uuid::parse_str(name).ok())
+                                .filter(|id| !id.is_nil() && *id != transaction)
+                            else {
+                                continue;
+                            };
+                            if !entry.file_type().map_err(to_file_error)?.is_dir() {
+                                return Err(DiskError::InvalidPath);
+                            }
+                            let prepared = regular_bytes(&entry.path().join(PREPARED))?;
+                            let receipt = regular_bytes(&entry.path().join(DELETE_QUORUM_COMMITTED_FILE))?;
+                            let mut records = Vec::new();
+                            if let Some(bytes) = prepared {
+                                records.push(
+                                    serde_json::from_slice::<DeleteRecoveryJournal>(&bytes)
+                                        .map_err(|_| DiskError::FileCorrupt)?,
+                                );
+                            }
+                            if let Some(bytes) = receipt.filter(|bytes| !bytes.is_empty()) {
+                                records.push(
+                                    serde_json::from_slice::<CommitReceipt>(&bytes)
+                                        .map_err(|_| DiskError::FileCorrupt)?
+                                        .journal,
+                                );
+                            }
+                            for record in records {
+                                if record.protocol_version != DELETE_RECOVERY_PROTOCOL_VERSION
+                                    || record.volume != volume_str
+                                    || record.object != object_str
+                                    || record.transaction != id
+                                    || incarnation.zip(record.bucket_incarnation).is_some_and(|(a, b)| a != b)
+                                    || record.predecessors.iter().any(|before| before.is_nil() || *before == id)
+                                {
+                                    return Err(DiskError::FileCorrupt);
+                                }
+                                predecessors.insert(id);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    let mut sparse = fi_clone;
+                    sparse.data = None;
+                    let journal = DeleteRecoveryJournal {
+                        protocol_version: DELETE_RECOVERY_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
+                        volume: volume_str,
+                        object: object_str,
+                        transaction,
+                        bucket_incarnation: incarnation,
+                        original_digest: Some(digest(&buf)),
+                        target_digest: None,
+                        data_dirs: old_dir.into_iter().collect(),
+                        deleted_versions,
+                        requests: vec![sparse],
+                        original_versions,
+                        predecessors: predecessors.into_iter().collect(),
+                    };
+                    Ok(Some((old_dir, journal_bytes(&journal)?)))
+                })() {
+                    Ok(Some(pair)) => pair,
+                    Ok(None) => return Ok(Ok(None)),
+                    Err(err) => return Ok(Err(err)),
+                };
+                std::fs::create_dir_all(&staging_root)?;
+                let staged = tempfile::Builder::new()
+                    .prefix("delete-preparation-")
+                    .tempdir_in(&staging_root)?;
+                for (name, bytes) in [
+                    (STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE_BACKUP, buf.as_slice()),
+                    (PREPARED, journal_raw.as_slice()),
+                ] {
+                    let mut file = std::fs::File::create(staged.path().join(name))?;
+                    std::io::Write::write_all(&mut file, bytes)?;
+                    if sync && !bytes.is_empty() {
+                        file.sync_data()?;
+                    }
+                }
+                if sync {
+                    os::fsync_dir_std(staged.path())?;
+                }
+                match std::fs::symlink_metadata(&destination) {
+                    Ok(metadata) if metadata.is_dir() => match std::fs::remove_dir(&destination) {
+                        Ok(()) => {}
+                        Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                        Err(err) if is_dir_not_empty_error(&err) => return Ok(Err(DiskError::OutdatedXLMeta)),
+                        Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                    },
+                    Ok(_) => return Ok(Err(DiskError::OutdatedXLMeta)),
+                    Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                    Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                }
+                if let Some(parent) = destination.parent() {
+                    std::fs::create_dir_all(parent)?;
+                }
+                std::fs::rename(staged.path(), &destination)?;
+                if sync {
+                    os::fsync_dir_std(&file_path)?;
+                }
+                let mut reserved_data_path = None;
+                if let Some(uuid) = old_dir {
+                    let old_path = file_path.join(uuid.to_string());
+                    if old_path.is_dir() {
+                        let reserved_marker = old_path.join(format!("{RESERVED_DELETE_DATA_DIR_MARKER_PREFIX}{transaction}"));
+                        let marker = std::fs::File::create(&reserved_marker)?;
+                        if sync {
+                            marker.sync_all()?;
+                            os::fsync_dir_std(&old_path)?;
+                        }
+                        reserved_data_path = Some((old_path, reserved_marker));
+                    }
+                }
+                if let Err(err) = std::fs::remove_file(&xl_path)
+                    && err.kind() != ErrorKind::NotFound
+                {
+                    if let Some((_, reserved_marker)) = &reserved_data_path {
+                        let _ = std::fs::remove_file(reserved_marker);
+                    }
+                    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&destination);
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+                if sync {
+                    os::fsync_dir_std(&file_path)?;
+                }
+                if let Some((old_path, reserved_marker)) = reserved_data_path {
+                    let recovery_marker = old_path.join(format!("{RECOVERY_DELETE_DATA_DIR_MARKER_PREFIX}{transaction}"));
+                    match std::fs::rename(&reserved_marker, &recovery_marker) {
+                        Ok(()) if sync => os::fsync_dir_std(&old_path)?,
+                        Ok(()) => {}
+                        Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                        Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                    }
+                }
+                Ok(Ok(Some(old_dir)))
+            },
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(to_file_error)??;
+
+        let Some(old_dir) = res else {
+            return Ok(None);
+        };
+        if let Some(uuid) = old_dir {
+            self.io_backend
+                .invalidate_cached_fds_under(volume, &format!("{object}/{uuid}"));
+        }
+        Ok(Some(()))
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn try_publish_prepared_delete_local(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        transaction: Uuid,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<(DeleteRecoveryJournal, bool, bool)>> {
+        self.reject_multipart_delete_recovery_mutation(volume, object)?;
+        if !safe_path(object, false) || transaction.is_nil() {
+            return Err(DiskError::InvalidPath);
+        }
+        let object_path = self.get_object_path(volume, object)?;
+        let metadata_owner = os::acquire_metadata_mutation_lease(&object_path, namespace_owner).await;
+        let volume_guard = os::disk_volume_mutation_lock(&self.root, volume).read_owned().await;
+        let owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>> = Some(Arc::new((metadata_owner, volume_guard)));
+
+        let root = self.io_get_object_path(volume, object)?;
+        let rollback = root.join(transaction.to_string());
+        let receipt_path = rollback.join(DELETE_QUORUM_COMMITTED_FILE);
+        let staging_root = self.io_get_bucket_path(RUSTFS_META_TMP_BUCKET)?;
+        let sync = effective_durability(volume).syncs_commit_metadata();
+        let lease = os::acquire_namespace_mutation_lease_with_owner(&receipt_path, owner).await;
+        let volume_str = volume.to_owned();
+        let object_str = object.to_owned();
+
+        os::run_blocking_namespace_operation_with_sync(
+            lease,
+            sync,
+            move || -> std::io::Result<Result<Option<(DeleteRecoveryJournal, bool, bool)>>> {
+                let prepared = match regular_bytes(&rollback.join(PREPARED)) {
+                    Ok(Some(bytes)) => bytes,
+                    Ok(None) => return Ok(Ok(None)),
+                    Err(e) => return Ok(Err(e)),
+                };
+                let Ok(journal) = serde_json::from_slice::<DeleteRecoveryJournal>(&prepared) else {
+                    return Ok(Err(DiskError::FileCorrupt));
+                };
+                if journal.protocol_version != DELETE_RECOVERY_PROTOCOL_VERSION
+                    || journal.volume != volume_str
+                    || journal.object != object_str
+                    || journal.transaction != transaction
+                    || journal.transaction.is_nil()
+                    || journal.data_dirs.iter().any(|id| id.is_nil() || *id == transaction)
+                {
+                    return Ok(Err(DiskError::FileCorrupt));
+                }
+                let current_exists = match regular_file_exists(&root.join(STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE)) {
+                    Ok(exists) => exists,
+                    Err(e) => return Ok(Err(e)),
+                };
+                let unversioned_target_absent = journal.target_digest.is_none() && !current_exists;
+                if !unversioned_target_absent {
+                    return Ok(Ok(None));
+                }
+                let mut sole_transaction = journal.predecessors.is_empty();
+                if sole_transaction {
+                    match std::fs::read_dir(&root) {
+                        Ok(entries) => {
+                            for entry in entries {
+                                let entry = entry?;
+                                let Ok(name) = entry.file_name().into_string() else {
+                                    sole_transaction = false;
+                                    break;
+                                };
+                                if let Some(id) = canonical_uuid(&name).filter(|id| !id.is_nil())
+                                    && id != transaction
+                                    && !journal.data_dirs.contains(&id)
+                                {
+                                    sole_transaction = false;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                        Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                    }
+                }
+                let receipt = CommitReceipt {
+                    journal: journal.clone(),
+                    finished: false,
+                };
+                let receipt_bytes = serde_json::to_vec(&receipt).map_err(std::io::Error::other)?;
+                std::fs::create_dir_all(&staging_root)?;
+                let mut staged = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new_in(&staging_root)?;
+                std::io::Write::write_all(staged.as_file_mut(), &receipt_bytes)?;
+                if sync && !receipt_bytes.is_empty() {
+                    staged.as_file().sync_data()?;
+                }
+                std::fs::rename(staged.path(), &receipt_path)?;
+                if sync {
+                    os::fsync_dir_std(&rollback)?;
+                }
+                Ok(Ok(Some((journal, sole_transaction, unversioned_target_absent))))
+            },
+        )
+        .await
+        .map_err(to_file_error)?
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn try_finish_and_finalize_prepared_delete_local(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        transaction: Uuid,
+        journal: &DeleteRecoveryJournal,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        fn ignore_not_found(res: std::io::Result<()>) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+            match res {
+                Ok(()) => Ok(()),
+                Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => Ok(()),
+                Err(err) => Err(err),
+            }
+        }
+        self.reject_multipart_delete_recovery_mutation(volume, object)?;
+        if !safe_path(object, false) || transaction.is_nil() {
+            return Err(DiskError::InvalidPath);
+        }
+        let object_path = self.get_object_path(volume, object)?;
+        let metadata_owner = os::acquire_metadata_mutation_lease(&object_path, namespace_owner).await;
+        let volume_guard = os::disk_volume_mutation_lock(&self.root, volume).read_owned().await;
+        let owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>> = Some(Arc::new((metadata_owner, volume_guard)));
+
+        let mut claims: Vec<SnapshotLeaseDeleteClaim> = Vec::with_capacity(journal.data_dirs.len());
+        for data_dir in &journal.data_dirs {
+            let key = SnapshotLeaseKey {
+                volume: volume.to_owned(),
+                path: format!("{object}/{data_dir}"),
+            };
+            let opts = DeleteOptions {
+                recursive: true,
+                old_data_dir: Some(transaction),
+                ..Default::default()
+            };
+            let Some(claim) = self.claim_snapshot_delete(key, SnapshotPendingDelete::Ordinary(opts)) else {
+                for prior in claims {
+                    prior.finish(false);
+                }
+                return Ok(false);
+            };
+            claims.push(claim);
+        }
+
+        let bucket_path = self.io_get_bucket_path(volume)?;
+        let root = self.io_get_object_path(volume, object)?;
+        let rollback = root.join(transaction.to_string());
+        let receipt_path = rollback.join(DELETE_QUORUM_COMMITTED_FILE);
+        let sync = effective_durability(volume).syncs_commit_metadata();
+        let lease = os::acquire_namespace_mutation_lease_with_owner(&receipt_path, owner).await;
+        let data_dirs = journal.data_dirs.clone();
+        let prune_paths: Vec<_> = rollback
+            .ancestors()
+            .take_while(|dir| *dir != bucket_path.as_path() && dir.starts_with(&bucket_path))
+            .map(Path::to_path_buf)
+            .collect();
+
+        let res = os::run_blocking_namespace_operation_with_sync(lease, sync, move || -> std::io::Result<()> {
+            let committed = format!("{DELETE_DATA_DIR_MARKER_PREFIX}{transaction}");
+            let recovery_committed = format!("{RECOVERY_DELETE_DATA_DIR_MARKER_PREFIX}{transaction}");
+            let reserved = format!("{RESERVED_DELETE_DATA_DIR_MARKER_PREFIX}{transaction}");
+            for data_dir in &data_dirs {
+                for base in [&root, &rollback] {
+                    let dir_path = base.join(data_dir.to_string());
+                    match std::fs::read_dir(&dir_path) {
+                        Ok(entries) => {
+                            let mut removable = Vec::new();
+                            let mut preserve_dir = false;
+                            for entry in entries {
+                                let entry = entry?;
+                                let name = entry.file_name();
+                                let Some(name) = name.to_str() else {
+                                    preserve_dir = true;
+                                    continue;
+                                };
+                                if entry.file_type()?.is_file()
+                                    && (delete_recovery_part_file(name)
+                                        || name == committed
+                                        || name == recovery_committed
+                                        || name == reserved
+                                        || is_delete_transaction_marker(name, RESERVED_DELETE_DATA_DIR_MARKER_PREFIX))
+                                {
+                                    removable.push(entry.path());
+                                } else {
+                                    preserve_dir = true;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            for path in removable {
+                                ignore_not_found(std::fs::remove_file(path))?;
+                            }
+                            if sync {
+                                os::fsync_dir_std(&dir_path)?;
+                            }
+                            if !preserve_dir {
+                                match std::fs::remove_dir(&dir_path) {
+                                    Ok(()) => {}
+                                    Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound || is_dir_not_empty_error(&err) => {}
+                                    Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Err(err) if err.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound => {}
+                        Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if !data_dirs.is_empty() && sync && root.is_dir() {
+                os::fsync_dir_std(&root)?;
+            }
+            for name in [
+                STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE_BACKUP,
+                DELETE_MARKER_ROLLBACK_FILE,
+                TARGET,
+                PREPARED,
+                FINISHED,
+            ] {
+                ignore_not_found(std::fs::remove_file(rollback.join(name)))?;
+            }
+            if sync {
+                os::fsync_dir_std(&rollback)?;
+            }
+            ignore_not_found(std::fs::remove_file(&receipt_path))?;
+            for dir_path in &prune_paths {
+                if let Err(err) = std::fs::remove_dir(dir_path) {
+                    if is_dir_not_empty_error(&err) {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if !is_benign_object_rmdir_error(&err) {
+                        return Err(std::io::Error::other(FileAccessDeniedWithContext {
+                            path: dir_path.clone(),
+                            source: err,
+                        }));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .await;
+
+        let ok = res.is_ok();
+        for claim in claims {
+            claim.finish(ok);
+        }
+        res.map(|()| true).map_err(|err| to_file_error(err).into())
+    }
 }

 #[cfg(not(feature = "e2e-test-hooks"))]
@@ -3038,12 +3506,12 @@ mod tests {
        let exit = native.exit_signal.as_ref().expect("fixture cleanup lifecycle");
        exit.send(()).expect("stop the existing idle cleanup task");
        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
-            while exit.receiver_count() != 0 || root_file.strong_count() != 2 {
+            while exit.receiver_count() != 0 || root_file.strong_count() != 3 {
                tokio::task::yield_now().await;
            }
        })
        .await
-        .expect("only LocalDisk's publication and mount fields may retain the initial root FD");
+        .expect("only LocalDisk's publication, mount and I/O backend fields may retain the initial root FD");
        let transaction = Uuid::new_v4();
        let applied = apply(&native, transaction).await;
        let committed = native
@@ -3309,6 +3777,171 @@ mod tests {
        inspected
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn fused_delete_recovery_survives_interrupted_prepare_and_publication() {
+        for published in [false, true] {
+            let (_temp, disk, _info, original) = fixture().await;
+            let transaction = Uuid::new_v4();
+            let prepared = disk
+                .try_fused_recoverable_delete_version(
+                    "recovery",
+                    "object",
+                    &request(),
+                    &DeleteOptions {
+                        recoverable_delete: true,
+                        old_data_dir: Some(transaction),
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    },
+                    transaction,
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await
+                .expect("prepare fused deletion");
+            assert_eq!(prepared, Some(()), "the test must exercise the fused path");
+
+            if published {
+                let (_, sole, target_absent) = disk
+                    .try_publish_prepared_delete_local("recovery", "object", transaction, None)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("publish fused receipt")
+                    .expect("fused publication must apply");
+                assert!(sole && target_absent);
+            }
+
+            let mut state = disk
+                .inspect_delete_transaction("recovery", "object", transaction)
+                .await
+                .expect("inspect persisted state after interruption");
+            if published {
+                assert_eq!(state.state, DeleteRecoveryState::QuorumCommitted);
+                for action in [DeleteRecoveryAction::FinishCommit, DeleteRecoveryAction::FinalizeCommit] {
+                    state = disk
+                        .settle_delete_transaction("recovery", "object", transaction, state.fingerprint, action)
+                        .await
+                        .expect("finish published deletion through recovery");
+                }
+                assert_eq!(state.state, DeleteRecoveryState::Absent);
+                assert!(disk.read_all("recovery", "object/xl.meta").await.is_err());
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(state.state, DeleteRecoveryState::NewPrepared);
+                state = disk
+                    .settle_delete_transaction(
+                        "recovery",
+                        "object",
+                        transaction,
+                        state.fingerprint,
+                        DeleteRecoveryAction::Rollback,
+                    )
+                    .await
+                    .expect("roll back uncommitted fused deletion");
+                assert_eq!(state.state, DeleteRecoveryState::Absent);
+                assert_eq!(
+                    disk.read_all("recovery", "object/xl.meta")
+                        .await
+                        .expect("restore original metadata")
+                        .as_ref(),
+                    original
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn fused_delete_recovery_preserves_or_removes_shard_after_interruption() {
+        use crate::erasure::coding::BitrotWriter;
+
+        for mode in 0..3 {
+            let published = mode != 0;
+            let (_temp, disk, _info, _) = fixture().await;
+            let data_dir = Uuid::new_v4();
+            let payload = Bytes::from_static(b"original shard");
+            let mut info = test_file_info("object", Uuid::nil(), Some(data_dir), None);
+            info.size = i64::try_from(payload.len()).expect("payload size");
+            info.erasure.block_size = payload.len();
+            info.parts[0].size = payload.len();
+            info.parts[0].actual_size = info.size;
+            let original = test_meta(info.clone());
+            let mut writer = BitrotWriter::new(
+                std::io::Cursor::new(Vec::new()),
+                info.erasure.shard_size(),
+                HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S,
+            );
+            writer.write(&payload).await.expect("encode shard");
+            writer.shutdown().await.expect("finish shard encoding");
+            let encoded = writer.into_inner().into_inner();
+            let root = disk.io_get_object_path("recovery", "object").expect("object path");
+            fs::write(root.join(STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE), &original)
+                .await
+                .expect("write shard metadata");
+            let shard_dir = root.join(data_dir.to_string());
+            fs::create_dir_all(&shard_dir).await.expect("create shard directory");
+            fs::write(shard_dir.join("part.1"), &encoded)
+                .await
+                .expect("write original shard");
+            let transaction = Uuid::new_v4();
+            assert_eq!(
+                disk.try_fused_recoverable_delete_version(
+                    "recovery",
+                    "object",
+                    &request(),
+                    &DeleteOptions {
+                        recoverable_delete: true,
+                        old_data_dir: Some(transaction),
+                        ..Default::default()
+                    },
+                    transaction,
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await
+                .expect("prepare fused shard deletion"),
+                Some(()),
+                "the test must exercise the fused path"
+            );
+            if published {
+                let (journal, sole, target_absent) = disk
+                    .try_publish_prepared_delete_local("recovery", "object", transaction, None)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("publish fused receipt")
+                    .expect("fused publication must apply");
+                assert!(sole && target_absent);
+                if mode == 2 {
+                    assert!(
+                        disk.try_finish_and_finalize_prepared_delete_local("recovery", "object", transaction, &journal, None)
+                            .await
+                            .expect("finish fused deletion"),
+                        "the fused finalization must apply"
+                    );
+                    assert!(!shard_dir.exists(), "fused finalization must remove the shard");
+                    assert!(!root.join(STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE).exists());
+                    assert!(!root.join(transaction.to_string()).exists());
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            let mut state = disk
+                .inspect_delete_transaction("recovery", "object", transaction)
+                .await
+                .expect("inspect persisted state");
+            let actions = if published {
+                vec![DeleteRecoveryAction::FinishCommit, DeleteRecoveryAction::FinalizeCommit]
+            } else {
+                vec![DeleteRecoveryAction::Rollback]
+            };
+            for action in actions {
+                state = disk
+                    .settle_delete_transaction("recovery", "object", transaction, state.fingerprint, action)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("recover shard deletion");
+            }
+            assert_eq!(state.state, DeleteRecoveryState::Absent);
+            if published {
+                assert!(!shard_dir.exists(), "committed deletion must remove the shard");
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(fs::read(root.join(STORAGE_FORMAT_FILE)).await.expect("restore metadata"), original);
+                assert_eq!(fs::read(shard_dir.join("part.1")).await.expect("restore shard"), encoded);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn delete_recovery_uncommitted_inline_rolls_back_exact_bytes() {
        let (_temp, disk, _info, original) = fixture().await;
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ impl LocalDisk {
                let publication = os::acquire_namespace_mutation_lease_with_owner(&destination, Some(owner)).await;
                let tmp_volume = self.io_get_bucket_path(RUSTFS_META_TMP_BUCKET)?;
                let temporary = self.io_get_object_path(RUSTFS_META_TMP_BUCKET, &Uuid::new_v4().to_string())?;
-                self.write_all_internal(&temporary, InternalBuf::Ref(&replacement), SyncMode::FileOnly, &tmp_volume)
+                self.write_all_internal(&temporary, replacement, SyncMode::FileOnly, &tmp_volume)
                    .await?;
                os::rename_metadata_and_sync_with_lease(
                    temporary,
@@ -30,15 +30,21 @@ pub mod local;
 pub mod multipart_source;
 pub mod os;

+pub(crate) use io_admission::memory as background_memory;
+pub(crate) use io_admission::remote as remote_io_admission;
+pub use io_admission::{
+    BackgroundMemoryBudget, PhysicalDiskBinding, PhysicalDiskPlan, PhysicalDiskSample, PhysicalDiskSampler, PhysicalResourcePlan,
+    RemoteBackgroundIo, spawn_blocking_with_resource_ownership, with_background_disk_io, with_background_resource_set,
+    with_background_resource_unit, with_remote_background_io,
+};
 pub use local::pool_meta_native::{PoolMetaNativeCasCondition, PoolMetaNativeFileIdentity};

 #[cfg(test)]
-pub(crate) use io_admission::DiskIoClass;
+pub(crate) use io_admission::{DiskIoClass, test_resource_units};
 pub(crate) use io_admission::{
-    acquire_context_disk_io_permit, current_disk_io_context, current_resource_unit, with_optional_disk_io_context,
-    with_optional_resource_unit,
+    PhysicalHealBinding, acquire_context_disk_io_permit, current_disk_io_context, current_resource_unit, has_resource_io_scope,
+    with_optional_disk_io_context, with_optional_resource_unit,
 };
-pub use io_admission::{with_background_disk_io, with_background_resource_unit};

 pub const RUSTFS_META_BUCKET: &str = ".rustfs.sys";
 pub const MIGRATING_META_BUCKET: &str = ".minio.sys";
@@ -305,6 +311,14 @@ pub enum Disk {
 }

 impl Disk {
+    /// Physical ownership belongs to the node hosting the local attachment.
+    pub fn physical_admission(&self) -> Option<Arc<PhysicalDiskBinding>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Local(disk) => Some(disk.physical_admission()),
+            Self::Remote(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
    /// A read-only probe; the physical delete repeats the same leaf checks.
    pub async fn is_plain_orphan_data_dir(&self, volume: &str, path: &str) -> Result<bool> {
        match self {
@@ -387,6 +401,39 @@ impl Disk {
        }
    }

+    pub(crate) async fn try_publish_prepared_delete_local(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        transaction: Uuid,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<(DeleteRecoveryJournal, bool, bool)>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Local(disk) => {
+                disk.try_publish_prepared_delete_local(volume, object, transaction, namespace_owner)
+                    .await
+            }
+            Self::Remote(_) => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn try_finish_and_finalize_prepared_delete_local(
+        &self,
+        volume: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        transaction: Uuid,
+        journal: &DeleteRecoveryJournal,
+        namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
+    ) -> Result<bool> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Local(disk) => {
+                disk.try_finish_and_finalize_prepared_delete_local(volume, object, transaction, journal, namespace_owner)
+                    .await
+            }
+            Self::Remote(_) => Ok(false),
+        }
+    }
+
    pub(crate) async fn delete_version_recoverable_with_namespace_owner(
        &self,
        volume: &str,
@@ -286,6 +286,11 @@ mod dir_fsync_failures {

    static FAILURES: LazyLock<Mutex<HashMap<PathBuf, io::ErrorKind>>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));

+    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+    pub(super) fn has_any() -> bool {
+        !FAILURES.lock().is_empty()
+    }
+
    pub(super) fn set(dir: &Path, kind: io::ErrorKind) {
        FAILURES.lock().insert(dir.to_path_buf(), kind);
    }
@@ -323,7 +328,12 @@ pub fn set_local_dir_fsync_failure(disk: &crate::disk::Disk, volume: &str, path:
    Ok(())
 }

-/// Pause a real namespace mutation inside its physical executor.
+#[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", any(test, feature = "test-util")))]
+pub(crate) fn has_dir_fsync_test_failures() -> bool {
+    dir_fsync_failures::has_any()
+}
+
+/// Pause a real native filesystem operation inside its physical executor.
 #[cfg(all(any(test, feature = "test-util"), not(windows)))]
 pub(crate) mod prepared_publication_test_hooks {
    use super::*;
@@ -333,6 +343,7 @@ pub(crate) mod prepared_publication_test_hooks {
        PreparedRename,
        Rename,
        Remove,
+        NativeReadOpen,
        MetadataReadAfterOpen,
        MetadataReadAfterRead,
        #[cfg(test)]
@@ -372,6 +383,17 @@ pub(crate) mod prepared_publication_test_hooks {
        }
    }

+    pub(crate) fn has_any_hooks() -> bool {
+        if !BEFORE_PUBLICATION.lock().is_empty() {
+            return true;
+        }
+        #[cfg(test)]
+        if !RENAME_DESTINATIONS.lock().is_empty() || !HARDLINK_DESTINATIONS.lock().is_empty() {
+            return true;
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
    #[cfg(test)]
    type RenameDestinationHook = Box<dyn FnOnce(&Path) + Send>;
    #[cfg(test)]
@@ -459,6 +481,8 @@ pub enum LocalPublicationStage {
    PreparedRename,
    Rename,
    Remove,
+    /// Pause an accepted native read/open before its original syscall.
+    NativeReadOpen,
    MetadataReadAfterOpen,
    MetadataReadAfterRead,
 }
@@ -473,6 +497,7 @@ impl LocalPublicationPause {
            LocalPublicationStage::PreparedRename => prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::PreparedRename,
            LocalPublicationStage::Rename => prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::Rename,
            LocalPublicationStage::Remove => prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::Remove,
+            LocalPublicationStage::NativeReadOpen => prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::NativeReadOpen,
            LocalPublicationStage::MetadataReadAfterOpen => prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::MetadataReadAfterOpen,
            LocalPublicationStage::MetadataReadAfterRead => prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::MetadataReadAfterRead,
        };
@@ -758,7 +783,7 @@ fn set_file_fdatasync_group_commit_wait_for_test(wait_micros: u64) {
    file_fdatasync_group_commit_override::set_wait_micros(wait_micros);
 }

-fn file_fdatasync_group_commit_enabled() -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn file_fdatasync_group_commit_enabled() -> bool {
    #[cfg(test)]
    if let Some(enabled) = file_fdatasync_group_commit_override::get() {
        return enabled;
@@ -859,13 +884,13 @@ impl OpenedDstDirFsyncGroup {

 struct DstDirFsyncWaiter {
    namespace_owner: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
-    resource_unit: Option<rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptivePermit>,
+    resource_unit: Option<super::io_admission::ResourceIoUnit>,
    result_tx: oneshot::Sender<SharedDstDirFsyncResult>,
 }

 struct DstDirFsyncOwner {
    _namespace: Option<Arc<dyn Send + Sync>>,
-    _resource: Option<rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptivePermit>,
+    _resource: Option<super::io_admission::ResourceIoUnit>,
 }

 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -1307,7 +1332,7 @@ type FileFdatasyncGroupKey = (usize, bool);

 struct FileFdatasyncWaiter {
    files: Vec<PathBuf>,
-    resource_unit: Option<rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptivePermit>,
+    resource_unit: Option<super::io_admission::ResourceIoUnit>,
    enqueued_at: Option<Instant>,
    wait_role: &'static str,
    result_tx: oneshot::Sender<SharedFileFdatasyncResult>,
@@ -2392,6 +2417,10 @@ pub(crate) mod file_sync_probe {
        configure(root, None, false)
    }

+    pub(crate) fn is_active() -> bool {
+        !ROOTS.read().expect("file sync probe lock poisoned").is_empty()
+    }
+
    pub(super) fn set_failing(root: &Path) -> ProbeGuard {
        configure(root, Some(1), false)
    }
@@ -2553,18 +2582,25 @@ fn regular_files(dir: &Path) -> io::Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {

 /// Fdatasync every regular file directly inside `dir`, then fsync the directory
 /// itself.
-#[allow(
-    dead_code,
-    reason = "reached only through sync_dir_files, whose callers are tests (backlog#1823)"
+#[cfg_attr(
+    not(target_os = "linux"),
+    allow(
+        dead_code,
+        reason = "reached only through sync_dir_files, whose callers are tests (backlog#1823)"
+    )
 )]
 pub fn sync_dir_files_std(dir: impl AsRef<Path>) -> io::Result<()> {
-    for entry in std::fs::read_dir(dir.as_ref())? {
-        let entry = entry?;
-        if entry.file_type()?.is_file() {
-            sync_file(&entry.path())?;
-        }
-    }
-    fsync_dir_std(dir)
+    let dir = dir.as_ref();
+    let files = regular_files(dir)?;
+    rustfs_io_metrics::record_put_rename_fdatasync_batch(rustfs_io_metrics::PUT_RENAME_FDATASYNC_BATCH_MODE_SERIAL, files.len());
+    sync_files(&files)?;
+    let fsync_started = rustfs_io_metrics::put_stage_timer();
+    let result = fsync_dir_std(dir);
+    rustfs_io_metrics::record_put_object_stage_duration_from(
+        rustfs_io_metrics::PUT_STAGE_SET_DISK_RENAME_SRC_DIR_FSYNC,
+        fsync_started,
+    );
+    result
 }

 /// Async wrapper around [`sync_dir_files_std`]. Large directories flush files
@@ -3808,6 +3844,23 @@ pub(crate) async fn rename_all_with_prepared_source(
    Ok(())
 }

+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+pub(crate) fn rename_all_with_commit_guard_on_thread(source: &Path, destination: &Path, guard: &RenameCommitGuard) -> Result<()> {
+    guard.directories.prepare_destination().map_err(to_file_error)?;
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    prepared_publication_test_hooks::run_rename_destination(source, destination);
+    #[cfg(any(test, feature = "test-util"))]
+    {
+        prepared_publication_test_hooks::run(prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::Rename, source);
+        prepared_publication_test_hooks::run(prepared_publication_test_hooks::Stage::Rename, destination);
+    }
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    multipart_source_syscall_failures::check(multipart_source_syscall_failures::Stage::Rename, destination)
+        .map_err(to_file_error)?;
+    guard.directories.rename(source, destination, None).map_err(to_file_error)?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 pub(crate) async fn rename_all_with_commit_guard(
    src_file_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
@@ -6483,6 +6536,7 @@ pub(crate) fn sync_multipart_owned_record_parents(
        if !directory.starts_with(source) {
            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "native record barrier escaped source"));
        }
+        #[cfg_attr(not(unix), allow(unused_mut))]
        let mut pinned = pin_multipart_source_directory(directory, base, publication_root)?;
        #[cfg(unix)]
        {
@@ -11100,54 +11154,71 @@ mod tests {

    #[tokio::test]
    async fn resource_native_dispatch_retains_each_unit_after_caller_cancellation() {
-        use crate::disk::io_admission::with_background_resource_unit;
-        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::AdaptiveAdmission;
-        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+        use crate::disk::io_admission::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};

        let mut retained = Vec::new();
-        for lane in [None, Some(DiskBlockingLane::Foreground), Some(DiskBlockingLane::Fsync)] {
-            let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::new(1).expect("one unit"), 1);
-            let unit = gate.acquire().await;
-            let (started_tx, started_rx) = oneshot::channel();
-            let (release_tx, release_rx) = oneshot::channel();
-            let (finished_tx, finished_rx) = oneshot::channel();
-            let worker = tokio::spawn(with_background_resource_unit(unit, async move {
-                let operation = move || {
-                    started_tx.send(()).expect("native operation entered");
-                    let _ = release_rx.blocking_recv();
-                    let _ = finished_tx.send(());
-                    Ok(())
-                };
-                match lane {
-                    Some(lane) => {
-                        DiskBlockingQueue::new()
-                            .run_on_lane(
-                                lane,
-                                "native operation failed",
-                                DiskBlockingQueue::test_stages_for_lane(lane),
-                                move |_| operation(),
-                            )
-                            .await
+        for physical_count in [1, 2] {
+            for lane in [
+                None,
+                Some(DiskBlockingLane::Foreground),
+                Some(DiskBlockingLane::Isolated),
+                Some(DiskBlockingLane::Fsync),
+            ] {
+                let (unit, gates) = test_resource_units(physical_count);
+                let (started_tx, started_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+                let (release_tx, release_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+                let (finished_tx, finished_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+                let worker = tokio::spawn(with_optional_resource_unit(Some(unit), async move {
+                    let operation = move || {
+                        started_tx.send(()).expect("native operation entered");
+                        let _ = release_rx.blocking_recv();
+                        let _ = finished_tx.send(());
+                        Ok(())
+                    };
+                    match lane {
+                        Some(lane) => {
+                            DiskBlockingQueue::new()
+                                .run_on_lane(
+                                    lane,
+                                    "native operation failed",
+                                    DiskBlockingQueue::test_stages_for_lane(lane),
+                                    move |_| operation(),
+                                )
+                                .await
+                        }
+                        None => fsync_spawn_blocking(operation).await.expect("native operation joined"),
                    }
-                    None => fsync_spawn_blocking(operation).await.expect("native operation joined"),
-                }
-            }));
-            started_rx.await.expect("native operation started");
-            worker.abort();
-            assert!(worker.await.expect_err("caller cancelled").is_cancelled());
-            retained.push(gate.snapshot().active);
-            // Drain native work before assertions, including in the negative control.
-            release_tx.send(()).expect("release native operation");
-            finished_rx.await.expect("native operation finished");
-            tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), async {
-                while gate.snapshot().active != 0 {
-                    tokio::task::yield_now().await;
-                }
-            })
-            .await
-            .expect("native completion returns the unit");
+                }));
+                started_rx.await.expect("native operation started");
+                worker.abort();
+                assert!(worker.await.expect_err("caller cancelled").is_cancelled());
+                retained.push(gates.iter().map(|gate| gate.snapshot().active).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+                // Drain native work before assertions, including in the negative control.
+                release_tx.send(()).expect("release native operation");
+                finished_rx.await.expect("native operation finished");
+                tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), async {
+                    while gates.iter().any(|gate| gate.snapshot().active != 0) {
+                        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+                    }
+                })
+                .await
+                .expect("native completion returns the unit");
+            }
        }
-        assert_eq!(retained, [1, 1, 1], "fsync and both queue lanes must retain their own producer's unit");
+        assert_eq!(
+            retained,
+            [
+                vec![1],
+                vec![1],
+                vec![1],
+                vec![1],
+                vec![1, 1],
+                vec![1, 1],
+                vec![1, 1],
+                vec![1, 1]
+            ],
+            "native dispatch and all queue lanes must retain their own producer's units"
+        );
    }

    #[tokio::test]
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ impl DriverReadBudget {
        }
    }

-    pub(super) fn start_driver(
+    pub(super) fn start_driver<O: Send + Unpin + 'static>(
        &self,
        entries: u32,
        shards: usize,
-    ) -> Result<rustfs_uring::UringDriver, rustfs_uring::ProbeFailure> {
+    ) -> Result<rustfs_uring::OwnedUringDriver<O>, rustfs_uring::ProbeFailure> {
        match self {
-            Self::Disabled => rustfs_uring::UringDriver::probe_and_start_sharded(entries, shards),
-            Self::Limited { pool, per_driver } => rustfs_uring::UringDriver::probe_and_start_with_shared_budget(
+            Self::Disabled => rustfs_uring::OwnedUringDriver::probe_and_start_sharded(entries, shards),
+            Self::Limited { pool, per_driver } => rustfs_uring::OwnedUringDriver::probe_and_start_with_shared_budget(
                entries,
                shards,
                rustfs_uring::ReadLimits {
@@ -98,6 +98,9 @@ pin_project! {
        // contiguous on-disk `[hash][data]` block so both are pulled in a single
        // pass; grown lazily and never shrunk.
        buf: Vec<u8>,
+        // Free scratch storage before refunding its allocation.
+        buf_memory: Option<crate::disk::background_memory::Reservation>,
+        memory_budget: Option<std::sync::Arc<crate::disk::BackgroundMemoryBudget>>,
        // Reused owned chunk vector for the remote HTTP fast path. Keeping the
        // allocation with the reader avoids allocating once per bitrot block.
        chunks: Vec<bytes::Bytes>,
@@ -118,6 +121,8 @@ where
            hash_algo: algo,
            shard_size,
            buf: Vec::new(),
+            buf_memory: None,
+            memory_budget: crate::disk::current_resource_unit().and_then(|unit| unit.memory_budget()),
            chunks: Vec::new(),
            skip_verify,
            last_verify_duration: Duration::ZERO,
@@ -209,6 +214,7 @@ where
    /// On `Ok` the block is `self.buf[..need]`; the caller re-borrows it so the
    /// verification can also borrow `self` immutably.
    async fn read_scratch_block(&mut self, need: usize, want: usize) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+        reserve_bitrot_scratch(&mut self.buf, &mut self.buf_memory, self.memory_budget.as_ref(), need)?;
        if self.buf.len() < need {
            self.buf.resize(need, 0);
        }
@@ -229,6 +235,28 @@ where
    }
 }

+// Scratch growth happens only before a complete block or an empty chunk tail.
+// Old contents are consumed; keep both allocations charged until replacement.
+fn reserve_bitrot_scratch(
+    buf: &mut Vec<u8>,
+    reservation: &mut Option<crate::disk::background_memory::Reservation>,
+    budget: Option<&std::sync::Arc<crate::disk::BackgroundMemoryBudget>>,
+    capacity: usize,
+) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    if let Some(budget) = budget
+        && buf.capacity() < capacity
+    {
+        let memory = budget.reserve(capacity)?;
+        let mut replacement = Vec::new();
+        replacement
+            .try_reserve_exact(capacity)
+            .map_err(|_| std::io::Error::from(std::io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory))?;
+        *buf = replacement;
+        *reservation = Some(memory);
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// A truncated shard is `UnexpectedEof`, not a short success (backlog#799 B2).
 fn short_shard_read(got: usize, want: usize) -> std::io::Error {
    error!(
@@ -339,6 +367,8 @@ where
            let inner = &mut self.inner;
            let chunks = &mut self.chunks;
            let tail_buf = &mut self.buf;
+            let tail_memory = &mut self.buf_memory;
+            let memory_budget = self.memory_budget.as_ref();
            let mut received = 0usize;
            poll_fn(|cx| {
                for _ in 0..MAX_CHUNK_POLLS_PER_YIELD {
@@ -381,7 +411,9 @@ where

                    if chunks.len() == MAX_RETAINED_CHUNKS_PER_BLOCK {
                        if tail_buf.is_empty() {
-                            tail_buf.reserve_exact(need - (received - chunk.len()));
+                            let tail_capacity = need - (received - chunk.len());
+                            reserve_bitrot_scratch(tail_buf, tail_memory, memory_budget, tail_capacity)?;
+                            tail_buf.reserve_exact(tail_capacity);
                        }
                        tail_buf.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
                    } else {
@@ -657,7 +689,12 @@ pub async fn bitrot_verify<R: AsyncRead + Unpin + Send>(
    algo: HashAlgorithm,
    mut shard_size: usize,
 ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-    let mut hash_buf = vec![0; algo.size()];
+    // Every supported digest fits on the stack; only shard payloads need leases.
+    let mut hash = [0; 64];
+    let hash_buf = &mut hash[..algo.size()];
+    let mut background_buffer = crate::disk::current_resource_unit()
+        .and_then(|unit| unit.memory_budget())
+        .map(|budget| crate::disk::background_memory::BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(budget)));
    let mut left = want_size;

    if left != bitrot_shard_file_size(part_size, shard_size, algo.clone()) {
@@ -665,21 +702,30 @@ pub async fn bitrot_verify<R: AsyncRead + Unpin + Send>(
    }

    while left > 0 {
-        let n = r.read_exact(&mut hash_buf).await?;
+        let n = r.read_exact(hash_buf).await?;
        left -= n;

        if left < shard_size {
            shard_size = left;
        }

-        let mut buf = get_ec_buffer(shard_size);
-        buf.resize(shard_size, 0);
-        let read = r.read_exact(&mut buf).await?;
+        let mut pooled = None;
+        let buf = if let Some(buffer) = background_buffer.as_mut() {
+            buffer.ensure_len(shard_size)?;
+            &mut buffer.as_mut_slice()[..shard_size]
+        } else {
+            let buffer = pooled.insert(get_ec_buffer(shard_size));
+            buffer.resize(shard_size, 0);
+            buffer.as_mut_slice()
+        };
+        let read = r.read_exact(buf).await?;

-        let actual_hash = algo.hash_encode(&buf);
+        let actual_hash = algo.hash_encode(buf);
        let hash_ok = actual_hash.as_ref() == &hash_buf[0..n];
        drop(actual_hash); // 释放借用
-        return_ec_buffer(buf);
+        if let Some(buf) = pooled {
+            return_ec_buffer(buf);
+        }
        if !hash_ok {
            return Err(std::io::Error::other("bitrot hash mismatch"));
        }
@@ -698,15 +744,74 @@ pub async fn bitrot_verify<R: AsyncRead + Unpin + Send>(
 /// Custom writer enum that supports inline buffer storage
 pub enum CustomWriter {
    /// Inline buffer writer - stores data in memory
-    InlineBuffer(Vec<u8>),
+    InlineBuffer(InlineBuffer),
    /// Disk-based writer using tokio file
    Other(Box<dyn AsyncWrite + Unpin + Send + Sync>),
 }

+/// Inline payload storage retains its background allocation through export.
+pub struct InlineBuffer {
+    foreground: Vec<u8>,
+    background: Option<crate::disk::background_memory::BackgroundBuffer>,
+    filled: usize,
+}
+
+impl InlineBuffer {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        let background = crate::disk::current_resource_unit()
+            .and_then(|unit| unit.memory_budget())
+            .map(|budget| crate::disk::background_memory::BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(budget)));
+        Self {
+            foreground: Vec::new(),
+            background,
+            filled: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        match &self.background {
+            Some(buffer) => &buffer.as_slice()[..self.filled],
+            None => &self.foreground,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn append(&mut self, bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+        let total = bufs
+            .iter()
+            .try_fold(0usize, |length, buf| length.checked_add(buf.len()).ok_or(std::io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory))?;
+        if let Some(buffer) = &mut self.background {
+            let length = self.filled.checked_add(total).ok_or(std::io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory)?;
+            if length > buffer.as_slice().len() {
+                let capacity = buffer.as_slice().len().checked_mul(2).unwrap_or(length).max(length);
+                // Admission includes both allocations until the prefix has been copied.
+                buffer.grow(capacity, self.filled)?;
+            }
+            let mut offset = self.filled;
+            for buf in bufs {
+                buffer.as_mut_slice()[offset..offset + buf.len()].copy_from_slice(buf);
+                offset += buf.len();
+            }
+            self.filled = length;
+        } else {
+            for buf in bufs {
+                self.foreground.extend_from_slice(buf);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(total)
+    }
+
+    fn into_bytes(self) -> bytes::Bytes {
+        match self.background {
+            Some(mut buffer) => buffer.take_bytes(self.filled),
+            None => bytes::Bytes::from(self.foreground),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl CustomWriter {
    /// Create a new inline buffer writer
    pub fn new_inline_buffer() -> Self {
-        Self::InlineBuffer(Vec::new())
+        Self::InlineBuffer(InlineBuffer::new())
    }

    /// Create a new disk writer from any AsyncWrite implementation
@@ -720,15 +825,15 @@ impl CustomWriter {
    /// Get the inline buffer data if this is an inline buffer writer
    pub fn get_inline_data(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
        match self {
-            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => Some(data),
+            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => Some(data.as_slice()),
            Self::Other(_) => None,
        }
    }

    /// Extract the inline buffer data, consuming the writer
-    pub fn into_inline_data(self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    pub fn into_inline_data(self) -> Option<bytes::Bytes> {
        match self {
-            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => Some(data),
+            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => Some(data.into_bytes()),
            Self::Other(_) => None,
        }
    }
@@ -741,10 +846,7 @@ impl AsyncWrite for CustomWriter {
        buf: &[u8],
    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::io::Result<usize>> {
        match self.get_mut() {
-            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => {
-                data.extend_from_slice(buf);
-                std::task::Poll::Ready(Ok(buf.len()))
-            }
+            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => std::task::Poll::Ready(data.append(&[IoSlice::new(buf)])),
            Self::Other(writer) => {
                let pinned_writer = std::pin::Pin::new(writer.as_mut());
                pinned_writer.poll_write(cx, buf)
@@ -778,13 +880,7 @@ impl AsyncWrite for CustomWriter {
        bufs: &[IoSlice<'_>],
    ) -> std::task::Poll<std::io::Result<usize>> {
        match self.get_mut() {
-            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => {
-                let total = bufs.iter().map(|buf| buf.len()).sum::<usize>();
-                for buf in bufs {
-                    data.extend_from_slice(buf);
-                }
-                std::task::Poll::Ready(Ok(total))
-            }
+            Self::InlineBuffer(data) => std::task::Poll::Ready(data.append(bufs)),
            Self::Other(writer) => {
                let pinned_writer = std::pin::Pin::new(writer.as_mut());
                pinned_writer.poll_write_vectored(cx, bufs)
@@ -859,7 +955,7 @@ impl BitrotWriterWrapper {
    }

    /// Extract the inline buffer data, consuming the wrapper
-    pub fn into_inline_data(self) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    pub fn into_inline_data(self) -> Option<bytes::Bytes> {
        match self.writer_type {
            WriterType::InlineBuffer => {
                let writer = self.bitrot_writer.into_inner();
@@ -1506,6 +1602,184 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(data, &out[..]);
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bitrot_reader_scratch_budget_preserves_growth_and_reuse() {
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        let algo = HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S;
+        let mut encoded = Vec::new();
+        for data in [&b"abcd"[..], &b"abcdefgh"[..], &b"ijklmnop"[..]] {
+            encoded.extend_from_slice(algo.hash_encode(data).as_ref());
+            encoded.extend_from_slice(data);
+        }
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let mut reader = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            BitrotReader::new(Cursor::new(encoded), 8, algo, false)
+        })
+        .await;
+        let mut first = [0; 4];
+        assert_eq!(
+            reader.read(&mut first).await.expect_err("closed scratch budget").kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock
+        );
+        assert_eq!(reader.inner.position(), 0, "allocation denial must not consume a frame");
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(36, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        reader.read(&mut first).await.expect("first scratch allocation fits");
+        assert_eq!(&first, b"abcd");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 36);
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(75, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut next = [0; 8];
+        assert_eq!(
+            reader
+                .read(&mut next)
+                .await
+                .expect_err("growth requires old36 plus new40")
+                .kind(),
+            io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock
+        );
+        assert_eq!(reader.inner.position(), 36);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 36);
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(76, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        reader.read(&mut next).await.expect("growth now fits");
+        assert_eq!(&next, b"abcdefgh");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 40);
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        reader.read(&mut next).await.expect("reuse after hot shrink");
+        assert_eq!(&next, b"ijklmnop");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 40);
+        drop(reader);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bitrot_chunk_tail_allocation_stays_charged_until_reader_drop() {
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        let algo = HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S;
+        let payload = vec![37; 256];
+        let encoded = encode_one_block(&payload, payload.len(), algo.clone()).await;
+        let tail_capacity = encoded.len() - MAX_RETAINED_CHUNKS_PER_BLOCK;
+        for fits in [false, true] {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(if fits { tail_capacity as u64 } else { 0 }, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let mut reader = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+                BitrotReader::new(GeneratedChunkSource::new(encoded.clone(), 1), payload.len(), algo.clone(), false)
+            })
+            .await;
+            let mut output = Vec::with_capacity(payload.len());
+            let result = reader.read_appending(&mut output, payload.len()).await;
+            if fits {
+                assert_eq!(result.expect("accounted tail fits"), payload.len());
+                assert_eq!(output, payload);
+                assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, tail_capacity as u64);
+                memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+                assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, tail_capacity as u64);
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(result.expect_err("closed tail budget").kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+                assert!(output.is_empty(), "an unverified fragment must not reach output");
+                assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+            }
+            drop(reader);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bitrot_verify_background_memory_is_bounded_and_reused() {
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        struct ShrinkingReader {
+            data: Cursor<Vec<u8>>,
+            memory: Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>,
+            first_block_end: u64,
+            peak: Arc<std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64>,
+        }
+        impl AsyncRead for ShrinkingReader {
+            fn poll_read(mut self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>, out: &mut ReadBuf<'_>) -> Poll<io::Result<()>> {
+                self.peak.fetch_max(self.memory.snapshot().used, Ordering::SeqCst);
+                let result = Pin::new(&mut self.data).poll_read(cx, out);
+                if self.data.position() >= self.first_block_end {
+                    self.memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+                }
+                result
+            }
+        }
+
+        for algo in [
+            HashAlgorithm::None,
+            HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S,
+            HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256SLegacy,
+        ] {
+            let payload = [37; 17];
+            let mut writer = BitrotWriter::new(Cursor::new(Vec::new()), 8, algo.clone());
+            for chunk in payload.chunks(8) {
+                writer.write(chunk).await.expect("encoded bitrot block");
+            }
+            writer.shutdown().await.expect("complete fixture");
+            let encoded = writer.into_inner().into_inner();
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let error = with_optional_resource_unit(
+                Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+                bitrot_verify(Cursor::new(&encoded), encoded.len(), payload.len(), algo.clone(), 8),
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect_err("a closed background budget must reject bitrot payload allocation");
+            assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(8, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let peak = Arc::new(std::sync::atomic::AtomicU64::new(0));
+            let reader = ShrinkingReader {
+                data: Cursor::new(encoded.clone()),
+                memory: memory.clone(),
+                first_block_end: (algo.size() + 8) as u64,
+                peak: peak.clone(),
+            };
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            with_optional_resource_unit(
+                Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+                bitrot_verify(reader, encoded.len(), payload.len(), algo, 8),
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("reuse the same allocation after shrink, including the short tail");
+            assert_eq!(peak.load(Ordering::SeqCst), 8);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().limit, 0);
+            assert_eq!(
+                memory.snapshot().used,
+                0,
+                "the verifier frees its payload instead of retaining it in an uncharged pool"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn bitrot_verify_cancelled_payload_read_refunds_memory() {
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        let algo = HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S;
+        let (mut sender, reader) = tokio::io::duplex(64);
+        sender
+            .write_all(algo.hash_encode(&[37; 8]).as_ref())
+            .await
+            .expect("send only hash");
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(8, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let mut verify = Box::pin(with_optional_resource_unit(
+            Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+            bitrot_verify(reader, algo.size() + 8, 8, algo, 8),
+        ));
+        assert!(futures::poll!(&mut verify).is_pending(), "the payload read waits after the complete hash");
+        let retained = memory.snapshot().used;
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        drop(verify);
+        drop(sender);
+        assert_eq!(retained, 8, "pending verification owns its payload allocation");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn bitrot_verify_accepts_valid_shard_file_and_rejects_size_or_hash_mismatch() {
        let data = b"bitrot verify covers every shard";
@@ -2403,4 +2677,128 @@ mod tests {
            assert_eq!(output, vec![9u8]);
        }
    }
+
+    mod inline_memory_regressions {
+        use super::*;
+        use crate::disk::background_memory::is_memory_pressure;
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+        use std::sync::Arc;
+        use std::time::Duration;
+        use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
+
+        async fn writer_for(memory: Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>) -> CustomWriter {
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory)), async { CustomWriter::new_inline_buffer() })
+                .await
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn inline_writer_rejects_closed_and_expired_owners_before_first_allocation() {
+            for expired in [false, true] {
+                let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+                if expired {
+                    memory.set_sampled_limit(128, Duration::ZERO);
+                }
+                let mut writer = writer_for(memory.clone()).await;
+                let error = writer.write_all(&[7; 64]).await.expect_err("no live grant");
+                assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+                assert!(is_memory_pressure(&error));
+                assert_eq!(writer.get_inline_data(), Some(&[][..]));
+                assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn inline_writer_growth_charges_old_plus_new_and_is_atomic_for_vectored_writes() {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(128, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let mut writer = writer_for(memory.clone()).await;
+            writer.write_all(&[1; 64]).await.expect("first allocation");
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 64);
+            let second = [2; 32];
+            let third = [3; 32];
+            let chunks = [IoSlice::new(&second), IoSlice::new(&third)];
+            let error = writer.write_vectored(&chunks).await.expect_err("64 old + 128 new exceed 128");
+            assert!(is_memory_pressure(&error));
+            assert_eq!(writer.get_inline_data(), Some(&[1; 64][..]));
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 64);
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(192, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            assert_eq!(writer.write_vectored(&chunks).await.expect("old and new both fit"), 64);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 128);
+            let data = writer.get_inline_data().expect("inline payload");
+            assert_eq!(&data[..64], &[1; 64]);
+            assert_eq!(&data[64..96], &second);
+            assert_eq!(&data[96..], &third);
+            drop(writer);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn inline_writer_expiry_preserves_charged_storage_but_blocks_growth() {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(192, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let mut writer = writer_for(memory.clone()).await;
+            writer.write_all(&[5; 64]).await.expect("existing storage");
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(192, Duration::ZERO);
+            let error = writer
+                .write_all(&[9])
+                .await
+                .expect_err("expired sample cannot authorize replacement");
+            assert!(is_memory_pressure(&error));
+            assert_eq!(writer.get_inline_data(), Some(&[5; 64][..]));
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 64);
+            writer.write_all(&[]).await.expect("empty write needs no allocation");
+            writer.flush().await.expect("flush does not revoke storage");
+            writer.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown does not revoke storage");
+            let bytes = writer.into_inline_data().expect("export after expiry");
+            assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), &[5; 64]);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 64);
+            drop(bytes);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn inline_writer_export_keeps_receipt_through_clones_and_the_last_slice() {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(64, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let mut writer = writer_for(memory.clone()).await;
+            writer.write_all(&[11; 64]).await.expect("allocate payload");
+            let bytes = writer.into_inline_data().expect("export bytes");
+            let clone = bytes.clone();
+            let slice = bytes.slice(3..7);
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+            drop(bytes);
+            drop(clone);
+            assert_eq!(slice.as_ref(), &[11; 4]);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 64);
+            drop(slice);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn inline_writer_keeps_the_constructing_owner_after_leaving_its_scope() {
+            let first = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            first.set_sampled_limit(64, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let mut writer = writer_for(first.clone()).await;
+            let second = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(second.clone())), async {
+                writer.write_all(&[13; 64]).await.expect("writer still owns the first grant");
+            })
+            .await;
+            assert_eq!(first.snapshot().used, 64);
+            assert_eq!(second.snapshot().used, 0);
+            drop(writer);
+            assert_eq!(first.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn foreground_inline_writer_preserves_payload_and_empty_writes() {
+            let mut writer = CustomWriter::new_inline_buffer();
+            writer.write_all(&[]).await.expect("empty foreground write");
+            writer.write_all(b"inline body").await.expect("foreground write");
+            let bytes = writer.into_inline_data().expect("foreground export");
+            assert_eq!(bytes.as_ref(), b"inline body");
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -175,8 +175,10 @@ const DEFAULT_RUSTFS_GET_BITROT_DECODE_OVERLAP_ENABLE: bool = false;
 /// stripe via their stripe handle — only when a data shard is missing or dies.
 /// This halves per-GET read bytes, IOPS, and bitrot hashing on healthy
 /// objects with 2+2 layouts.
-/// Default: false (current behavior: every live shard reader is read on every
-/// stripe).
+/// Default: false for raw `Erasure::decode` calls without deferred parity
+/// handles; `DataBlocksFirst` reader setup attaches deferred parity handles and
+/// leaves those parity reserves unengaged by default unless this env var is set
+/// to `false`.
 const ENV_RUSTFS_GET_LOCKSTEP_DATA_SHARDS_ONLY_ENABLE: &str = "RUSTFS_GET_LOCKSTEP_DATA_SHARDS_ONLY_ENABLE";
 const DEFAULT_RUSTFS_GET_LOCKSTEP_DATA_SHARDS_ONLY_ENABLE: bool = false;

@@ -189,6 +191,13 @@ pub(crate) fn get_lockstep_data_shards_only_enabled() -> bool {
        )
 }

+/// Whether `DataBlocksFirst` reader setup and `with_deferred_parity_handles`
+/// should keep parity shards deferred until needed on healthy GETs.
+pub(crate) fn get_lockstep_data_shards_only_with_deferred_parity_enabled() -> bool {
+    matches!(decode_read_policy(), DecodeReadPolicy::DemandBound)
+        || rustfs_utils::get_env_bool(ENV_RUSTFS_GET_LOCKSTEP_DATA_SHARDS_ONLY_ENABLE, true)
+}
+
 /// Get whether bitrot-decode overlap is enabled.
 fn is_bitrot_decode_overlap_enabled() -> bool {
    rustfs_utils::get_env_bool(
@@ -832,6 +841,13 @@ where
    pub(crate) fn with_deferred_parity_handles(mut self, mut handles: Vec<Option<DeferredReaderStripeHandle>>) -> Self {
        handles.resize_with(self.readers.len(), || None);
        handles.truncate(self.readers.len());
+        if get_lockstep_data_shards_only_with_deferred_parity_enabled() {
+            for (index, handle) in handles.iter().enumerate().skip(self.data_shards) {
+                if handle.is_some() {
+                    self.engaged[index] = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
        self.deferred_handles = handles;
        self
    }
@@ -2596,7 +2612,8 @@ impl Erasure {
        // the ordinary GET read quorum. Only the opt-in GET rollout requires a
        // surplus source; available surplus shards and integrity proofs are
        // still verified before any reconstructed copy bytes are emitted.
-        let require_surplus_source = reader.demand_bound_lockstep && matches!(decode_read_policy(), DecodeReadPolicy::Default);
+        let require_surplus_source =
+            get_lockstep_data_shards_only_enabled() && matches!(decode_read_policy(), DecodeReadPolicy::Default);

        let start = offset / self.block_size;
        let end = end_offset.saturating_sub(1) / self.block_size;
@@ -4367,9 +4384,9 @@ mod tests {
        .await;
    }

-    /// Compatibility lock: with the gate off (default), the lockstep path
-    /// keeps the pre-backlog#923 behavior and reads every live shard —
-    /// including parity — on every stripe.
+    /// Compatibility lock: with the gate off (default), raw `Erasure::decode`
+    /// without deferred parity handles keeps the pre-backlog#923 behavior and
+    /// reads every live shard — including parity — on every stripe.
    #[tokio::test]
    #[serial_test::serial]
    async fn test_lockstep_default_reads_all_shards_per_stripe() {
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 //! Supports legacy (reed-solomon-simd) for reading/healing old-version files.
 //!

+use crate::disk::background_memory::{BackgroundBuffer, Reservation};
+use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, current_resource_unit};
 use bytes::{Bytes, BytesMut};
 use reed_solomon_simd;
 use rustfs_erasure_codec::galois_8::ReedSolomon;
@@ -144,12 +146,54 @@ pub fn calc_shard_size_legacy(block_size: usize, data_shards: usize) -> usize {

 /// Reed-Solomon encoder for legacy (main branch) format using reed-solomon-simd.
 /// Used when decoding/encoding files with uses_legacy_checksum == true.
+struct LegacyWorkspace<T> {
+    codec: T,
+    // The cached payload is freed before its reservation.
+    memory: Option<Reservation>,
+    payload_bound: usize,
+}
+
+impl<T> LegacyWorkspace<T> {
+    fn prepare(
+        cached: Option<Self>,
+        payload_bound: usize,
+        budget: Option<&Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>>,
+        create: impl FnOnce() -> io::Result<T>,
+        reset: impl FnOnce(&mut T) -> io::Result<()>,
+    ) -> io::Result<Self> {
+        if let Some(mut cached) = cached {
+            let reusable = match (&cached.memory, budget) {
+                (None, None) => true,
+                (Some(memory), budget) => {
+                    payload_bound <= cached.payload_bound && budget.is_none_or(|budget| memory.belongs_to(budget))
+                }
+                // Uncharged foreground caches can have larger retained Vec
+                // capacities after reset; start a measured background workspace.
+                (None, Some(_)) => false,
+            };
+            if reusable && reset(&mut cached.codec).is_ok() {
+                return Ok(cached);
+            }
+            // A fresh allocation avoids hidden geometric Vec growth. No payload
+            // references escape codec calls, so dropping this cache is safe.
+            drop(cached);
+        }
+        let memory = budget.map(|budget| budget.reserve(payload_bound)).transpose()?;
+        let codec = create()?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            codec,
+            memory,
+            payload_bound,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
 struct LegacyReedSolomonEncoder {
    data_shards: usize,
    parity_shards: usize,
    cache_workspaces: bool,
-    encoder_cache: RwLock<Option<reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonEncoder>>,
-    decoder_cache: RwLock<Option<reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonDecoder>>,
+    encoder_cache: RwLock<Option<LegacyWorkspace<reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonEncoder>>>,
+    decoder_cache: RwLock<Option<LegacyWorkspace<reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonDecoder>>>,
 }

 impl LegacyReedSolomonEncoder {
@@ -199,20 +243,29 @@ impl LegacyReedSolomonEncoder {
            .write()
            .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("Failed to acquire encoder cache lock"))?
            .take();
-        let mut encoder = {
-            match cached_encoder {
-                Some(mut cached) => {
-                    if cached.reset(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len).is_err() {
-                        reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonEncoder::new(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
-                            .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to create SIMD encoder: {e:?}")))?
-                    } else {
-                        cached
-                    }
-                }
-                None => reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonEncoder::new(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
-                    .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to create SIMD encoder: {e:?}")))?,
-            }
-        };
+        let budget = current_resource_unit().and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget());
+        // reed-solomon-simd 3.1.0 Shards::resize allocates 64-byte units. A
+        // fresh Vec has at least four units; the decoder work-count bound also
+        // covers both encoder rate strategies.
+        let payload_bound = self
+            .logical_shard_bytes_upper_bound(shard_len)
+            .ok_or(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory)?
+            .max(256);
+        let mut workspace = LegacyWorkspace::prepare(
+            cached_encoder,
+            payload_bound,
+            budget.as_ref(),
+            || {
+                reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonEncoder::new(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
+                    .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to create SIMD encoder: {e:?}")))
+            },
+            |encoder| {
+                encoder
+                    .reset(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
+                    .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to reset SIMD encoder: {e:?}")))
+            },
+        )?;
+        let encoder = &mut workspace.codec;
        for (i, shard) in shards.iter().enumerate().take(self.data_shards) {
            encoder
                .add_original_shard(shard)
@@ -233,7 +286,7 @@ impl LegacyReedSolomonEncoder {
                .write()
                .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("Failed to return encoder to cache"))?;
            if cache.is_none() {
-                *cache = Some(encoder);
+                *cache = Some(workspace);
            }
        }
        Ok(())
@@ -254,21 +307,26 @@ impl LegacyReedSolomonEncoder {
            .write()
            .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("Failed to acquire decoder cache lock"))?
            .take();
-        let mut decoder = {
-            match cached_decoder {
-                Some(mut cached_decoder) => {
-                    if let Err(e) = cached_decoder.reset(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len) {
-                        warn!("Failed to reset SIMD decoder: {:?}, creating new one", e);
-                        reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonDecoder::new(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
-                            .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to create SIMD decoder: {e:?}")))?
-                    } else {
-                        cached_decoder
-                    }
-                }
-                None => reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonDecoder::new(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
-                    .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to create SIMD decoder: {e:?}")))?,
-            }
-        };
+        let budget = current_resource_unit().and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget());
+        let payload_bound = self
+            .logical_shard_bytes_upper_bound(shard_len)
+            .ok_or(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory)?
+            .max(256);
+        let mut workspace = LegacyWorkspace::prepare(
+            cached_decoder,
+            payload_bound,
+            budget.as_ref(),
+            || {
+                reed_solomon_simd::ReedSolomonDecoder::new(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
+                    .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to create SIMD decoder: {e:?}")))
+            },
+            |decoder| {
+                decoder
+                    .reset(self.data_shards, self.parity_shards, shard_len)
+                    .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Failed to reset SIMD decoder: {e:?}")))
+            },
+        )?;
+        let decoder = &mut workspace.codec;

        for (i, shard_opt) in shards.iter().enumerate() {
            if let Some(shard) = shard_opt {
@@ -308,7 +366,7 @@ impl LegacyReedSolomonEncoder {
                .write()
                .map_err(|_| io::Error::other("Failed to return decoder to cache"))?;
            if cache.is_none() {
-                *cache = Some(decoder);
+                *cache = Some(workspace);
            }
        }

@@ -333,6 +391,13 @@ impl LegacyReedSolomonEncoder {
            return Ok(true);
        }

+        let expected_bytes = shards.iter().try_fold(0usize, |total, shard| {
+            total
+                .checked_add(shard.len())
+                .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::from(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory))
+        })?;
+        let memory = current_resource_unit().and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget());
+        let _expected_memory = memory.as_ref().map(|memory| memory.reserve(expected_bytes)).transpose()?;
        let mut expected = shards.iter().map(|shard| Some(shard.to_vec())).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        self.encode_parity(&mut expected)?;

@@ -431,8 +496,18 @@ impl ReedSolomonEncoder {
        }

        if let Some(ref rs) = self.encoder {
-            rs.verify(shards)
-                .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Reed-Solomon verify failed: {e:?}")))
+            let result = if let Some(memory) = current_resource_unit().and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget())
+                && let Some(shard_len) = shards.first().map(|shard| shard.len()).filter(|len| *len != 0)
+            {
+                let scratch_len = shard_len.checked_mul(self.parity_shards).ok_or(io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory)?;
+                let mut scratch = BackgroundBuffer::new(Some(memory));
+                scratch.ensure_len(scratch_len)?;
+                let mut buffers: SmallVec<[&mut [u8]; 16]> = scratch.as_mut_slice().chunks_mut(shard_len).collect();
+                rs.verify_with_buffer(shards, &mut buffers)
+            } else {
+                rs.verify(shards)
+            };
+            result.map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("Reed-Solomon verify failed: {e:?}")))
        } else {
            Ok(true)
        }
@@ -1200,6 +1275,105 @@ impl Erasure {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
    use super::*;
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_legacy_workspaces_keep_their_memory_in_cache() {
+        use crate::disk::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+        use std::time::Duration;
+
+        let codec = LegacyReedSolomonEncoder::with_workspace_cache(2, 1, true).expect("isolated cached codec");
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(512, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut shards = [vec![7; 8], vec![9; 8], vec![0; 8]];
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            codec
+                .encode(shards.iter_mut().map(Vec::as_mut_slice).collect())
+                .expect("accounted encoder");
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 256, "fresh SIMD work storage uses at most four 64-byte units");
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            codec
+                .encode(shards.iter_mut().map(Vec::as_mut_slice).collect())
+                .expect("cached payload survives shrink");
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 256);
+
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(512, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut decoded = vec![None, Some(shards[1].clone()), Some(shards[2].clone())];
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            codec.reconstruct_data(&mut decoded).expect("accounted decoder");
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(decoded[0].as_deref(), Some(shards[0].as_slice()));
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 512, "both cached codec payloads remain charged");
+        drop(codec);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_legacy_cache_cannot_reuse_a_different_memory_owner() {
+        use crate::disk::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+        use std::time::Duration;
+
+        let codec = LegacyReedSolomonEncoder::with_workspace_cache(2, 1, true).expect("isolated cached codec");
+        let first = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        first.set_sampled_limit(256, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut shards = [vec![7; 8], vec![9; 8], vec![0; 8]];
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(first.clone())), async {
+            codec
+                .encode(shards.iter_mut().map(Vec::as_mut_slice).collect())
+                .expect("first owner");
+        })
+        .await;
+        let second = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let error = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(second.clone())), async {
+            codec.encode(shards.iter_mut().map(Vec::as_mut_slice).collect())
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect_err("a foreign cache must not bypass a closed owner");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+        assert_eq!(first.snapshot().used, 0);
+        assert_eq!(second.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn background_modern_verification_charges_scratch_and_preserves_invalid_input_errors() {
+        use crate::disk::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+        use std::time::Duration;
+
+        let codec = ReedSolomonEncoder::new(2, 1).expect("modern codec");
+        let mut shards = [vec![7; 8], vec![9; 8], vec![0; 8]];
+        codec
+            .encode(shards.iter_mut().map(Vec::as_mut_slice).collect())
+            .expect("valid parity");
+        let refs: Vec<_> = shards.iter().map(Vec::as_slice).collect();
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let error =
+            with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async { codec.verify(&refs) })
+                .await
+                .expect_err("closed owner rejects verification scratch");
+        assert_eq!(error.kind(), io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(8, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+            assert!(codec.verify(&refs).expect("exact parity scratch fits"));
+            assert!(
+                codec.verify(&[&[], &[9; 8], &[0; 8]]).is_err(),
+                "empty first shard remains an error instead of a panic"
+            );
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
    use proptest::collection::{btree_set, vec};
    use proptest::prelude::*;
    use std::pin::Pin;
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

+use crate::disk::background_memory::{Reservation, is_memory_pressure};
 use crate::disk::disk_store::get_object_disk_read_timeout;
 use crate::disk::error::{Error, Result};
+use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, current_resource_unit};
 use crate::erasure::coding::BitrotReader;
 use crate::erasure::coding::BitrotWriterWrapper;
 use crate::erasure::coding::encode::MultiWriter;
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ use futures::StreamExt;
 use futures::stream::FuturesUnordered;
 use std::io;
 use std::io::ErrorKind;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::io::AsyncRead;
 use tracing::{trace, warn};
@@ -30,21 +33,53 @@ const LOG_COMPONENT_ECSTORE: &str = "ecstore";
 const LOG_SUBSYSTEM_ERASURE: &str = "erasure";
 const EVENT_ERASURE_HEAL_STARTED: &str = "erasure_heal_started";

+struct HealShards {
+    // Drop payloads before refunding their reservations on every error path.
+    shards: Vec<Option<Vec<u8>>>,
+    memory: Vec<Option<Reservation>>,
+    budget: Option<Arc<BackgroundMemoryBudget>>,
+}
+
+impl HealShards {
+    fn reserve_missing(&mut self, shard_size: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if let Some(budget) = &self.budget {
+            for (shard, memory) in self.shards.iter().zip(&mut self.memory) {
+                if shard.is_none() {
+                    *memory = Some(budget.reserve(shard_size)?);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<Bytes> {
+        self.shards
+            .into_iter()
+            .zip(self.memory)
+            .map(|(shard, memory)| Reservation::wrap(Bytes::from(shard.unwrap_or_default()), memory))
+            .collect()
+    }
+}
+
 async fn read_heal_shards<R>(
    readers: &mut [Option<BitrotReader<R>>],
    shard_size: usize,
    read_timeout: Duration,
-) -> (Vec<Option<Vec<u8>>>, Vec<Option<Error>>)
+) -> Result<(HealShards, Vec<Option<Error>>)>
 where
    R: AsyncRead + Unpin + Send + Sync,
 {
    let num_readers = readers.len();
-    let mut shards = vec![None; num_readers];
+    let mut shards = HealShards {
+        shards: vec![None; num_readers],
+        memory: std::iter::repeat_with(|| None).take(num_readers).collect(),
+        budget: current_resource_unit().and_then(|resources| resources.memory_budget()),
+    };
    let mut errs = vec![None; num_readers];
    let mut retire_readers = Vec::new();

    if shard_size == 0 {
-        return (shards, errs);
+        return Ok((shards, errs));
    }

    {
@@ -55,8 +90,17 @@ where
                continue;
            };

+            let budget = shards.budget.clone();
            futures.push(Box::pin(async move {
-                let mut buf = vec![0; shard_size];
+                let memory = match budget.as_ref().map(|budget| budget.reserve(shard_size)).transpose() {
+                    Ok(memory) => memory,
+                    Err(error) => return (index, Err(Error::from(error)), false),
+                };
+                let mut buf = Vec::new();
+                if buf.try_reserve_exact(shard_size).is_err() {
+                    return (index, Err(Error::from(io::Error::from(ErrorKind::OutOfMemory))), false);
+                }
+                buf.resize(shard_size, 0);
                let read_result = if read_timeout.is_zero() {
                    reader.read(&mut buf).await
                } else {
@@ -75,7 +119,7 @@ where
                match read_result {
                    Ok(n) => {
                        buf.truncate(n);
-                        (index, Ok(buf), false)
+                        (index, Ok((buf, memory)), false)
                    }
                    Err(err) => {
                        let should_retire = err.kind() == ErrorKind::TimedOut;
@@ -87,10 +131,14 @@ where

        while let Some((index, result, should_retire)) = futures.next().await {
            match result {
-                Ok(shard) => {
-                    shards[index] = Some(shard);
+                Ok((shard, memory)) => {
+                    shards.shards[index] = Some(shard);
+                    shards.memory[index] = memory;
                }
                Err(err) => {
+                    if matches!(&err, Error::Io(error) if is_memory_pressure(error)) {
+                        return Err(err);
+                    }
                    errs[index] = Some(err);
                    if should_retire {
                        retire_readers.push(index);
@@ -105,7 +153,7 @@ where
        warn!(shard_index = index, "retiring timed-out heal shard reader");
    }

-    (shards, errs)
+    Ok((shards, errs))
 }

 fn heal_writer_failure(writers: &mut MultiWriter<'_>, error: io::Error) -> Error {
@@ -164,7 +212,7 @@ impl super::Erasure {
        for block_index in start_block..end_block {
            let shard_offset = block_index * self.shard_size();
            let shard_size = self.shard_size().min(shard_file_size.saturating_sub(shard_offset));
-            let (mut shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut readers, shard_size, read_timeout).await;
+            let (mut owned_shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut readers, shard_size, read_timeout).await?;

            // Every source shard is already bitrot-verified by its reader, so any
            // data_shards survivors are sufficient to reconstruct — requiring more
@@ -183,6 +231,24 @@ impl super::Erasure {
                return Err(Error::ErasureReadQuorum);
            }

+            owned_shards.reserve_missing(shard_size)?;
+            let source_parity_bytes =
+                owned_shards
+                    .shards
+                    .iter()
+                    .skip(self.data_shards)
+                    .flatten()
+                    .try_fold(0usize, |total, shard| {
+                        total
+                            .checked_add(shard.len())
+                            .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::from(ErrorKind::OutOfMemory))
+                    })?;
+            let _source_memory = owned_shards
+                .budget
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|budget| budget.reserve(source_parity_bytes))
+                .transpose()?;
+            let shards = &mut owned_shards.shards;
            let source_parity = shards
                .iter()
                .enumerate()
@@ -190,24 +256,23 @@ impl super::Erasure {
                .filter_map(|(index, shard)| shard.as_ref().map(|shard| (index, shard.clone())))
                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
            if self.parity_shards > 0 {
-                self.decode_data_and_parity(&mut shards)?;
-                if !source_parity.is_empty() && !self.verify_data_and_parity(&shards)? {
+                self.decode_data_and_parity(shards)?;
+                if !source_parity.is_empty() && !self.verify_data_and_parity(shards)? {
                    return Err(Error::other("can not reconstruct data: inconsistent heal source shards"));
                }
-                for (index, source) in source_parity {
-                    let Some(rebuilt) = shards[index].as_ref() else {
+                for (index, source) in &source_parity {
+                    let Some(rebuilt) = shards[*index].as_ref() else {
                        return Err(Error::other("can not reconstruct data: missing rebuilt parity shard"));
                    };
-                    if rebuilt != &source {
+                    if rebuilt != source {
                        return Err(Error::other("can not reconstruct data: inconsistent heal source shards"));
                    }
                }
            }

-            let shards = shards
-                .into_iter()
-                .map(|s| Bytes::from(s.unwrap_or_default()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            drop(source_parity);
+            drop(_source_memory);
+            let shards = owned_shards.into_bytes();

            if let Err(error) = writers.write(shards).await {
                return Err(heal_writer_failure(&mut writers, error));
@@ -306,6 +371,90 @@ mod tests {
        BitrotWriterWrapper::new(CustomWriter::new_inline_buffer(), shard_size, HashAlgorithm::None)
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn heal_shards_retain_memory_through_missing_outputs_and_last_slice() {
+        use crate::disk::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(24, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut readers = vec![
+            Some(BitrotReader::new(Cursor::new(vec![7; 8]), 8, HashAlgorithm::None, false)),
+            None,
+            Some(BitrotReader::new(Cursor::new(vec![9; 8]), 8, HashAlgorithm::None, false)),
+        ];
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let (mut shards, _) = with_optional_resource_unit(
+            Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+            read_heal_shards(&mut readers, 8, Duration::ZERO),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("read two accounted shards");
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 16);
+        shards
+            .reserve_missing(8)
+            .expect("reserve the reconstructed output before allocation");
+        shards.shards[1] = Some(vec![11; 8]);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 24);
+        let bytes = shards.into_bytes();
+        let slice = bytes[1].slice(1..3);
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        drop(bytes);
+        assert_eq!(slice.as_ref(), &[11; 2]);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 8);
+        drop(slice);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn heal_memory_denial_is_not_replaced_with_read_quorum() {
+        use crate::disk::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        let erasure = Erasure::new(2, 1, 16);
+        let encoded = erasure.encode_data(&[37; 16]).expect("valid source shards");
+        for limit in [0, 23, 31, 39] {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(limit, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let readers = encoded
+                .iter()
+                .map(|shard| Some(BitrotReader::new(Cursor::new(shard.clone()), 8, HashAlgorithm::None, false)))
+                .collect();
+            let mut writers = vec![Some(inline_writer(8)), None, None];
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let result = with_optional_resource_unit(
+                Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+                erasure.heal(&mut writers, readers, 16, &[]),
+            )
+            .await;
+            assert!(
+                matches!(result, Err(Error::Io(error)) if error.kind() == ErrorKind::WouldBlock),
+                "limit={limit}"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn cancelled_heal_shard_reads_release_allocated_payloads() {
+        use crate::disk::{test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+
+        let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(16, Duration::from_secs(30));
+        let mut readers = vec![
+            Some(BitrotReader::new(PendingReader, 8, HashAlgorithm::None, false)),
+            Some(BitrotReader::new(PendingReader, 8, HashAlgorithm::None, false)),
+        ];
+        let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+        let mut read = Box::pin(with_optional_resource_unit(
+            Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+            read_heal_shards(&mut readers, 8, Duration::ZERO),
+        ));
+        assert!(futures::poll!(&mut read).is_pending());
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 16);
+        memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+        drop(read);
+        assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn read_heal_shards_returns_empty_slots_for_zero_sized_shards() {
        let mut readers = vec![
@@ -313,9 +462,11 @@ mod tests {
            None,
        ];

-        let (shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut readers, 0, Duration::ZERO).await;
+        let (shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut readers, 0, Duration::ZERO)
+            .await
+            .expect("empty read succeeds");

-        assert_eq!(shards, vec![None, None]);
+        assert_eq!(shards.shards, vec![None, None]);
        assert_eq!(errs, vec![None, None]);
    }

@@ -323,9 +474,11 @@ mod tests {
    async fn read_heal_shards_records_reader_errors_and_retiring_timeouts() {
        let mut readers = vec![Some(BitrotReader::new(FailingReader, 4, HashAlgorithm::None, false))];

-        let (shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut readers, 4, Duration::ZERO).await;
+        let (shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut readers, 4, Duration::ZERO)
+            .await
+            .expect("ordinary failures remain per-shard");

-        assert!(shards[0].is_none());
+        assert!(shards.shards[0].is_none());
        assert!(
            errs[0]
                .as_ref()
@@ -334,9 +487,11 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(readers[0].is_some(), "ordinary read errors must not retire readers");

        let mut timeout_readers = vec![Some(BitrotReader::new(PendingReader, 4, HashAlgorithm::None, false))];
-        let (shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut timeout_readers, 4, Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
+        let (shards, errs) = read_heal_shards(&mut timeout_readers, 4, Duration::from_millis(1))
+            .await
+            .expect("timeouts remain per-shard");

-        assert_eq!(shards, vec![None]);
+        assert_eq!(shards.shards, vec![None]);
        assert!(errs[0].as_ref().is_some_and(|err| err.to_string().contains("timed out")));
        assert!(timeout_readers[0].is_none(), "timed-out readers are retired");
    }
@@ -1536,7 +1536,7 @@ mod tests {
            writer.write(chunk).await.expect("write chunk");
        }

-        let inline_data = Bytes::from(writer.into_inline_data().expect("inline buffer"));
+        let inline_data = writer.into_inline_data().expect("inline buffer");
        let mut reader = create_bitrot_reader_from_bytes(
            Some(inline_data),
            None,
@@ -1584,7 +1584,7 @@ mod tests {

        let inline_data = writer.into_inline_data().expect("inline buffer");
        let mut reader = create_deferred_bitrot_reader(
-            Some(inline_data.into()),
+            Some(inline_data),
            None,
            "test-bucket",
            "test-path",
@@ -1626,7 +1626,7 @@ mod tests {

            for stripe in 0..payload.len() / shard_size {
                let (mut reader, handle) = create_deferred_bitrot_reader_with_stripe_handle(
-                    Some(inline_data.clone().into()),
+                    Some(inline_data.clone()),
                    None,
                    "test-bucket",
                    "test-path",
@@ -1671,7 +1671,7 @@ mod tests {
        for chunk in payload.chunks(shard_size) {
            writer.write(chunk).await.expect("write chunk");
        }
-        let mut inline_data = writer.into_inline_data().expect("inline buffer");
+        let mut inline_data = writer.into_inline_data().expect("inline buffer").to_vec();

        // Corrupt one payload byte of block 2 (blocks are hash + data).
        let block_len = algo.size() + shard_size;
@@ -1718,7 +1718,7 @@ mod tests {
        let inline_data = writer.into_inline_data().expect("inline buffer");

        let (mut reader, handle) = create_deferred_bitrot_reader_with_stripe_handle(
-            Some(inline_data.into()),
+            Some(inline_data),
            None,
            "test-bucket",
            "test-path",
@@ -1845,4 +1845,122 @@ mod tests {

        assert_eq!(output, data);
    }
+
+    mod inline_memory_regressions {
+        use super::*;
+        use crate::disk::background_memory::Reservation;
+        use crate::disk::{BackgroundMemoryBudget, test_resource_units, with_optional_resource_unit};
+        use std::time::Duration;
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn owned_inline_reader_retains_existing_receipt_without_a_new_grant() {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(64, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let receipt = memory.reserve(64).expect("existing metadata payload grant");
+            let bytes = Reservation::wrap(Bytes::from(vec![7; 64]), Some(receipt));
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(0, Duration::ZERO);
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let mut reader = with_optional_resource_unit(
+                Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+                create_bitrot_reader_from_bytes(
+                    Some(bytes.clone()),
+                    None,
+                    "bucket",
+                    "inline",
+                    0,
+                    64,
+                    64,
+                    HashAlgorithm::None,
+                    false,
+                    false,
+                ),
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("owned data requires no allocation")
+            .expect("inline reader");
+            drop(bytes);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 64, "the source owner must remain attached to the reader");
+            let mut output = [0; 64];
+            assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut output).await.expect("read existing payload"), 64);
+            assert_eq!(output, [7; 64]);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 64);
+            drop(reader);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn accounted_inline_writer_round_trips_bitrot_and_preserves_export_lifetime() {
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(192, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let bytes = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+                let mut writer = create_bitrot_writer(true, None, "bucket", "inline", 64, 64, HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("inline writer");
+                assert_eq!(writer.write(&[19; 64]).await.expect("complete shard"), 64);
+                writer.shutdown().await.expect("shutdown");
+                writer.into_inline_data().expect("bitrot bytes")
+            })
+            .await;
+            assert_eq!(bytes.len(), 96);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 96, "exported [hash][shard] remains charged");
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let mut reader = with_optional_resource_unit(
+                Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())),
+                create_bitrot_reader_from_bytes(
+                    Some(bytes.clone()),
+                    None,
+                    "bucket",
+                    "inline",
+                    0,
+                    64,
+                    64,
+                    HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S,
+                    false,
+                    false,
+                ),
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("reader")
+            .expect("inline reader");
+            let mut output = [0; 64];
+            assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut output).await.expect("bitrot remains verified"), 64);
+            assert_eq!(output, [19; 64]);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 192, "input owner and verification scratch are both live");
+            drop(reader);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 96);
+            let slice = bytes.slice(32..36);
+            drop(bytes);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 96);
+            drop(slice);
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+
+        #[tokio::test]
+        async fn inline_heal_writer_memory_denial_is_retryable_after_read_and_verify_fit() {
+            use crate::erasure::coding::Erasure;
+            let erasure = Erasure::new(2, 1, 16);
+            let encoded = erasure.encode_data(&[37; 16]).expect("foreground test fixture");
+            let readers = encoded
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|shard| Some(BitrotReader::new(Cursor::new(shard), 8, HashAlgorithm::None, false)))
+                .collect();
+            let memory = BackgroundMemoryBudget::new();
+            // Read shards: 24 bytes; source parity: 8; verify scratch: 8.
+            // After verification, input shards still use 24. The target needs a
+            // new 40-byte [hash][shard] allocation and must fail before copying.
+            memory.set_sampled_limit(40, Duration::from_secs(30));
+            let (resources, _) = test_resource_units(1);
+            let result = with_optional_resource_unit(Some(resources.with_memory_budget(memory.clone())), async {
+                let writer = create_bitrot_writer(true, None, "bucket", "inline", 8, 8, HashAlgorithm::HighwayHash256S)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("writer setup does not allocate payload");
+                let mut writers = vec![Some(writer), None, None];
+                erasure.heal(&mut writers, readers, 16, &[]).await
+            })
+            .await;
+            assert!(matches!(result, Err(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock));
+            assert_eq!(memory.snapshot().used, 0);
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -55,7 +55,9 @@ mod set_disk;
 mod storage_api_contracts;
 mod store;

-pub use disk::{with_background_disk_io, with_background_resource_unit};
+pub use disk::{
+    spawn_blocking_with_resource_ownership, with_background_disk_io, with_background_resource_set, with_background_resource_unit,
+};
 pub use store::PoolMetaWriteGateStatus;

 // pub mod checksum;
@@ -144,6 +144,8 @@ pub(crate) fn namespace_lock_signal_test_fence_is_lost(signal: &Arc<rustfs_lock:
        .is_some_and(|(_, fence)| fence.is_lock_lost())
 }

+type FreshPutQuota = std::result::Result<(Option<crate::bucket::quota::BucketQuota>, Uuid, OffsetDateTime), String>;
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ObjectLockConfigSnapshot {
    store_id: Option<Uuid>,
@@ -154,6 +156,7 @@ pub struct ObjectLockConfigSnapshot {
    lifecycle_fence: NamespaceLockFence,
    _lifecycle_guard: Option<rustfs_lock::NamespaceLockGuard>,
    metadata_transaction_guard: Option<Arc<rustfs_lock::NamespaceLockGuard>>,
+    fresh_put_quota: std::sync::Mutex<Option<FreshPutQuota>>,
 }

 impl ObjectLockConfigSnapshot {
@@ -167,6 +170,7 @@ impl ObjectLockConfigSnapshot {
            lifecycle_fence: NamespaceLockFence::new(),
            _lifecycle_guard: None,
            metadata_transaction_guard: None,
+            fresh_put_quota: std::sync::Mutex::new(None),
        }
    }

@@ -187,6 +191,7 @@ impl ObjectLockConfigSnapshot {
            lifecycle_fence: NamespaceLockFence::new(),
            _lifecycle_guard: None,
            metadata_transaction_guard: None,
+            fresh_put_quota: std::sync::Mutex::new(None),
        }
    }

@@ -212,6 +217,7 @@ impl ObjectLockConfigSnapshot {
            lifecycle_fence,
            _lifecycle_guard: Some(lifecycle_guard),
            metadata_transaction_guard: Some(Arc::new(metadata_transaction_guard)),
+            fresh_put_quota: std::sync::Mutex::new(None),
        }
    }

@@ -233,9 +239,23 @@ impl ObjectLockConfigSnapshot {
            lifecycle_fence,
            _lifecycle_guard: None,
            metadata_transaction_guard: Some(metadata_transaction_guard),
+            fresh_put_quota: std::sync::Mutex::new(None),
        }
    }

+    pub(crate) fn set_fresh_put_quota(&self, quota: FreshPutQuota) {
+        if self._lifecycle_guard.is_some() && self.metadata_transaction_guard.is_some() {
+            *self.fresh_put_quota.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner) = Some(quota);
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn take_fresh_put_quota(&self) -> Option<FreshPutQuota> {
+        self.fresh_put_quota
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner)
+            .take()
+    }
+
    #[allow(dead_code, reason = "snapshot-scope predicate asserted by this file's tests (backlog#1823)")]
    pub(crate) fn is_for_store_bucket(
        &self,
@@ -941,6 +941,32 @@ impl InstanceContext {
            .clone()
    }

+    /// Remove the `BucketMetadataSys` when its backing `ECStore` is gone.
+    ///
+    /// Called from `ECStore::drop`. When test fixtures share the bootstrap
+    /// context, the `BucketMetadataSys` stores a `Weak<ECStore>` to prevent a
+    /// reference cycle; once the store drops the weak is dangling and any
+    /// `object_store()` call panics. Clearing the slot here lets the next
+    /// fixture install a fresh `BucketMetadataSys` without hitting the stale one.
+    pub fn clear_bucket_metadata_sys_if_stale(&self) {
+        let mut guard = self.bucket_metadata_sys.lock().expect("bucket_metadata_sys lock poisoned");
+        if let Some(sys) = guard.as_ref() {
+            // `read()` may block briefly; the async RwLock is acceptable here
+            // because Drop is sync and the lock is held only long enough to
+            // check the weak reference.
+            let is_stale = {
+                let s = sys.try_read();
+                match s {
+                    Ok(s) => s.is_store_stale(),
+                    Err(_) => true, // contended: treat as stale-safe to clear
+                }
+            };
+            if is_stale {
+                *guard = None;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Set this instance's background-services cancellation token (once).
    pub fn init_background_cancel_token(&self, token: CancellationToken) -> Result<(), CancellationToken> {
        self.background_cancel_token.set(token)
@@ -1288,7 +1288,7 @@ async fn try_create_bitrot_readers_via_batch_pread(
    // parity readers unopened; preading them here would discard their bytes
    // when fill_deferred_bitrot_readers installs stripe-aligned reserves.
    let data_first = strategy != BitrotReaderSetupStrategy::AllShards
-        && crate::erasure::coding::decode::get_lockstep_data_shards_only_enabled();
+        && crate::erasure::coding::decode::get_lockstep_data_shards_only_with_deferred_parity_enabled();
    let mut setup = BitrotReaderSetup::new(disks.len());
    for (idx, disk) in disks.iter().enumerate() {
        if disk.is_none() {
@@ -2549,6 +2549,8 @@ pub(in crate::set_disk) struct RenameTailCleanup {
 pub(in crate::set_disk) struct RenameTailOutcome {
    pub(in crate::set_disk) convergence: RenameConvergence,
    pub(in crate::set_disk) cleanup: Vec<RenameTailCleanup>,
+    pub(in crate::set_disk) old_current_source_all_successful_checked: bool,
+    pub(in crate::set_disk) all_online_local_succeeded: bool,
 }

 const RENAME_TAIL_CLEANUP_COUNTERFACTUAL_SKIP_ENV: &str = "RUSTFS_PUT_RENAME_TAIL_CLEANUP_COUNTERFACTUAL_SKIP";
@@ -3572,7 +3574,7 @@ pub(in crate::set_disk) async fn finish_rename_tail_heal<
    Guards: Send + 'static,
    Finalize: FnOnce() -> FinalizeFuture + Send,
    FinalizeFuture: Future<Output = ()> + Send,
-    Cleanup: FnOnce(Guards, Vec<RenameTailCleanup>) -> CleanupFuture + Send,
+    Cleanup: FnOnce(Guards, Vec<RenameTailCleanup>, bool, bool) -> CleanupFuture + Send,
    CleanupFuture: Future<Output = ()> + Send,
    Cleanup: 'static,
    CleanupFuture: 'static,
@@ -3580,34 +3582,41 @@ pub(in crate::set_disk) async fn finish_rename_tail_heal<
    SubmitFuture: Future<Output = ()> + Send,
 {
    let tail_async_started = rustfs_io_metrics::put_stage_timer();
-    let (needs_heal, tail_cleanup, tail_complete) = match tail_drain.await {
-        Ok(Some(outcome)) => (outcome.convergence.needs_heal(), outcome.cleanup, true),
-        Ok(None) => {
-            warn!(
-                event = EVENT_SET_DISK_RENAME_TAIL_DRAIN_FAILED,
-                component = LOG_COMPONENT_ECSTORE,
-                subsystem = LOG_SUBSYSTEM_SET_DISK,
-                state = "missing_convergence",
-                bucket = %request.bucket,
-                object = request.object_prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
-                "committed rename tail drain completed without convergence"
-            );
-            (true, Vec::new(), false)
-        }
-        Err(err) => {
-            warn!(
-                event = EVENT_SET_DISK_RENAME_TAIL_DRAIN_FAILED,
-                component = LOG_COMPONENT_ECSTORE,
-                subsystem = LOG_SUBSYSTEM_SET_DISK,
-                state = "failed",
-                bucket = %request.bucket,
-                object = request.object_prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
-                error = %err,
-                "rename tail drain failed"
-            );
-            (true, Vec::new(), false)
-        }
-    };
+    let (needs_heal, tail_cleanup, tail_complete, old_current_source_all_successful_checked, all_online_local_succeeded) =
+        match tail_drain.await {
+            Ok(Some(outcome)) => (
+                outcome.convergence.needs_heal(),
+                outcome.cleanup,
+                true,
+                outcome.old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
+                outcome.all_online_local_succeeded,
+            ),
+            Ok(None) => {
+                warn!(
+                    event = EVENT_SET_DISK_RENAME_TAIL_DRAIN_FAILED,
+                    component = LOG_COMPONENT_ECSTORE,
+                    subsystem = LOG_SUBSYSTEM_SET_DISK,
+                    state = "missing_convergence",
+                    bucket = %request.bucket,
+                    object = request.object_prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
+                    "committed rename tail drain completed without convergence"
+                );
+                (true, Vec::new(), false, false, false)
+            }
+            Err(err) => {
+                warn!(
+                    event = EVENT_SET_DISK_RENAME_TAIL_DRAIN_FAILED,
+                    component = LOG_COMPONENT_ECSTORE,
+                    subsystem = LOG_SUBSYSTEM_SET_DISK,
+                    state = "failed",
+                    bucket = %request.bucket,
+                    object = request.object_prefix.as_deref().unwrap_or_default(),
+                    error = %err,
+                    "rename tail drain failed"
+                );
+                (true, Vec::new(), false, false, false)
+            }
+        };
    rustfs_io_metrics::record_put_object_stage_duration_from(
        rustfs_io_metrics::PUT_STAGE_SET_DISK_RENAME_TAIL_ASYNC_WAIT,
        tail_async_started,
@@ -3651,7 +3660,12 @@ pub(in crate::set_disk) async fn finish_rename_tail_heal<
            let job = RenameTailCleanupJob {
                enqueued_at: Instant::now(),
                targets,
-                future: Box::pin(cleanup(guards, tail_cleanup)),
+                future: Box::pin(cleanup(
+                    guards,
+                    tail_cleanup,
+                    old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
+                    all_online_local_succeeded,
+                )),
            };
            if let Err(job) = rename_tail_cleanup_queue().try_enqueue(job).await {
                rustfs_io_metrics::record_put_object_stage_duration_from(
@@ -3676,7 +3690,13 @@ pub(in crate::set_disk) async fn finish_rename_tail_heal<
                cleanup_submit_started,
            );
            let cleanup_started = rustfs_io_metrics::put_stage_timer();
-            cleanup(guards, tail_cleanup).await;
+            cleanup(
+                guards,
+                tail_cleanup,
+                old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
+                all_online_local_succeeded,
+            )
+            .await;
            rustfs_io_metrics::record_put_object_stage_duration_from(
                rustfs_io_metrics::PUT_STAGE_SET_DISK_RENAME_TAIL_CLEANUP,
                cleanup_started,
@@ -4155,7 +4175,14 @@ impl SetDisks {
                        }
                    }

-                    if !sent_commit && success_count >= write_quorum {
+                    let pending_tasks = tasks.len();
+                    let checked_count = old_current_source_checked.iter().filter(|checked| **checked).count();
+                    let max_source_votes = Self::max_common_old_current_source_votes(&old_current_sources);
+                    let can_change_old_current_source = (checked_count < write_quorum
+                        && checked_count + pending_tasks >= write_quorum)
+                        || (max_source_votes < write_quorum && max_source_votes + pending_tasks >= write_quorum);
+
+                    if !sent_commit && success_count >= write_quorum && !can_change_old_current_source {
                        let snapshot_commit = Self::rename_data_commit_from_observations(
                            RenameDataObservations {
                                disks: &coordinator_disks,
@@ -4174,6 +4201,8 @@ impl SetDisks {
                            cleanup_at_snapshot = commit.cleanup_disks.iter().map(Option::is_some).collect();
                        }
                        if let Some(commit_tx) = commit_tx.take() {
+                            #[cfg(test)]
+                            rename_fanout_barrier::wait_for_armed_rename_before_early_ack(&fanout_dst_object).await;
                            let _ = commit_tx.send(snapshot_commit);
                        }
                        sent_commit = true;
@@ -4296,9 +4325,21 @@ impl SetDisks {
                    }
                }

+                let old_current_source_all_successful_checked = errs
+                    .iter()
+                    .enumerate()
+                    .filter(|(_, err)| err.is_none())
+                    .all(|(idx, _)| old_current_source_checked.get(idx).copied().unwrap_or(false));
+                let all_online_local_succeeded = coordinator_disks.iter().zip(errs.iter()).all(|(disk, err)| match disk {
+                    Some(d) => d.is_local() && err.is_none(),
+                    None => true,
+                });
+
                Some(RenameTailOutcome {
                    convergence: final_convergence,
                    cleanup: tail_cleanup,
+                    old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
+                    all_online_local_succeeded,
                })
            }
        });
@@ -4863,6 +4904,14 @@ impl SetDisks {
        })
    }

+    pub(in crate::set_disk) fn max_common_old_current_source_votes(old_current_sources: &[Option<FileInfo>]) -> usize {
+        let mut counts: HashMap<[u8; 32], usize> = HashMap::new();
+        for source in old_current_sources.iter().flatten() {
+            *counts.entry(Self::file_info_quorum_hash(source)).or_insert(0) += 1;
+        }
+        counts.into_values().max().unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+
    pub(in crate::set_disk) fn reduce_common_old_current_source(
        old_current_sources: &[Option<FileInfo>],
        write_quorum: usize,
@@ -6688,9 +6737,7 @@ impl SetDisks {
                        object,
                    );
                }
-                let if_none_match = http_preconditions.if_none_match_value().map(str::to_owned);
-                let if_match = http_preconditions.if_match_value().map(str::to_owned);
-                if should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match)
+                if should_prevent_write(&oi, http_preconditions.if_none_match_value(), http_preconditions.if_match_value())
                    && !crate::data_movement::can_replace_stale_data_movement_target(&oi, opts)
                {
                    return Some(StorageError::PreconditionFailed);
@@ -7422,6 +7469,34 @@ pub(crate) mod rename_fanout_barrier {
        }
    }

+    pub(in crate::set_disk) async fn wait_for_armed_rename_before_early_ack(object: &str) {
+        loop {
+            let (any_armed, any_unpaused) = {
+                let reg = lock();
+                let mut any_armed = false;
+                let mut any_unpaused = false;
+                for ((obj, _, phase), armed) in &reg.armed {
+                    if obj == object && *phase == Phase::Rename {
+                        any_armed = true;
+                        if !armed.paused.load(Ordering::SeqCst) {
+                            any_unpaused = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                (any_armed, any_unpaused)
+            };
+            if !any_armed {
+                return;
+            }
+            if !any_unpaused {
+                tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+                return;
+            }
+            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        }
+    }
+
    /// RAII scope that observes in-flight fan-out task counts for a single
    /// `object`. Counts accrue only while the scope is alive; it clears its own
    /// entry on drop.
@@ -8488,9 +8563,9 @@ mod tests {
        }
        assert_eq!(
            recorder.counter_value("rustfs_io_get_object_local_batch_shards_total", &[("outcome", "success")]),
-            4
+            2
        );
-        assert_eq!(recorder.counter_value("rustfs_io_get_object_local_batch_read_bytes_total", &[]), 14);
+        assert_eq!(recorder.counter_value("rustfs_io_get_object_local_batch_read_bytes_total", &[]), 7);
        assert_eq!(recorder.histogram_sample_count("rustfs_io_get_object_local_batch_prepare_seconds"), 8);
    }

@@ -9546,11 +9621,11 @@ mod tests {
            writer.shutdown().await.expect("inline writer should shutdown");
            let mut fi = base.clone();
            fi.erasure.index = index + 1;
-            fi.data = Some(Bytes::from(
+            fi.data = Some(
                writer
                    .into_inline_data()
                    .expect("inline bitrot writer should retain encoded data"),
-            ));
+            );
            files.push(fi);
        }
        files
@@ -10915,7 +10990,7 @@ mod tests {
            move || async move {
                *finalize_captured.lock().expect("finalize recorder should not poison") = true;
            },
-            move |(), _| async move {
+            move |(), _, _, _| async move {
                *cleanup_captured.lock().expect("cleanup recorder should not poison") = true;
            },
            |request| async move {
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ use crate::erasure::codec::bridge::{
 use crate::erasure::coding;
 use crate::error::{Error, Result, is_err_version_not_found};
 use crate::error::{GenericError, ObjectApiError, is_err_object_not_found};
-use crate::io_support::bitrot::{create_bitrot_reader, create_bitrot_reader_from_bytes, create_bitrot_writer};
+use crate::io_support::bitrot::{create_bitrot_reader_from_bytes, create_bitrot_writer};
 use crate::object_api::ObjectOptions;
 use crate::object_api::get_object_body_cache_hook;
 use crate::object_api::object_api_utils::get_raw_etag;
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@ use bytesize::ByteSize;
 use futures::future::join_all;
 use http::HeaderMap;
 use md5::{Digest as Md5Digest, Md5};
-use regex::Regex;
 use rustfs_config::MI_B;
 use rustfs_filemeta::metadata_keys;
 use rustfs_filemeta::{
@@ -4537,6 +4536,7 @@ fn resolve_tiered_decommission_write_quorum_result(
 pub struct SetDisks {
    pub locker_owner: String,
    pub disks: Arc<RwLock<Vec<Option<DiskStore>>>>,
+    pub(crate) physical_heal_admission: Arc<crate::disk::PhysicalHealBinding>,
    pub set_endpoints: Vec<Endpoint>,
    pub set_drive_count: usize,
    pub default_parity_count: usize,
@@ -5154,6 +5154,12 @@ impl SetDisks {
        if request.expected_bucket_incarnation_id.is_none() {
            return Ok(());
        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "e2e-test-hooks")]
+        if let Some(object) = request.object_prefix.as_deref()
+            && skip_e2e_mrf_fallback(&request.bucket, object).await
+        {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
        request.source = rustfs_heal_contracts::heal_channel::HealRequestSource::Mrf;
        #[cfg(test)]
        {
@@ -5473,6 +5479,7 @@ impl SetDisks {
        Arc::new(SetDisks {
            locker_owner,
            disks,
+            physical_heal_admission: Arc::default(),
            set_drive_count,
            default_parity_count,
            set_index,
@@ -5861,6 +5868,25 @@ impl SetDisks {
    // }
 }

+// The isolated root-heal test suppresses only the direct best-effort fallback.
+// Persisted MRF responsibilities and their replay keep their normal behavior.
+#[cfg(feature = "e2e-test-hooks")]
+pub(in crate::set_disk) async fn skip_e2e_mrf_fallback(bucket: &str, object: &str) -> bool {
+    let Some(path) = std::env::var_os("RUSTFS_E2E_SKIP_MRF_FALLBACK_PATH") else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let path = std::path::PathBuf::from(path);
+    let Ok(prefix) = tokio::fs::read_to_string(&path).await else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let key = format!("{bucket}/{object}");
+    if prefix.is_empty() || !key.starts_with(&prefix) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    let _ = tokio::fs::write(path.with_extension("observed"), key).await;
+    true
+}
+
 fn is_explicit_null_version(version_id: Option<Uuid>) -> bool {
    version_id == Some(Uuid::nil())
 }
@@ -8009,16 +8035,29 @@ fn parts_after_marker(part_numbers: &[usize], part_number_marker: usize) -> Opti
    Some(&part_numbers[index..])
 }

-pub fn canonicalize_etag(etag: &str) -> String {
-    let re = Regex::new("\"*?([^\"]*?)\"*?$").unwrap();
-    re.replace_all(etag, "$1").to_string()
+fn canonicalized_etag(etag: &str) -> Cow<'_, str> {
+    // Preserve the legacy suffix-matching behavior for embedded quotes.
+    let trimmed = etag.trim_end_matches('"');
+    let Some(last_quote) = trimmed.rfind('"') else {
+        return Cow::Borrowed(trimmed);
+    };
+    let prefix = trimmed[..last_quote].trim_end_matches('"');
+    let suffix = &trimmed[last_quote + 1..];
+    if prefix.is_empty() {
+        Cow::Borrowed(suffix)
+    } else {
+        let mut result = String::with_capacity(prefix.len() + suffix.len());
+        result.push_str(prefix);
+        result.push_str(suffix);
+        Cow::Owned(result)
+    }
 }

 pub fn e_tag_matches(etag: &str, condition: &str) -> bool {
    if condition.trim() == "*" {
        return true;
    }
-    canonicalize_etag(etag) == canonicalize_etag(condition)
+    canonicalized_etag(etag) == canonicalized_etag(condition)
 }

 fn weak_etag_matches(etag: &str, condition: &str) -> bool {
@@ -8033,15 +8072,12 @@ fn weak_etag_matches(etag: &str, condition: &str) -> bool {
            .or_else(|| trimmed.strip_prefix("w/"))
            .unwrap_or(trimmed)
    }
-    canonicalize_etag(strip_weak(etag)) == canonicalize_etag(strip_weak(condition))
+    canonicalized_etag(strip_weak(etag)) == canonicalized_etag(strip_weak(condition))
 }

-pub fn should_prevent_write(oi: &ObjectInfo, if_none_match: Option<String>, if_match: Option<String>) -> bool {
-    let if_none_match = if_none_match
-        .as_deref()
-        .map(str::trim)
-        .filter(|condition| !condition.is_empty());
-    let if_match = if_match.as_deref().map(str::trim).filter(|condition| !condition.is_empty());
+pub fn should_prevent_write(oi: &ObjectInfo, if_none_match: Option<&str>, if_match: Option<&str>) -> bool {
+    let if_none_match = if_none_match.map(str::trim).filter(|condition| !condition.is_empty());
+    let if_match = if_match.map(str::trim).filter(|condition| !condition.is_empty());

    match &oi.etag {
        Some(etag) => {
@@ -13745,6 +13781,22 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(result2.iter().all(|d| d.is_none()));
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn canonicalized_etag_preserves_legacy_regex_semantics() {
+        let regex = regex::Regex::new("\"*?([^\"]*?)\"*?$").expect("valid legacy ETag pattern");
+        let alphabet = ['a', '"', '\n', 'é', '\0'];
+        for length in 0..=6_u32 {
+            for mut number in 0..alphabet.len().pow(length) {
+                let mut input = String::new();
+                for _ in 0..length {
+                    input.push(alphabet[number % alphabet.len()]);
+                    number /= alphabet.len();
+                }
+                assert_eq!(canonicalized_etag(&input), regex.replace_all(&input, "$1"), "input: {input:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn test_etag_matches() {
        assert!(e_tag_matches("abc", "abc"));
@@ -14320,61 +14372,61 @@ mod tests {
            etag: Some("abc".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };
-        let if_none_match = Some("abc".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("abc");
        let if_match = None;
        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

-        let if_none_match = Some("*".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("*");
        let if_match = None;
        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

        let if_none_match = None;
-        let if_match = Some("def".to_string());
+        let if_match = Some("def");
        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

        let if_none_match = None;
-        let if_match = Some("*".to_string());
+        let if_match = Some("*");
        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

-        let if_none_match = Some("def".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("def");
        let if_match = None;
        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

-        let if_none_match = Some("def".to_string());
-        let if_match = Some("*".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("def");
+        let if_match = Some("*");
        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

-        let if_none_match = Some("def".to_string());
-        let if_match = Some("\"abc\"".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("def");
+        let if_match = Some("\"abc\"");
        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

-        let if_none_match = Some("*".to_string());
-        let if_match = Some("\"abc\"".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("*");
+        let if_match = Some("\"abc\"");
        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

        let oi = ObjectInfo {
            etag: None,
            ..Default::default()
        };
-        let if_none_match = Some("*".to_string());
-        let if_match = Some("\"abc\"".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("*");
+        let if_match = Some("\"abc\"");
        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

        let if_none_match = None;
        let if_match = None;
        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

-        let if_none_match = Some(String::new());
-        let if_match = Some(" ".to_string());
+        let if_none_match = Some("");
+        let if_match = Some(" ");
        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, if_none_match, if_match));

        let oi = ObjectInfo {
            etag: Some("abc".to_string()),
            ..Default::default()
        };
-        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, Some("W/\"abc\"".to_string()), None));
-        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, Some("W/\"def\"".to_string()), None));
-        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, None, Some("W/\"abc\"".to_string())));
+        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, Some("W/\"abc\""), None));
+        assert!(!should_prevent_write(&oi, Some("W/\"def\""), None));
+        assert!(should_prevent_write(&oi, None, Some("W/\"abc\"")));
    }

    #[test]
@@ -14782,7 +14834,7 @@ mod tests {
            file.erasure.index = files.len() + 1;
            file.erasure.block_size = erasure.block_size;
            file.uses_legacy_checksum = uses_legacy;
-            file.data = Some(Bytes::from(data));
+            file.data = Some(data);
            files.push(file);
        }

@@ -15243,7 +15295,7 @@ mod tests {
        }

        let encoded = bitrot_writer.into_inline_data().expect("bitrot encoded data should exist");
-        disk.write_all(bucket, &shard_path, Bytes::from(encoded))
+        disk.write_all(bucket, &shard_path, encoded)
            .await
            .expect("encoded shard should be stored");

@@ -15327,7 +15379,7 @@ mod tests {
        }

        let encoded = bitrot_writer.into_inline_data().expect("bitrot encoded data should exist");
-        disk.write_all(bucket, &shard_path, Bytes::from(encoded))
+        disk.write_all(bucket, &shard_path, encoded)
            .await
            .expect("encoded shard should be stored");

@@ -15440,7 +15492,7 @@ mod tests {
            }

            let encoded = bitrot_writer.into_inline_data().expect("bitrot encoded data should exist");
-            disk.write_all(bucket, &shard_path, Bytes::from(encoded))
+            disk.write_all(bucket, &shard_path, encoded)
                .await
                .expect("encoded shard should be stored");
        }
@@ -97,6 +97,14 @@ pub(crate) mod test_hooks {
            .push((bucket.to_owned(), object.to_owned(), hook));
    }

+    pub(super) fn has_before_gc_finalize(bucket: &str, object: &str) -> bool {
+        BEFORE_GC_FINALIZE
+            .lock()
+            .expect("GC finalize hooks")
+            .iter()
+            .any(|(hook_bucket, hook_object, _)| hook_bucket == bucket && hook_object == object)
+    }
+
    pub(super) async fn run_before_gc_finalize(bucket: &str, object: &str) {
        let hook = {
            let mut hooks = BEFORE_GC_FINALIZE.lock().expect("GC finalize hooks");
@@ -418,6 +426,59 @@ impl SetDisks {
            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.ctx.begin_namespace_commit());
        context.namespace_owner = Some(Arc::new((owner, Arc::clone(&transaction_guard))));
        let can_commit = context.can_commit;
+        let can_try_local_fast_path = disks.len() == self.set_drive_count
+            && disks.iter().all(|d| d.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| d.is_local()))
+            && !crate::disk::local::has_delete_version_test_failpoints()
+            && {
+                #[cfg(test)]
+                {
+                    !test_hooks::has_before_gc_finalize(bucket, object)
+                }
+                #[cfg(not(test))]
+                {
+                    true
+                }
+            };
+        if can_try_local_fast_path && can_commit() {
+            let fast_published = join_all(disks.iter().map(|disk| async {
+                if !can_commit() {
+                    return Err(DiskError::other("delete recovery namespace fence was lost"));
+                }
+                let disk = disk.as_ref().ok_or(DiskError::DiskNotFound)?;
+                disk.try_publish_prepared_delete_local(bucket, object, transaction, context.namespace_owner.clone())
+                    .await
+            }))
+            .await;
+            let all_fast_published = fast_published.len() == self.set_drive_count
+                && fast_published.iter().all(|res| matches!(res, Ok(Some((_, true, true)))));
+            if all_fast_published && can_commit() {
+                #[cfg(test)]
+                test_hooks::record_cleanup_attempt(bucket, object);
+                let finalized = join_all(disks.iter().zip(fast_published.iter()).map(|(disk, pub_res)| {
+                    let ns_owner = context.namespace_owner.clone();
+                    async move {
+                        if !can_commit() {
+                            return Ok(false);
+                        }
+                        let Some(disk) = disk.as_ref() else {
+                            return Ok(false);
+                        };
+                        let Ok(Some((journal, _, _))) = pub_res else {
+                            return Ok(false);
+                        };
+                        disk.try_finish_and_finalize_prepared_delete_local(bucket, object, transaction, journal, ns_owner)
+                            .await
+                    }
+                }))
+                .await;
+                if finalized.iter().all(|res| matches!(res, Ok(true))) {
+                    if let Some(ticket) = context.recovery_ticket.as_ref() {
+                        self.ctx.delete_recovery_hints().ack(ticket);
+                    }
+                    return Ok(());
+                }
+            }
+        }
        let states = inspect(disks, bucket, object, transaction).await;
        let untouched_absence = |state: &Result<DeleteRecoveryInspection>| matches!(state, Ok(state) if state.state == DeleteRecoveryState::Absent && state.current_digest.is_none());
        if states.iter().filter(|state| untouched_absence(state)).count() >= write_quorum
@@ -158,13 +158,15 @@ fn rename_tail_cleanup_zero_target_tmp_delete_skip_enabled() -> bool {
 }

 fn tier_free_version_source_reuse_rename_data_enabled() -> bool {
-    static ENABLED: std::sync::OnceLock<bool> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
-    *ENABLED.get_or_init(|| {
-        matches!(
-            std::env::var(TIER_FREE_VERSION_SOURCE_REUSE_RENAME_DATA_ENV).ok().as_deref(),
-            Some("1" | "true" | "TRUE" | "yes" | "YES" | "on" | "ON")
-        )
-    })
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    {
+        rustfs_utils::get_env_bool(TIER_FREE_VERSION_SOURCE_REUSE_RENAME_DATA_ENV, true)
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(test))]
+    {
+        static ENABLED: std::sync::OnceLock<bool> = std::sync::OnceLock::new();
+        *ENABLED.get_or_init(|| rustfs_utils::get_env_bool(TIER_FREE_VERSION_SOURCE_REUSE_RENAME_DATA_ENV, true))
+    }
 }

 fn tier_free_version_source_reuse_rename_data_assume_homogeneous_enabled() -> bool {
@@ -4741,7 +4743,7 @@ impl SetDisks {
                                .ok_or_else(|| Error::other(format!("inline encoder omitted disk shard {i}")))?,
                        );
                    } else if let Some(writer) = writers[i].take() {
-                        pfi.data = Some(writer.into_inline_data().map(Bytes::from).unwrap_or_default());
+                        pfi.data = Some(writer.into_inline_data().unwrap_or_default());
                    }

                    pfi.set_inline_data();
@@ -5523,8 +5525,10 @@ impl SetDisks {
                );

                let tier_free_version_source_lookup_started = rustfs_io_metrics::put_stage_timer();
+                let all_commit_disks_local = commit_disks.iter().flatten().all(|disk| disk.is_local());
                let reuse_rename_data_source_for_tier_free_version = tier_free_version_source_reuse_rename_data_enabled()
-                    && (commit_set.tier_free_version_rename_data_source_capable()
+                    && (all_commit_disks_local
+                        || commit_set.tier_free_version_rename_data_source_capable()
                        || tier_free_version_source_reuse_rename_data_assume_homogeneous_enabled());
                let mut put_tier_free_version_source = if commit_put_tier_free_version_id.is_some()
                    && commit_tier_free_version_receipt_sink.is_some()
@@ -5630,9 +5634,11 @@ impl SetDisks {
                );
                let lock_held_tail_handoff_started = rustfs_io_metrics::put_stage_timer();
                if let Ok(rename_commit) = rename_result.as_mut() {
-                    commit_set.observe_tier_free_version_rename_data_source_capability(
-                        rename_commit.tail_drain.is_none() && rename_commit.old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
-                    );
+                    if rename_commit.tail_drain.is_none() || !rename_commit.old_current_source_all_successful_checked {
+                        commit_set.observe_tier_free_version_rename_data_source_capability(
+                            rename_commit.tail_drain.is_none() && rename_commit.old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
+                        );
+                    }
                    commit_set.record_capacity_scope_if_needed(commit_capacity_scope_token, &rename_commit.capacity_disks);
                    // Install the tail watcher before any post-commit await. The
                    // latch keeps namespace guards through their prior handoff point.
@@ -5700,7 +5706,12 @@ impl SetDisks {
                                decommission_object_lock_guard,
                                decommission_capacity_guard,
                            ),
-                                  targets| {
+                                  targets,
+                                  old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
+                                  all_online_local_succeeded| {
+                                cleanup_set.observe_tier_free_version_rename_data_source_capability(
+                                    old_current_source_all_successful_checked,
+                                );
                                drop(object_lock_guard);
                                drop(write_context);
                                drop(publication_guard);
@@ -5727,7 +5738,10 @@ impl SetDisks {
                                        )
                                        .await;
                                    let tmp_delete_started = rustfs_io_metrics::put_stage_timer();
-                                    if zero_target_cleanup && rename_tail_cleanup_zero_target_tmp_delete_skip_enabled() {
+                                    if zero_target_cleanup
+                                        && (all_online_local_succeeded
+                                            || rename_tail_cleanup_zero_target_tmp_delete_skip_enabled())
+                                    {
                                        rustfs_io_metrics::record_put_object_stage_duration(
                                            rustfs_io_metrics::PUT_STAGE_SET_DISK_RENAME_TAIL_CLEANUP_TMP_DELETE_COUNTERFACTUAL_SKIP,
                                            1.0,
@@ -9262,6 +9276,10 @@ impl SetDisks {
            // cannot safely target the object name after bucket recreation.
            return Ok(());
        };
+        #[cfg(feature = "e2e-test-hooks")]
+        if crate::set_disk::skip_e2e_mrf_fallback(bucket, object).await {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
        let mut request = rustfs_heal_contracts::heal_channel::create_heal_request_with_options(
            bucket.to_string(),
            Some(object.to_string()),
@@ -599,6 +599,33 @@ impl ECStore {
        Ok((write_state, pool_guard, rebalance_guard, pool_meta, rebalance_meta))
    }

+    /// Snapshot only the object sets participating in this request. The sampler
+    /// resolves their physical leaves before Heal enters namespace/cache locks.
+    pub fn physical_heal_plan(&self, object: &str, opts: &HealOpts) -> Result<Option<crate::disk::PhysicalResourcePlan>> {
+        if let Some(index) = opts.pool
+            && index >= self.pools.len()
+        {
+            return Err(invalid_heal_pool_index(index, self.pools.len()));
+        }
+        let object = rustfs_utils::path::encode_dir_object_ref(object);
+        let mut selected: Option<crate::disk::PhysicalResourcePlan> = None;
+        for (index, pool) in self.pools.iter().enumerate() {
+            if opts.pool.is_some_and(|requested| requested != index) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let set = pool.get_disks_for_heal_object(&object, opts)?;
+            let Some(plan) = set.physical_heal_admission.plan() else { return Ok(None) };
+            if let Some(selected) = &mut selected {
+                if selected.union_with(&plan).is_err() {
+                    return Ok(None);
+                }
+            } else {
+                selected = Some(plan);
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(selected)
+    }
+
    fn get_pools_for_heal_object(&self, opts: &HealOpts) -> Result<Vec<Arc<Sets>>> {
        match opts.pool {
            Some(pool_idx) => Ok(vec![
@@ -1609,21 +1636,25 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

-    async fn minimal_heal_pool(pool_idx: usize) -> Arc<Sets> {
-        let format = FormatV3::new(1, 1);
-        let endpoint_url = format!("http://127.0.0.1:{}/data", 19000 + pool_idx);
-        let mut endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(endpoint_url.as_str()).expect("endpoint should parse");
-        endpoint.set_pool_index(pool_idx);
-        endpoint.set_set_index(0);
-        endpoint.set_disk_index(0);
-
+    async fn minimal_heal_pool(pool_idx: usize, set_count: usize) -> Arc<Sets> {
+        let format = FormatV3::new(set_count, 1);
+        let endpoints = (0..set_count)
+            .map(|set_idx| {
+                let endpoint_url = format!("http://127.0.0.1:{}/data", 19000 + pool_idx + set_idx * 2);
+                let mut endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(endpoint_url.as_str()).expect("endpoint should parse");
+                endpoint.set_pool_index(pool_idx);
+                endpoint.set_set_index(set_idx);
+                endpoint.set_disk_index(0);
+                endpoint
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        Sets::new(
-            vec![None],
+            vec![None; set_count],
            &PoolEndpoints {
                legacy: false,
-                set_count: 1,
+                set_count,
                drives_per_set: 1,
-                endpoints: Endpoints::from(vec![endpoint]),
+                endpoints: Endpoints::from(endpoints),
                cmd_line: String::new(),
                platform: String::new(),
            },
@@ -2451,7 +2482,7 @@ mod tests {
        ECStore {
            id: Uuid::new_v4(),
            disk_map: HashMap::new(),
-            pools: vec![minimal_heal_pool(0).await, minimal_heal_pool(1).await],
+            pools: vec![minimal_heal_pool(0, 1).await, minimal_heal_pool(1, 1).await],
            peer_sys: S3PeerSys {
                clients: Vec::new(),
                pools_count: 2,
@@ -2466,6 +2497,88 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn physical_heal_plan_uses_the_real_pool_set_and_directory_placement() {
+        use crate::disk::PhysicalDiskBinding;
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{
+            AdaptiveAdmission, FeedbackController, FeedbackObservation, NodeAdmission, ResourcePressure,
+        };
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        let mut store = minimal_heal_store().await;
+        store.pools[0] = minimal_heal_pool(0, 2).await;
+        let pool = &store.pools[0];
+        let a = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        let b = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 1);
+        for (set, gate) in pool.disk_set.iter().zip([&a, &b]) {
+            let binding = PhysicalDiskBinding::default();
+            binding.set_test_capacity(vec![gate.clone()]).expect("physical fixture");
+            set.physical_heal_admission
+                .set_test_plan(binding.plan().expect("live").resource_plan());
+        }
+        let node = NodeAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN);
+        node.update(
+            &mut FeedbackController::new(),
+            Some(FeedbackObservation {
+                generation: 1,
+                max_concurrency: 1,
+                pressure: ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+                completed_units: None,
+            }),
+        );
+        let directory = (0..100)
+            .map(|n| format!("dir{n}/"))
+            .find(|name| {
+                store.pools[0].get_disks_by_key(name).set_index
+                    != store.pools[0].get_disks_by_key(&encode_dir_object(name)).set_index
+            })
+            .expect("different directory placement");
+        for object in ["plain-object", directory.as_str()] {
+            for set in [None, Some(0), Some(1)] {
+                let opts = HealOpts {
+                    pool: Some(0),
+                    set,
+                    ..Default::default()
+                };
+                let expected = store.pools[0]
+                    .get_disks_for_heal_object(&encode_dir_object(object), &opts)
+                    .expect("placement")
+                    .set_index;
+                let permit = store
+                    .physical_heal_plan(object, &opts)
+                    .expect("valid selection")
+                    .expect("known set")
+                    .try_acquire(&node)
+                    .expect("physical admission");
+                assert_eq!((a.snapshot().active, b.snapshot().active), if expected == 0 { (1, 0) } else { (0, 1) });
+                drop(permit);
+            }
+        }
+        assert!(
+            store
+                .physical_heal_plan("object", &HealOpts::default())
+                .expect("valid all pools")
+                .is_none(),
+            "an undiscovered participating pool cannot be skipped"
+        );
+        for opts in [
+            HealOpts {
+                pool: Some(2),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+            HealOpts {
+                pool: Some(0),
+                set: Some(2),
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        ] {
+            assert!(matches!(
+                store.physical_heal_plan("object", &opts),
+                Err(StorageError::InvalidArgument(..))
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
    async fn remove_pool_meta_shard(store: &ECStore, pool_idx: usize) -> DiskStore {
        let target_set = store.pools[pool_idx].get_disks_by_key(POOL_META_NAME);
        let missing_disk = target_set.disks.read().await[0]
@@ -2845,9 +2958,18 @@ mod tests {
        let (configuration, _) = read_config_no_lock_preserve_empty_with_metadata(store.clone(), &object)
            .await
            .expect("read the current bucket configuration");
-        save_config(store.clone(), &object, configuration)
-            .await
-            .expect("publish a newer config revision in the same bucket incarnation");
+        crate::config::com::save_config_with_opts(
+            store.clone(),
+            &object,
+            configuration,
+            &ObjectOptions {
+                max_parity: true,
+                write_completion: crate::object_api::WriteCompletion::TailDrained,
+                ..Default::default()
+            },
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("publish a newer config revision on the target disk");
        let committed =
            std::fs::read(target_path.join(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET).join(&object).join("xl.meta")).expect("new target configuration");
        assert!(
@@ -5340,6 +5340,203 @@ mod tests {
        shutdown.cancel();
    }

+    #[cfg(feature = "test-util")]
+    #[tokio::test]
+    #[serial_test::serial(storage_class_env)]
+    async fn conditional_multipart_must_not_commit_against_an_older_readable_pool() {
+        use crate::storage_api_contracts::multipart::CompletePart;
+        use crate::storage_api_contracts::object::HTTPPreconditions;
+
+        let temp_dir = tempfile::tempdir().expect("create conditional multipart test directory");
+        let (_ctx, store, shutdown) =
+            without_storage_class_env(build_isolated_test_store(temp_dir.path(), "conditional-mpu-unreadable", &[4, 4])).await;
+        crate::bucket::metadata_sys::init_bucket_metadata_sys(store.clone(), Vec::new()).await;
+        let bucket = format!("conditional-mpu-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4().simple());
+        let object = "object";
+        store
+            .make_bucket(&bucket, &MakeBucketOptions::default())
+            .await
+            .expect("create conditional multipart test bucket");
+        let mut old_body = PutObjReader::from_vec(b"older-pool".to_vec());
+        let old = store.pools[0]
+            .put_object(
+                &bucket,
+                object,
+                &mut old_body,
+                &ObjectOptions {
+                    mod_time: Some(OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH + time::Duration::seconds(1)),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("write old object to staging pool");
+        let upload = store.pools[0]
+            .new_multipart_upload(&bucket, object, &ObjectOptions::default())
+            .await
+            .expect("create multipart upload in pool 0");
+        let mut part_body = PutObjReader::from_vec(b"stale-writer".to_vec());
+        let part = store.pools[0]
+            .put_object_part(&bucket, object, &upload.upload_id, 1, &mut part_body, &ObjectOptions::default())
+            .await
+            .expect("stage multipart part in pool 0");
+        let mut new_body = PutObjReader::from_vec(b"newer-pool".to_vec());
+        let new = store.pools[1]
+            .put_object(
+                &bucket,
+                object,
+                &mut new_body,
+                &ObjectOptions {
+                    mod_time: Some(OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH + time::Duration::seconds(2)),
+                    ..Default::default()
+                },
+            )
+            .await
+            .expect("write newer object to pool 1");
+        let old_etag = old.etag.clone().expect("old object must have an ETag");
+        let before = store.get_object_info(&bucket, object, &ObjectOptions::default()).await;
+
+        let mut metadata = Vec::new();
+        for disk_index in 0..4 {
+            let path = temp_dir
+                .path()
+                .join(format!("pool1/set0/disk{disk_index}/{bucket}/{object}/xl.meta"));
+            let original = tokio::fs::read(&path)
+                .await
+                .expect("save original object metadata before fault injection");
+            metadata.push((path, original));
+        }
+        let mut fault_error = None;
+        for (path, _) in &metadata {
+            if let Err(err) = tokio::fs::write(path, b"invalid object metadata").await {
+                fault_error = Some(err);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        let mut fault_contents = Vec::new();
+        if fault_error.is_none() {
+            for (path, _) in &metadata {
+                fault_contents.push(tokio::fs::read(path).await);
+            }
+            store.pools[1]
+                .get_disks_by_key(object)
+                .invalidate_get_object_metadata_cache(&bucket, object)
+                .await;
+        }
+        let unreadable = if fault_error.is_none() {
+            Some(
+                store.pools[1]
+                    .get_object_info(
+                        &bucket,
+                        object,
+                        &ObjectOptions {
+                            no_lock: true,
+                            metadata_cache_safe: false,
+                            suppress_read_repair: true,
+                            ..Default::default()
+                        },
+                    )
+                    .await,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let completed = if fault_error.is_none() {
+            let completion_store = Arc::clone(&store);
+            let completion_bucket = bucket.clone();
+            let upload_id = upload.upload_id.clone();
+            let part_etag = part.etag.clone();
+            Some(
+                tokio::spawn(async move {
+                    completion_store
+                        .complete_multipart_upload(
+                            &completion_bucket,
+                            object,
+                            &upload_id,
+                            vec![CompletePart {
+                                part_num: 1,
+                                etag: part_etag,
+                                ..Default::default()
+                            }],
+                            &ObjectOptions {
+                                http_preconditions: Some(HTTPPreconditions {
+                                    if_match: Some(old_etag),
+                                    ..Default::default()
+                                }),
+                                ..Default::default()
+                            },
+                        )
+                        .await
+                })
+                .await,
+            )
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+        let mut restore_error = None;
+        for (path, original) in &metadata {
+            if let Err(err) = tokio::fs::write(path, original).await {
+                restore_error = Some(err);
+            }
+        }
+        store.pools[1]
+            .get_disks_by_key(object)
+            .invalidate_get_object_metadata_cache(&bucket, object)
+            .await;
+        let after = store.get_object_info(&bucket, object, &ObjectOptions::default()).await;
+        let recovered_body = match store
+            .get_object_reader(&bucket, object, None, HeaderMap::new(), &ObjectOptions::default())
+            .await
+        {
+            Ok(mut reader) => {
+                let mut body = Vec::new();
+                let result = reader
+                    .read_to_end(&mut body)
+                    .await
+                    .map(|_| body)
+                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string());
+                drop(reader);
+                result
+            }
+            Err(err) => Err(err.to_string()),
+        };
+        let parts = store
+            .list_object_parts(&bucket, object, &upload.upload_id, None, 100, &ObjectOptions::default())
+            .await;
+        shutdown.cancel();
+
+        assert!(fault_error.is_none(), "failed to inject metadata fault: {fault_error:?}");
+        assert!(restore_error.is_none(), "failed to restore metadata: {restore_error:?}");
+        assert_eq!(fault_contents.len(), 4, "all four pool 1 metadata files must be inspected");
+        for observed in fault_contents {
+            assert_eq!(
+                observed.expect("read injected metadata"),
+                b"invalid object metadata",
+                "each pool 1 metadata file must contain the injected corruption"
+            );
+        }
+        assert_eq!(before.expect("latest object before fault").etag, new.etag);
+        assert_ne!(old.etag, new.etag, "fixture bodies must produce different ETags");
+        let read_error = unreadable
+            .expect("metadata fault should have been injected")
+            .expect_err("the newer pool must fail its object metadata read during the fault");
+        assert!(
+            !crate::error::is_err_object_not_found(&read_error) && !crate::error::is_err_version_not_found(&read_error),
+            "corrupt metadata must produce a non-not-found read error: {read_error:?}"
+        );
+        let completed = completed
+            .expect("completion should have been attempted")
+            .expect("completion task should not panic");
+        let Err(completion_error) = completed else {
+            panic!("stale If-Match must not commit while the newer object's metadata is unreadable");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(completion_error, read_error, "completion must propagate the unreadable pool's error");
+        assert_eq!(after.expect("newer object after recovery").etag, new.etag);
+        assert_eq!(recovered_body.expect("newer body after recovery"), b"newer-pool");
+        let parts = parts.expect("failed completion must leave the upload retryable");
+        assert_eq!(parts.parts.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(parts.parts[0].etag, part.etag);
+    }
+
    async fn migrate_versioned_decommission_test_object(
        store: &Arc<crate::store::ECStore>,
        bucket: &str,
@@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ pub(crate) mod utils;

 use peer::init_local_peer;
 pub use peer::{
-    BootstrapLocalTarget, all_local_disk, all_local_disk_path, find_local_disk_by_ref, get_disk_infos, init_local_disks,
-    init_local_disks_with_instance_ctx, init_lock_clients, prewarm_local_disk_id_map,
+    BootstrapLocalTarget, all_local_disk, all_local_disk_path, find_local_disk_by_ref, find_local_disk_by_ref_for_rpc,
+    get_disk_infos, init_local_disks, init_local_disks_with_instance_ctx, init_lock_clients, prewarm_local_disk_id_map,
    prewarm_local_disk_id_map_with_instance_ctx,
 };

@@ -498,6 +498,17 @@ pub struct ECStore {
    pub(crate) bucket_fence_registry: Arc<bucket_fence::BucketFenceRegistry>,
 }

+impl Drop for ECStore {
+    /// Clear the instance context's `BucketMetadataSys` when its backing store
+    /// is dropped. Without this, the shared bootstrap context retains a
+    /// `BucketMetadataSys` whose `Weak<ECStore>` is dangling after the store
+    /// goes away (e.g. between sequential test fixtures that share the
+    /// bootstrap), and the next `object_store()` call panics.
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.ctx.clear_bucket_metadata_sys_if_stale();
+    }
+}
+
 const METRIC_SCANNER_DATA_MOVEMENT_PAUSED: &str = "rustfs_scanner_data_movement_paused";
 const METRIC_SCANNER_DATA_MOVEMENT_PAUSE_DURATION_SECONDS: &str = "rustfs_scanner_data_movement_pause_duration_seconds";
 const METRIC_SCANNER_DATA_MOVEMENT_BACKLOG_WORK_ITEMS: &str = "rustfs_scanner_data_movement_backlog_work_items";
@@ -1388,6 +1399,18 @@ impl crate::storage_api_contracts::object::ObjectIO for ECStore {
 }

 impl ECStore {
+    pub(crate) fn all_disks_local_and_online(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.disk_map.is_empty()
+            && self.disk_map.values().all(|disks| {
+                !disks.is_empty()
+                    && disks.iter().all(|disk| {
+                        disk.as_ref().is_some_and(|d| {
+                            d.is_local() && d.runtime_state() == crate::disk::health_state::RuntimeDriveHealthState::Online
+                        })
+                    })
+            })
+    }
+
    /// `put_object` plus the rename_data old-size backfill
    /// (rustfs/backlog#1009); see `SetDisks::put_object_with_old_current_size`.
    /// Post-write hooks (immediate ILM transition enqueue, list-cache
@@ -1400,19 +1423,36 @@ impl ECStore {
        data: &mut PutObjReader,
        opts: &ObjectOptions,
    ) -> Result<(ObjectInfo, Option<crate::disk::OldCurrentSize>)> {
-        let result = match self.handle_put_object(bucket, object, data, opts).await {
-            Ok((object_info, old_current_size)) => {
-                enqueue_transition_after_write(self, Ok(object_info), LcEventSrc::S3PutObject, opts)
-                    .await
-                    .map(|object_info| (object_info, old_current_size))
-            }
-            Err(err) => Err(err),
-        };
+        let result = self.handle_put_object(bucket, object, data, opts).await;
        if result.is_ok() {
            list_objects::observe_scanner_namespace_mutations(bucket, 1);
        }
        result
    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    pub async fn copy_object_with_old_current_size(
+        &self,
+        src_bucket: &str,
+        src_object: &str,
+        dst_bucket: &str,
+        dst_object: &str,
+        src_info: &mut ObjectInfo,
+        src_opts: &ObjectOptions,
+        dst_opts: &ObjectOptions,
+    ) -> Result<(ObjectInfo, Option<crate::disk::OldCurrentSize>)> {
+        let (oi, old_current_size) = box_copy_object_handler(move || {
+            self.handle_copy_object(src_bucket, src_object, dst_bucket, dst_object, src_info, src_opts, dst_opts)
+        })
+        .await?;
+        let result = enqueue_transition_after_write(self, Ok(oi), LcEventSrc::S3CopyObject, dst_opts)
+            .await
+            .map(|oi| (oi, old_current_size));
+        if result.is_ok() {
+            list_objects::observe_scanner_namespace_mutations(dst_bucket, 1);
+        }
+        result
+    }
 }

 lazy_static! {
@@ -1490,20 +1530,9 @@ impl crate::storage_api_contracts::object::ObjectOperations for ECStore {
        src_opts: &ObjectOptions,
        dst_opts: &ObjectOptions,
    ) -> Result<ObjectInfo> {
-        let result = enqueue_transition_after_write(
-            self,
-            box_copy_object_handler(move || {
-                self.handle_copy_object(src_bucket, src_object, dst_bucket, dst_object, src_info, src_opts, dst_opts)
-            })
-            .await,
-            LcEventSrc::S3CopyObject,
-            dst_opts,
-        )
-        .await;
-        if result.is_ok() {
-            list_objects::observe_scanner_namespace_mutations(dst_bucket, 1);
-        }
-        result
+        self.copy_object_with_old_current_size(src_bucket, src_object, dst_bucket, dst_object, src_info, src_opts, dst_opts)
+            .await
+            .map(|(oi, _)| oi)
    }

    #[instrument(skip(self))]
@@ -1763,15 +1792,10 @@ impl crate::storage_api_contracts::multipart::MultipartOperations for ECStore {
        uploaded_parts: Vec<CompletePart>,
        opts: &ObjectOptions,
    ) -> Result<ObjectInfo> {
-        let result = enqueue_transition_after_write(
-            self.as_ref(),
-            self.clone()
-                .handle_complete_multipart_upload(bucket, object, upload_id, uploaded_parts, opts)
-                .await,
-            LcEventSrc::S3CompleteMultipartUpload,
-            opts,
-        )
-        .await;
+        let result = self
+            .clone()
+            .handle_complete_multipart_upload(bucket, object, upload_id, uploaded_parts, opts)
+            .await;
        if result.is_ok() {
            list_objects::observe_scanner_namespace_mutations(bucket, 1);
        }
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use crate::set_disk::get_lock_acquire_timeout;
 use crate::storage_api_contracts::multipart::MultipartOperations as _;
 use crate::storage_api_contracts::object::ObjectOperations as _;
 use futures::{StreamExt, stream};
+use rustfs_utils::path::encode_dir_object_ref;
 use std::collections::HashSet;

 const MULTIPART_LIST_SET_CONCURRENCY: usize = 4;
@@ -612,7 +613,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        }
        if opts.http_preconditions.is_some()
            && !opts.data_movement
-            && let Some(err) = self.check_write_precondition(bucket, object, &opts).await
+            && let Some(err) = self.check_write_precondition(bucket, object, &opts, false).await
        {
            return Err(err);
        }
@@ -640,6 +641,19 @@ impl ECStore {
            return Ok((res, idx, opts.expected_bucket_incarnation_id));
        }

+        if self.single_pool() && !self.is_suspended(0).await && !self.is_pool_rebalancing(0).await {
+            self.apply_decommission_target_mutation_fence(0, object, &mut opts, mutation_fence)
+                .await;
+            let expected_bucket_incarnation_id = opts.expected_bucket_incarnation_id;
+            let lock_object = encode_dir_object(object);
+            let res = self
+                .run_external_decommission_capacity_object_mutation(0, bucket, &lock_object, object, opts, |opts| async move {
+                    self.pools[0].new_multipart_upload(bucket, object, &opts).await
+                })
+                .await?;
+            return Ok((res, 0, expected_bucket_incarnation_id));
+        }
+
        for (idx, pool) in self.pools.iter().enumerate() {
            if self.is_suspended(idx).await || self.is_pool_rebalancing(idx).await {
                continue;
@@ -1141,12 +1155,31 @@ impl ECStore {
        Ok(())
    }

-    async fn check_write_precondition(&self, bucket: &str, object: &str, opts: &ObjectOptions) -> Option<StorageError> {
+    async fn check_write_precondition(
+        &self,
+        bucket: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        opts: &ObjectOptions,
+        require_all_pools: bool,
+    ) -> Option<StorageError> {
        let mut lookup_opts = opts.clone();
        let http_preconditions = lookup_opts.http_preconditions?;
        lookup_opts.http_preconditions = None;
        lookup_opts.no_lock = true;
-        let oi = self.get_object_info_for_delete(bucket, object, &lookup_opts).await;
+        let oi = if require_all_pools {
+            lookup_opts.metadata_cache_safe = false;
+            lookup_opts.suppress_read_repair = true;
+            // Only completion uses this branch, after validating bucket and object.
+            let encoded_object = encode_dir_object_ref(object);
+            self.get_latest_object_info_for_conditional_write(bucket, encoded_object.as_ref(), &lookup_opts)
+                .await
+                .and_then(|(info, _)| {
+                    lookup_opts.precondition_check(&info)?;
+                    Ok(info)
+                })
+        } else {
+            self.get_object_info_for_delete(bucket, object, &lookup_opts).await
+        };
        crate::set_disk::SetDisks::evaluate_write_precondition(oi, &http_preconditions, bucket, object, opts)
    }

@@ -1167,19 +1200,22 @@ impl ECStore {
        let opts = &opts;

        if self.single_pool() {
-            return self.pools[0]
+            let result = self.pools[0]
                .clone()
                .complete_multipart_upload(bucket, object, upload_id, uploaded_parts, opts)
                .await;
+            return enqueue_transition_after_write(self.as_ref(), result, LcEventSrc::S3CompleteMultipartUpload, opts).await;
        }
-        if opts.http_preconditions.is_some()
-            && !opts.data_movement
-            && let Some(err) = self.check_write_precondition(bucket, object, opts).await
-        {
-            return Err(err);
+        if opts.http_preconditions.is_some() && !opts.data_movement {
+            // Preserve explicitly scoped internal reads and borrowed-lock callers.
+            let require_all_pools =
+                !opts.replication_request && !opts.no_lock && !opts.skip_decommissioned && !opts.skip_rebalancing;
+            if let Some(err) = self.check_write_precondition(bucket, object, opts, require_all_pools).await {
+                return Err(err);
+            }
        }

-        match self.multipart_upload_pool_idx(bucket, object, upload_id, opts).await {
+        let result = match self.multipart_upload_pool_idx(bucket, object, upload_id, opts).await {
            Ok(pool_idx) => {
                self.pools[pool_idx]
                    .clone()
@@ -1190,21 +1226,29 @@ impl ECStore {
            // the pool that published it; other pools answer InvalidUploadID.
            Err(err) if is_err_invalid_upload_id(&err) => {
                let mut missing = err;
+                let mut found = None;
                for pool_idx in self.existing_multipart_pool_order().await {
                    match self.pools[pool_idx]
                        .clone()
                        .complete_multipart_upload(bucket, object, upload_id, uploaded_parts.clone(), opts)
                        .await
                    {
-                        Ok(info) => return Ok(info),
+                        Ok(info) => {
+                            found = Some(Ok(info));
+                            break;
+                        }
                        Err(err) if is_err_invalid_upload_id(&err) => missing = err,
-                        Err(err) => return Err(err),
+                        Err(err) => {
+                            found = Some(Err(err));
+                            break;
+                        }
                    }
                }
-                Err(missing)
+                found.unwrap_or(Err(missing))
            }
            Err(err) => Err(err),
-        }
+        };
+        enqueue_transition_after_write(self.as_ref(), result, LcEventSrc::S3CompleteMultipartUpload, opts).await
    }

    #[cfg(all(test, feature = "test-util"))]
@@ -1326,6 +1370,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        // Data movement already owns the pool-meta write lease. Forward its
        // loss signal into SetDisks so commit fencing observes the same lease
        // without trying to reacquire the namespace.
+        let mut transition_opts = opts.clone();
        let result = self
            .run_decommission_capacity_admitted_mutation_with_capacity_lease(
                target_pool_idx,
@@ -1341,8 +1386,9 @@ impl ECStore {
            )
            .await;
        drop(publication_guard);
+        transition_opts.no_lock = request_opts.no_lock;
        let result =
-            enqueue_transition_after_write(self.as_ref(), result, LcEventSrc::S3CompleteMultipartUpload, request_opts).await;
+            enqueue_transition_after_write(self.as_ref(), result, LcEventSrc::S3CompleteMultipartUpload, &transition_opts).await;
        if result.is_ok() {
            list_objects::observe_scanner_namespace_mutations(bucket, 1);
        }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ use crate::bucket::lifecycle::{
 };
 use crate::bucket::metadata_sys::{
    acquire_bucket_metadata_transaction_read_lock_in, get_cached_bucket_incarnation_id_in, get_delete_config_from_disk_in,
-    get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_in,
+    get_object_lock_and_quota_config_from_disk_with_guard_in, get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_with_guard_in,
 };
 use crate::bucket::object_lock::objectlock_sys::{
    check_object_lock_for_deletion_with_state, ensure_recursive_force_delete_allowed_for_state,
@@ -3162,7 +3162,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        let lifecycle_guard = self.acquire_bucket_lifecycle_read_lock(bucket).await?;
        let metadata_guard = acquire_bucket_metadata_transaction_read_lock_in(&self.ctx, bucket).await?;
        let (state, bucket_incarnation_id, config_revision) =
-            get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_in(&self.ctx, bucket).await?;
+            get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_with_guard_in(&self.ctx, bucket, Some(&lifecycle_guard)).await?;
        if lifecycle_guard.is_lock_lost() || metadata_guard.is_lock_lost() {
            return Err(Error::other("bucket lifecycle lock was lost while loading the Object Lock snapshot"));
        }
@@ -3177,6 +3177,30 @@ impl ECStore {
        )))
    }

+    async fn object_lock_config_snapshot_for_single_put(&self, bucket: &str) -> Result<Arc<ObjectLockConfigSnapshot>> {
+        check_valid_bucket_name(bucket)?;
+        let lifecycle_guard = self.acquire_bucket_lifecycle_read_lock(bucket).await?;
+        let metadata_guard = acquire_bucket_metadata_transaction_read_lock_in(&self.ctx, bucket).await?;
+        let (state, bucket_incarnation_id, config_revision, quota_res) =
+            get_object_lock_and_quota_config_from_disk_with_guard_in(&self.ctx, bucket, Some(&lifecycle_guard)).await?;
+        if lifecycle_guard.is_lock_lost() || metadata_guard.is_lock_lost() {
+            return Err(Error::other("bucket lifecycle lock was lost while loading the Object Lock snapshot"));
+        }
+        let snapshot = ObjectLockConfigSnapshot::for_guarded_store_bucket(
+            self.id,
+            bucket,
+            bucket_incarnation_id,
+            config_revision,
+            state,
+            lifecycle_guard,
+            metadata_guard,
+        );
+        if !self.ctx.lock_manager().is_disabled() {
+            snapshot.set_fresh_put_quota(quota_res);
+        }
+        Ok(Arc::new(snapshot))
+    }
+
    pub(super) async fn object_lock_config_snapshot_under_lifecycle_fence(
        &self,
        bucket: &str,
@@ -3187,7 +3211,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        }
        let metadata_guard = acquire_bucket_metadata_transaction_read_lock_in(&self.ctx, bucket).await?;
        let (state, bucket_incarnation_id, config_revision) =
-            get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_in(&self.ctx, bucket).await?;
+            get_object_lock_config_and_incarnation_from_disk_with_guard_in(&self.ctx, bucket, Some(&metadata_guard)).await?;
        if lifecycle_fence.is_lock_lost() || metadata_guard.is_lock_lost() {
            return Err(Error::other("bucket lock was lost while loading the Object Lock snapshot"));
        }
@@ -4652,7 +4676,7 @@ impl ECStore {
                .expected_bucket_incarnation_id
                .ok_or_else(|| Error::other("destructive PUT is missing its bucket incarnation"))?;
            if opts.object_lock_config_snapshot.is_none() {
-                opts.object_lock_config_snapshot = Some(self.object_lock_config_snapshot(bucket).await?);
+                opts.object_lock_config_snapshot = Some(self.object_lock_config_snapshot_for_single_put(bucket).await?);
            }
            let snapshot = match opts.object_lock_config_snapshot.as_ref() {
                Some(snapshot) if snapshot.is_valid_for_destructive_put(self.id, bucket, expected_incarnation_id) => {
@@ -4741,6 +4765,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        self.apply_decommission_target_mutation_fence(idx, object.as_str(), &mut opts, mutation_fence.or(fixed_read_anchor))
            .await;
        let expected_data_bytes = usize::try_from(data.size()).ok();
+        let mut transition_opts = opts.clone();
        let result = self
            .run_decommission_capacity_admitted_mutation_with_capacity_lease(
                idx,
@@ -4772,7 +4797,8 @@ impl ECStore {
                },
            )
            .await;
-        let result = enqueue_transition_after_write(self, result, LcEventSrc::S3PutObject, request_opts).await;
+        transition_opts.no_lock = request_opts.no_lock;
+        let result = enqueue_transition_after_write(self, result, LcEventSrc::S3PutObject, &transition_opts).await;
        if result.is_ok() {
            list_objects::observe_scanner_namespace_mutations(bucket, 1);
        }
@@ -4788,7 +4814,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        data: &mut PutObjReader,
        opts: &ObjectOptions,
    ) -> Result<(ObjectInfo, Option<OldCurrentSize>)> {
-        let (object, opts) = self.prepare_put_object(bucket, object, opts).await?;
+        let (object, opts) = Box::pin(self.prepare_put_object(bucket, object, opts)).await?;
        let idx = self
            .select_put_object_pool_idx(bucket, object.as_str(), data.size(), &opts)
            .await?;
@@ -4797,11 +4823,16 @@ impl ECStore {
            opts.decommission_capacity_admission = crate::bucket::metadata_sys::object_store_if_initialized_in(&self.ctx).await;
        }
        let receipt_sink = install_tier_free_version_receipt_sink(&mut opts);
-        let result = self.pools[idx]
-            .put_object_with_old_current_size(bucket, object.as_str(), data, &opts)
-            .await;
+        let result = Box::pin(self.pools[idx].put_object_with_old_current_size(bucket, object.as_str(), data, &opts)).await;
        enqueue_recorded_tier_free_versions(self, receipt_sink).await;
-        result
+        match result {
+            Ok((object_info, old_current_size)) => {
+                Box::pin(enqueue_transition_after_write(self, Ok(object_info), LcEventSrc::S3PutObject, &opts))
+                    .await
+                    .map(|object_info| (object_info, old_current_size))
+            }
+            Err(err) => Err(err),
+        }
    }

    #[instrument(level = "trace", skip(self))]
@@ -4859,7 +4890,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        src_info: &mut ObjectInfo,
        src_opts: &ObjectOptions,
        dst_opts: &ObjectOptions,
-    ) -> Result<ObjectInfo> {
+    ) -> Result<(ObjectInfo, Option<OldCurrentSize>)> {
        check_copy_obj_args(src_bucket, src_object)?;
        if src_bucket == dst_bucket && src_object == dst_object {
            // In-place copies (metadata replace, restore) rewrite a key that
@@ -4938,9 +4969,17 @@ impl ECStore {
        };

        if cp_src_dst_same {
-            let (_, pool_idx) = self
-                .get_latest_accessible_object_info_with_idx(src_bucket, &src_object, &version_aware_lookup_opts(src_opts, true))
-                .await?;
+            let pool_idx = if self.single_pool() {
+                0
+            } else {
+                self.get_latest_accessible_object_info_with_idx(
+                    src_bucket,
+                    &src_object,
+                    &version_aware_lookup_opts(src_opts, true),
+                )
+                .await?
+                .1
+            };
            let source_pool_writable = !self.is_suspended(pool_idx).await && !self.is_pool_rebalancing(pool_idx).await;

            if source_pool_writable
@@ -4961,7 +5000,8 @@ impl ECStore {
                                .await
                        },
                    )
-                    .await;
+                    .await
+                    .map(|oi| (oi, None));
            }

            if source_pool_writable && !dst_opts.versioned && src_opts.version_id.is_none() {
@@ -4989,7 +5029,8 @@ impl ECStore {
                                    .await
                            },
                        )
-                        .await;
+                        .await
+                        .map(|oi| (oi, None));
                }
                // Transitioned object self-copy: restore from tier into the same pool.
                let mut put_opts = ObjectOptions {
@@ -5017,7 +5058,7 @@ impl ECStore {
                return if let Some(reader) = src_info.put_object_reader.as_mut() {
                    let receipt_sink = install_tier_free_version_receipt_sink(&mut put_opts);
                    let result = self.pools[pool_idx]
-                        .put_object(dst_bucket, &dst_object, reader, &put_opts)
+                        .put_object_with_old_current_size(dst_bucket, &dst_object, reader, &put_opts)
                        .await;
                    enqueue_recorded_tier_free_versions(self, receipt_sink).await;
                    result
@@ -5061,7 +5102,7 @@ impl ECStore {
                    }
                    let receipt_sink = install_tier_free_version_receipt_sink(&mut put_opts);
                    let result = self.pools[pool_idx]
-                        .put_object(dst_bucket, &dst_object, reader, &put_opts)
+                        .put_object_with_old_current_size(dst_bucket, &dst_object, reader, &put_opts)
                        .await;
                    enqueue_recorded_tier_free_versions(self, receipt_sink).await;
                    return result;
@@ -5081,11 +5122,14 @@ impl ECStore {
                                .await
                        },
                    )
-                    .await;
+                    .await
+                    .map(|oi| (oi, None));
            }
        }

-        let pool_idx = if dst_opts.no_lock {
+        let pool_idx = if self.single_pool() && !self.is_suspended(0).await && !self.is_pool_rebalancing(0).await {
+            0
+        } else if dst_opts.no_lock {
            self.get_pool_idx_no_lock(dst_bucket, &dst_object, src_info.size).await?
        } else {
            self.get_pool_idx(dst_bucket, &dst_object, src_info.size).await?
@@ -5118,7 +5162,7 @@ impl ECStore {
        if let Some(put_object_reader) = src_info.put_object_reader.as_mut() {
            let receipt_sink = install_tier_free_version_receipt_sink(&mut put_opts);
            let result = self.pools[pool_idx]
-                .put_object(dst_bucket, dst_object_name, put_object_reader, &put_opts)
+                .put_object_with_old_current_size(dst_bucket, dst_object_name, put_object_reader, &put_opts)
                .await;
            enqueue_recorded_tier_free_versions(self, receipt_sink).await;
            return result;
@@ -5350,8 +5394,9 @@ impl ECStore {
            opts.add_namespace_lock_guard(guard);
        }
        let current_bucket_incarnation_id = if let Some(metadata_guard) = _object_lock_metadata_guard.as_ref() {
+            let guard_ref = _bucket_lifecycle_guard.as_deref().unwrap_or_else(|| metadata_guard.as_ref());
            let (state, incarnation_id, config_revision) =
-                get_delete_config_from_disk_in(&self.ctx, bucket, None, opts.lifecycle_expiry_policy.as_ref()).await?;
+                get_delete_config_from_disk_in(&self.ctx, bucket, Some(guard_ref), opts.lifecycle_expiry_policy.as_ref()).await?;
            opts.object_lock_config_snapshot = Some(Arc::new(ObjectLockConfigSnapshot::for_store_bucket_under_lifecycle_fence(
                self.id,
                bucket,
@@ -5591,6 +5636,42 @@ impl ECStore {
            return Ok(obj);
        }

+        if self.single_pool()
+            && !creates_latest_marker
+            && !opts.data_movement
+            && opts.http_preconditions.is_none()
+            && !opts.replication_request
+            && !opts.versioned
+            && !opts.version_suspended
+            && opts.version_id.is_none()
+            && !self.is_suspended(0).await
+            && !self.is_pool_rebalancing(0).await
+        {
+            let pool = self.pools[0].clone();
+            match self
+                .run_external_decommission_capacity_object_delete(0, bucket, object, object, opts.clone(), |opts| async move {
+                    pool.delete_object(bucket, object, opts).await
+                })
+                .await
+            {
+                Ok(mut res) => {
+                    res.name = decode_dir_object(res.name.as_str());
+                    return Ok(res);
+                }
+                Err(err) if is_err_read_quorum(&err) => return Err(StorageError::ErasureWriteQuorum),
+                Err(err) => {
+                    if should_purge_orphan_dir_on_missing(&err, object) && self.purge_orphan_dir_object(bucket, object).await {
+                        return Ok(ObjectInfo {
+                            bucket: bucket.to_owned(),
+                            name: decode_dir_object(object),
+                            ..Default::default()
+                        });
+                    }
+                    return Err(err);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
        // Determine which pool contains it
        let existing_pool_info = if creates_latest_marker {
            self.get_pool_info_for_delete_marker(bucket, object, &gopts).await
@@ -9903,6 +9984,7 @@ mod tests {
                copy_store
                    .handle_copy_object(bucket, source, bucket, target, &mut source_info, &ObjectOptions::default(), &options)
                    .await
+                    .map(|(oi, _)| oi)
            });
            let deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + Duration::from_secs(30);
            tokio::time::timeout_at(deadline, barrier.wait_until_paused())
@@ -99,6 +99,9 @@ impl ECStore {
        fi: FileInfo,
        expected: Uuid,
    ) -> DiskResult<()> {
+        if crate::disk::remote_io_admission::active() {
+            local_disk_candidate(&self.ctx, disk_ref).await?;
+        }
        let disk_ref = disk_ref.to_owned();
        let path = target.1.to_owned();
        self.run_bucket_heal_at_incarnation(target.0, expected, &Default::default(), move |store, volume, _| async move {
@@ -117,6 +120,9 @@ impl ECStore {
        opts: DeleteOptions,
        expected: Uuid,
    ) -> DiskResult<()> {
+        if crate::disk::remote_io_admission::active() {
+            local_disk_candidate(&self.ctx, disk_ref).await?;
+        }
        let disk_ref = disk_ref.to_owned();
        let path = target.1.to_owned();
        self.run_bucket_heal_at_incarnation(target.0, expected, &Default::default(), move |store, volume, _| async move {
@@ -144,6 +150,9 @@ impl ECStore {
        if expected.is_nil() || opts.undo_write || self.ctx.lock_manager().is_disabled() {
            return Err(DiskError::other("invalid incarnation-bound heal deletion"));
        }
+        if crate::disk::remote_io_admission::active() {
+            local_disk_candidate(&self.ctx, disk_ref).await?;
+        }
        let fence = Arc::new(
            self.acquire_bucket_incarnation_fence(target.0, expected)
                .await
@@ -300,7 +309,9 @@ impl ECStore {
 // The optional ID is a cold lookup to cache only after final admission.
 async fn local_disk_candidate(ctx: &Arc<InstanceContext>, disk_ref: &str) -> DiskResult<(DiskStore, Option<Uuid>)> {
    let map = ctx.local_disk_map();
-    if let Some(disk) = map.read().await.get(disk_ref).and_then(Option::as_ref).cloned() {
+    let path_disk = map.read().await.get(disk_ref).and_then(Option::as_ref).cloned();
+    if let Some(disk) = path_disk {
+        admit_rpc_disk(&disk)?;
        return Ok((disk, None));
    }
    let disk_id = Uuid::parse_str(disk_ref).map_err(|_| DiskError::DiskNotFound)?;
@@ -309,11 +320,16 @@ async fn local_disk_candidate(ctx: &Arc<InstanceContext>, disk_ref: &str) -> Dis
        let cached_disk = map.read().await.get(&path).and_then(Option::as_ref).cloned();
        if let Some(disk) = cached_disk
            && matches!(disk.as_ref(), Disk::Local(_))
-            && disk.get_disk_id().await? == Some(disk_id)
        {
-            return Ok((disk, None));
+            admit_rpc_disk(&disk)?;
+            if disk.get_disk_id().await? == Some(disk_id) {
+                return Ok((disk, None));
+            }
        }
    }
+    if crate::disk::remote_io_admission::active() {
+        return Err(DiskError::Io(std::io::Error::from(std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock)));
+    }
    let disks: Vec<_> = map.read().await.values().filter_map(Clone::clone).collect();
    // Disk identity may perform format I/O. No registry guard spans this await.
    for disk in disks {
@@ -324,6 +340,17 @@ async fn local_disk_candidate(ctx: &Arc<InstanceContext>, disk_ref: &str) -> Dis
    Err(DiskError::DiskNotFound)
 }

+fn admit_rpc_disk(disk: &DiskStore) -> DiskResult<()> {
+    use crate::disk::remote_io_admission;
+    if remote_io_admission::active() {
+        let binding = disk
+            .physical_admission()
+            .ok_or_else(|| DiskError::Io(std::io::Error::from(std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock)))?;
+        remote_io_admission::admit(&binding).map_err(DiskError::Io)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 async fn admit_local_disk(
    ctx: &Arc<InstanceContext>,
    disk: &DiskStore,
@@ -483,6 +510,18 @@ pub async fn find_local_disk_by_ref(disk_ref: &str) -> Option<DiskStore> {
    None
 }

+/// Resolve and admit an authenticated RPC's target before its storage locks.
+/// Unknown UUID mappings defer background work instead of probing unrelated disks.
+pub async fn find_local_disk_by_ref_for_rpc(disk_ref: &str) -> DiskResult<Option<DiskStore>> {
+    use crate::disk::remote_io_admission;
+
+    if !remote_io_admission::active() {
+        return Ok(find_local_disk_by_ref(disk_ref).await);
+    }
+    let (disk, _) = local_disk_candidate(&crate::runtime::global::current_ctx(), disk_ref).await?;
+    Ok(Some(disk))
+}
+
 pub async fn all_local_disk_path() -> Vec<String> {
    runtime_sources::local_disk_paths().await
 }
@@ -843,6 +882,92 @@ mod tests {
        }
    }

+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn remote_background_target_lookup_defers_before_io_and_reuses_multi_phase_admission() {
+        use crate::disk::{RemoteBackgroundIo, with_remote_background_io};
+        use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{
+            AdaptiveAdmission, FeedbackController, FeedbackObservation, NodeAdmission, ResourcePressure,
+        };
+        use std::num::NonZeroU16;
+
+        let ctx = Arc::new(InstanceContext::new());
+        let root = tempfile::tempdir().expect("target directory");
+        let id = Uuid::new_v4();
+        let disk = target_disk(&ctx, root.path(), id).await;
+        disk.make_volume("bucket").await.expect("fixture volume");
+        let gate = AdaptiveAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN, 0);
+        disk.physical_admission()
+            .expect("local binding")
+            .set_test_capacity(vec![gate.clone()])
+            .expect("physical device");
+        let node = NodeAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::MIN);
+        node.update(
+            &mut FeedbackController::new(),
+            Some(FeedbackObservation {
+                generation: 1,
+                max_concurrency: 1,
+                pressure: ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+                completed_units: None,
+            }),
+        );
+        let path = disk.endpoint().to_string();
+        with_remote_background_io(Some(RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node.clone())), async {
+            assert!(
+                matches!(disk.read_all("bucket", "object").await,
+                Err(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock),
+                "no implicit target admission"
+            );
+            assert!(
+                matches!(local_disk_candidate(&ctx, &path).await,
+                Err(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock),
+                "closed receiver capacity"
+            );
+            gate.set_limit(1);
+            assert!(
+                matches!(local_disk_candidate(&ctx, &id.to_string()).await,
+                Err(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock),
+                "cold UUID cannot probe unrelated disks"
+            );
+            assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+            let (selected, _) = local_disk_candidate(&ctx, &path).await.expect("select known local path");
+            assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&selected, &disk));
+            for body in [b"first phase".as_slice(), b"second phase".as_slice()] {
+                disk.write_all("bucket", "object", bytes::Bytes::copy_from_slice(body))
+                    .await
+                    .expect("write phase");
+                let (again, _) = local_disk_candidate(&ctx, &path)
+                    .await
+                    .expect("repeat target resolution at capacity one");
+                assert_eq!(again.read_all("bucket", "object").await.expect("read phase").as_ref(), body);
+                assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [1, 1]);
+            }
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!([node.completed(), gate.completed()], [Some(1), Some(1)]);
+        assert!(record_local_disk_id_if_active(&ctx, &disk, id).await);
+        let replacement = target_disk(&ctx, root.path(), Uuid::new_v4()).await;
+        replacement
+            .physical_admission()
+            .expect("replacement binding")
+            .set_test_capacity(vec![gate.clone()])
+            .expect("replacement device");
+        with_remote_background_io(Some(RemoteBackgroundIo::new(node.clone())), async {
+            assert!(
+                matches!(local_disk_candidate(&ctx, &id.to_string()).await,
+                Err(DiskError::Io(error)) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock),
+                "stale UUID must not resolve replacement data"
+            );
+        })
+        .await;
+        assert_eq!([node.snapshot().active, gate.snapshot().active], [0, 0]);
+        assert_eq!(
+            [node.completed(), gate.completed()],
+            [Some(1), Some(1)],
+            "identity checks alone are not work completion"
+        );
+    }
+
    #[tokio::test]
    async fn target_uuid_cache_cannot_admit_a_different_format_at_the_same_path() {
        let ctx = Arc::new(InstanceContext::new());
@@ -837,7 +837,29 @@ impl ECStore {
        object: &str,
        opts: &ObjectOptions,
    ) -> Result<(ObjectInfo, usize)> {
-        let suspended_pools = if opts.skip_decommissioned {
+        self.get_latest_object_info_with_pool_policy(bucket, object, opts, false)
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// Observe every pool for a conditional-write preflight. This does not
+    /// hold the namespace locks needed to prove a condition at publication.
+    pub(super) async fn get_latest_object_info_for_conditional_write(
+        &self,
+        bucket: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        opts: &ObjectOptions,
+    ) -> Result<(ObjectInfo, usize)> {
+        self.get_latest_object_info_with_pool_policy(bucket, object, opts, true).await
+    }
+
+    async fn get_latest_object_info_with_pool_policy(
+        &self,
+        bucket: &str,
+        object: &str,
+        opts: &ObjectOptions,
+        require_all_pools: bool,
+    ) -> Result<(ObjectInfo, usize)> {
+        let suspended_pools = if opts.skip_decommissioned && !require_all_pools {
            let pool_meta = self.pool_meta.read().await;
            Some(
                (0..self.pools.len())
@@ -853,7 +875,7 @@ impl ECStore {
                continue;
            }

-            if opts.skip_rebalancing && self.is_pool_rebalancing(idx).await {
+            if opts.skip_rebalancing && !require_all_pools && self.is_pool_rebalancing(idx).await {
                continue;
            }

@@ -873,6 +895,9 @@ impl ECStore {
                    });
                }
                Err(e) => {
+                    if require_all_pools && !is_err_object_not_found(&e) && !is_err_version_not_found(&e) {
+                        return Err(e);
+                    }
                    candidates.push(LatestObjectInfoCandidate {
                        info: None,
                        idx,
@@ -88,6 +88,12 @@ pub enum HealObjectDisposition {
 pub struct HealObjectReceipt {
    pub identity: HealObjectIdentity,
    pub disposition: HealObjectDisposition,
+    /// Data directory selected from quorum metadata during storage execution.
+    /// This does not establish lock ownership or identity at completion.
+    pub quorum_selected_data_dir: Option<Uuid>,
+    /// Storage completed its Deep check path for the selected metadata.
+    /// This does not certify all bytes, final identity, or scanner coverage.
+    pub deep_check_observed: bool,
 }

 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ rustfs-heal-contracts = { workspace = true }
 rustfs-madmin = { workspace = true }
 rustfs-utils = { workspace = true }
 tokio = { workspace = true, features = ["sync", "io-util", "time", "macros", "fs", "rt-multi-thread"] }
-tokio-util = { workspace = true, features = ["io", "compat"] }
+tokio-util = { workspace = true, features = ["io", "compat", "rt"] }
 tonic = { workspace = true }
 tracing = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ crc-fast = { workspace = true }
 sha2 = { workspace = true }

 [dev-dependencies]
+rustfs-ecstore = { workspace = true, features = ["test-util"] }
 rustfs-filemeta = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true, features = ["raw_value"] }
 rustfs-test-utils = { workspace = true }
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub(crate) enum HealErrorClass {
    /// Offline disk, missing volume, unmet quorum, transport failure,
    /// slow-down or cancelled RPC: the same request can succeed later.
    Transient,
-    /// Lock contention or a lock/RPC timeout (non-fatal `LockError`).
+    /// Nonblocking admission/lock contention or a lock/RPC timeout.
    LockContention,
    /// A storage grace window; `retry_not_before` is the absolute UNIX
    /// deadline when storage reported one.
@@ -279,8 +279,7 @@ pub(crate) fn classify_storage_error(error: &EcstoreError) -> HealErrorClass {
    }
 }

-/// Classify a disk error. Nonblocking local CAS and replacement leases report
-/// lock contention as `WouldBlock`.
+/// Classify a disk error without losing the underlying I/O deferral kind.
 pub(crate) fn classify_disk_error(error: &DiskError) -> HealErrorClass {
    if error.is_dangling_delete_grace() {
        return HealErrorClass::DanglingGrace {
@@ -291,7 +290,6 @@ pub(crate) fn classify_disk_error(error: &DiskError) -> HealErrorClass {
        DiskError::FileNotFound | DiskError::FileVersionNotFound => HealErrorClass::Absent,
        DiskError::NoHealRequired => HealErrorClass::NoHealRequired,
        DiskError::Timeout => HealErrorClass::LockContention,
-        DiskError::Io(error) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => HealErrorClass::LockContention,
        DiskError::DiskNotFound
        | DiskError::VolumeNotFound
        | DiskError::ErasureReadQuorum
@@ -306,6 +304,14 @@ pub(crate) fn classify_disk_error(error: &DiskError) -> HealErrorClass {
 }

 fn classify_io_error(error: &std::io::Error) -> HealErrorClass {
+    // Native memory admission and nonblocking CAS keep this kind when their
+    // errors cross disk, storage and direct I/O wrappers.
+    if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock {
+        return HealErrorClass::LockContention;
+    }
+    if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory {
+        return HealErrorClass::Transient;
+    }
    if DiskError::io_error_is_dangling_delete_grace(error) {
        return HealErrorClass::DanglingGrace {
            retry_not_before: dangling_deadline(DiskError::io_error_dangling_delete_retry_after(error)),
@@ -864,6 +870,29 @@ mod tests {
        assert!(Error::Disk(DiskError::VolumeNotFound).is_recoverable_object_heal());
    }

+    #[test]
+    fn resource_pressure_stays_retryable_across_error_wrappers() {
+        for (kind, expected) in [
+            (std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock, super::HealErrorClass::LockContention),
+            (std::io::ErrorKind::OutOfMemory, super::HealErrorClass::Transient),
+        ] {
+            let pressure = || DiskError::Io(std::io::Error::new(kind, "background buffer memory budget exhausted"));
+            for error in [
+                Error::Disk(pressure()),
+                Error::Storage(EcstoreError::from(pressure())),
+                Error::Io(EcstoreError::from(pressure()).into()),
+            ] {
+                assert_eq!(super::classify_heal_error(&error), expected);
+                assert!(error.is_recoverable_heal(), "resource pressure must preserve retry responsibility");
+                assert!(!error.is_object_absent());
+            }
+        }
+        for kind in [std::io::ErrorKind::Other, std::io::ErrorKind::PermissionDenied] {
+            let error = Error::Io(std::io::Error::new(kind, "background buffer memory budget exhausted"));
+            assert!(!error.is_recoverable_heal(), "display text must not override the typed error kind");
+        }
+    }
+
    #[test]
    fn classify_heal_error_table() {
        use super::{HealErrorClass as C, classify_heal_error};
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use rustfs_madmin::heal_commands::HealResultItem;
 use serde::Serialize;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};
+use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
 use tracing::{debug, error, info};

 const LOG_COMPONENT_HEAL: &str = "heal";
@@ -60,6 +61,8 @@ pub struct HealChannelProcessor {
    response_sender: mpsc::UnboundedSender<HealChannelResponse>,
    /// Response receiver
    response_receiver: mpsc::UnboundedReceiver<HealChannelResponse>,
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    command_pause: Option<(oneshot::Sender<()>, oneshot::Receiver<()>)>,
 }

 #[derive(Serialize)]
@@ -161,6 +164,8 @@ impl HealChannelProcessor {
            heal_manager,
            response_sender: response_tx,
            response_receiver: response_rx,
+            #[cfg(test)]
+            command_pause: None,
        }
    }

@@ -229,9 +234,19 @@ impl HealChannelProcessor {

    /// Start processing legacy and canonical-receipt heal channel requests.
    pub async fn start_with_receipts(
+        &mut self,
+        receiver: HealChannelReceiver,
+        receipt_receiver: HealReceiptReceiver,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.start_with_shutdown(receiver, receipt_receiver, CancellationToken::new())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) async fn start_with_shutdown(
        &mut self,
        mut receiver: HealChannelReceiver,
        mut receipt_receiver: HealReceiptReceiver,
+        stop: CancellationToken,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        info!(
            target: "rustfs::heal::channel",
@@ -244,10 +259,30 @@ impl HealChannelProcessor {

        let mut receipt_channel_open = true;
        loop {
+            if stop.is_cancelled() {
+                receiver.close();
+                receipt_receiver.close();
+                while let Some(command) = receiver.recv().await {
+                    Self::reject_stopped_command(command);
+                }
+                while let Some(HealReceiptCommand { response_tx, .. }) = receipt_receiver.recv().await {
+                    let _ = response_tx.send(Err(Error::other("Heal channel is stopping").to_string()));
+                }
+                self.response_receiver.close();
+                while self.response_receiver.try_recv().is_ok() {}
+                break;
+            }
            tokio::select! {
+                _ = stop.cancelled() => {}
                command = receiver.recv() => {
                    match command {
                        Some(command) => {
+                            if stop.is_cancelled() {
+                                Self::reject_stopped_command(command);
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            #[cfg(test)]
+                            self.pause_selected_command().await;
                            if let Err(e) = self.process_command(command).await {
                                error!(
                                    target: "rustfs::heal::channel",
@@ -278,6 +313,12 @@ impl HealChannelProcessor {
                        receipt_channel_open = false;
                        continue;
                    };
+                    if stop.is_cancelled() {
+                        let _ = response_tx.send(Err(Error::other("Heal channel is stopping").to_string()));
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    #[cfg(test)]
+                    self.pause_selected_command().await;
                    if let Err(e) = self.process_start_request(request, false, true, response_tx).await {
                        error!(
                            target: "rustfs::heal::channel",
@@ -319,6 +360,26 @@ impl HealChannelProcessor {
        Ok(())
    }

+    fn reject_stopped_command(command: HealChannelCommand) {
+        let error = Error::other("Heal channel is stopping").to_string();
+        match command {
+            HealChannelCommand::Start { response_tx, .. } => {
+                let _ = response_tx.send(Err(error));
+            }
+            HealChannelCommand::Query { response_tx, .. } | HealChannelCommand::Cancel { response_tx, .. } => {
+                let _ = response_tx.send(Err(error));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(test)]
+    async fn pause_selected_command(&mut self) {
+        if let Some((started, release)) = self.command_pause.take() {
+            let _ = started.send(());
+            let _ = release.await;
+        }
+    }
+
    /// Process heal command
    async fn process_command(&self, command: HealChannelCommand) -> Result<()> {
        match command {
@@ -1000,6 +1061,8 @@ mod tests {
                    HealObjectDisposition::Failed(HealFailureClass::RetryExhausted)
                };
                outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+                    deep_check_observed: false,
+                    quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
                    identity: HealObjectIdentity {
                        kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
                        bucket: "bucket".into(),
@@ -1084,6 +1147,8 @@ mod tests {
        outcome.start();
        for index in 0..256 {
            outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+                deep_check_observed: false,
+                quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
                identity: HealObjectIdentity {
                    kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
                    bucket: "bucket".into(),
@@ -2469,4 +2534,126 @@ mod tests {
        assert_eq!(response.request_id, "missing-token");
        assert!(response.error.unwrap_or_default().contains("Heal task not found"));
    }
+    async fn stop_after_selected_start(canonical: bool) {
+        let manager = create_test_heal_manager();
+        let mut processor = HealChannelProcessor::new(manager.clone());
+        let (selected_tx, selected_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        let (release_tx, release_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        processor.command_pause = Some((selected_tx, release_rx));
+        let (command_tx, command_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+        let (receipt_tx, receipt_rx) = mpsc::unbounded_channel();
+        let stop = CancellationToken::new();
+        let worker_stop = stop.clone();
+        let worker = tokio::spawn(async move { processor.start_with_shutdown(command_rx, receipt_rx, worker_stop).await });
+        let request = HealChannelRequest {
+            id: "active-shutdown-command".to_string(),
+            bucket: "bucket".to_string(),
+            object_prefix: Some("active".to_string()),
+            source: HealRequestSource::Admin,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut legacy_response = None;
+        let mut canonical_response = None;
+        if canonical {
+            let (response_tx, response_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+            receipt_tx.send(HealReceiptCommand { request, response_tx }).unwrap();
+            canonical_response = Some(response_rx);
+        } else {
+            let (response_tx, response_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+            command_tx.send(HealChannelCommand::Start { request, response_tx }).unwrap();
+            legacy_response = Some(response_rx);
+        }
+        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), selected_rx)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+        let pending = HealChannelRequest {
+            id: "queued-shutdown-command".to_string(),
+            bucket: "bucket".to_string(),
+            object_prefix: Some("pending".to_string()),
+            source: HealRequestSource::Admin,
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let (start_tx, start_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        command_tx
+            .send(HealChannelCommand::Start {
+                request: pending.clone(),
+                response_tx: start_tx,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        let (query_tx, query_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        command_tx
+            .send(HealChannelCommand::Query {
+                heal_path: "bucket/active".to_string(),
+                client_token: "active-shutdown-command".to_string(),
+                since_seq: None,
+                response_tx: query_tx,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        let (cancel_tx, cancel_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        command_tx
+            .send(HealChannelCommand::Cancel {
+                heal_path: "bucket/active".to_string(),
+                client_token: "active-shutdown-command".to_string(),
+                response_tx: cancel_tx,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        let (receipt_response_tx, receipt_response_rx) = oneshot::channel();
+        receipt_tx
+            .send(HealReceiptCommand {
+                request: pending,
+                response_tx: receipt_response_tx,
+            })
+            .unwrap();
+        stop.cancel();
+        tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        assert!(!worker.is_finished(), "stop cannot cancel the selected command");
+        release_tx.send(()).unwrap();
+        tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), worker)
+            .await
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+        if let Some(response) = legacy_response {
+            assert_eq!(response.await.unwrap().unwrap(), HealAdmissionResult::Accepted);
+        }
+        if let Some(response) = canonical_response {
+            let receipt = response.await.unwrap().unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(receipt.result, HealAdmissionResult::Accepted);
+            assert_eq!(receipt.task_id, "active-shutdown-command");
+        }
+        let expected = Error::other("Heal channel is stopping").to_string();
+        assert_eq!(start_rx.await.unwrap().unwrap_err(), expected);
+        assert_eq!(query_rx.await.unwrap().unwrap_err(), expected);
+        assert_eq!(cancel_rx.await.unwrap().unwrap_err(), expected);
+        assert_eq!(receipt_response_rx.await.unwrap().unwrap_err(), expected);
+        assert!(command_tx.is_closed());
+        assert!(receipt_tx.is_closed());
+        assert_eq!(
+            manager
+                .get_task_status_for_path("bucket/active", "active-shutdown-command")
+                .await
+                .unwrap(),
+            HealTaskStatus::Pending,
+            "queued Cancel must not execute"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            manager
+                .get_task_status_for_path("bucket/pending", "queued-shutdown-command")
+                .await
+                .is_err(),
+            "queued starts must not be admitted"
+        );
+        manager.stop().await.unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn owned_channel_stop_finishes_legacy_command_and_rejects_all_queued_variants() {
+        stop_after_selected_start(false).await;
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn owned_channel_stop_finishes_receipt_command_and_rejects_all_queued_variants() {
+        stop_after_selected_start(true).await;
+    }
 }
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ pub struct ErasureSetHealer {
    replacement_task_id: Option<String>,
    replacement_target_identities: Option<Arc<[ReplacementTargetIdentity]>>,
    replacement_execution: Option<Arc<super::storage::ReplacementExecution>>,
+    work_parent: Option<super::manager::HealWork>,
    mainline_pacer: Option<Arc<super::pacing::MainlinePacer>>,
 }

@@ -367,6 +368,7 @@ impl ErasureSetHealer {
            replacement_task_id: None,
            replacement_target_identities: None,
            replacement_execution: None,
+            work_parent: None,
            mainline_pacer: None,
        }
    }
@@ -381,6 +383,11 @@ impl ErasureSetHealer {
        self
    }

+    pub(super) fn with_work_parent(mut self, parent: Option<super::manager::HealWork>) -> Self {
+        self.work_parent = parent;
+        self
+    }
+
    pub(crate) fn with_replacement_execution(mut self, execution: Option<Arc<super::storage::ReplacementExecution>>) -> Self {
        self.replacement_execution = execution;
        self
@@ -1349,6 +1356,8 @@ impl ErasureSetHealer {
            };
            (
                HealObjectOutcome {
+                    deep_check_observed: false,
+                    quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
                    identity: HealObjectIdentity {
                        kind: HealObjectKind::Metadata,
                        bucket: RUSTFS_META_BUCKET.to_string(),
@@ -1720,6 +1729,8 @@ impl ErasureSetHealer {
                let admin_identity = self.admin_identity(bucket, &object_name, version_id.as_deref(), incarnation);
                let admin_task_id = self.admin_task.as_ref().map(|task| task.id.clone());
                let execution = self.replacement_execution.clone();
+                let replacement_object = execution.is_some();
+                let work_parent = execution.as_ref().and(self.work_parent.as_ref()).cloned();
                let failure_identity = execution
                    .as_ref()
                    .map(|_| (dedup_key.clone(), object_name.clone(), version_id.clone()));
@@ -1751,10 +1762,22 @@ impl ErasureSetHealer {
                        let result = if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
                            (0, Err(Error::TaskCancelled))
                        } else {
-                            match storage
-                                .heal_object(&bucket_name, &object_name, version_id.as_deref(), &heal_opts)
-                                .await
-                            {
+                            let result = if replacement_object {
+                                storage
+                                    .heal_object_with_task_cancel(
+                                        &bucket_name,
+                                        &object_name,
+                                        version_id.as_deref(),
+                                        &heal_opts,
+                                        &cancel_token,
+                                    )
+                                    .await
+                            } else {
+                                storage
+                                    .heal_object(&bucket_name, &object_name, version_id.as_deref(), &heal_opts)
+                                    .await
+                            };
+                            match result {
                                Ok((result, None)) if target_outcomes_complete(&result, &target_endpoints) => {
                                    let object_size = result_object_size_u64(&result);
                                    if !replacement_commit_evidence_required {
@@ -1846,7 +1869,11 @@ impl ErasureSetHealer {
                };
                page_tasks.push(async move {
                    if let (Some(execution), Some((key, object, version))) = (execution, failure_identity) {
-                        match execution.run(work).await {
+                        let result = match work_parent {
+                            Some(parent) => execution.run_owned(&parent, work).await,
+                            None => execution.run(work).await,
+                        };
+                        match result {
                            Ok(result) => result,
                            Err(error) => (key, object, version, (0, Err(error)), None),
                        }
@@ -2758,6 +2785,8 @@ mod resume_loop_tests {
                .unwrap_or(Some(HealObjectDisposition::Repaired));
            let receipt = if error.is_none() {
                disposition.map(|disposition| HealObjectReceipt {
+                    deep_check_observed: false,
+                    quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
                    identity: HealObjectIdentity {
                        kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
                        bucket: bucket.to_owned(),
@@ -145,9 +145,11 @@ pub(super) fn skipped(identity: Option<HealObjectIdentity>, reason: &str) -> Opt
    identity.map(|identity| {
        (
            CanonicalObjectOutcome {
+                deep_check_observed: false,
                identity,
                disposition: HealObjectDisposition::Unknown,
                detail: Some(reason.to_owned()),
+                quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
            },
            0,
        )
@@ -249,9 +251,11 @@ pub(super) async fn heal_object(
            (size, legacy),
            Some((
                CanonicalObjectOutcome {
+                    deep_check_observed: false,
                    identity,
                    disposition,
                    detail,
+                    quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
                },
                failures,
            )),
@@ -420,6 +420,7 @@ async fn real_storage_grace_round_trip() {
            &HealOpts {
                scan_mode: rustfs_heal_contracts::heal_channel::HealScanMode::Deep,
                recreate: true,
+                remove: true,
                pool: Some(0),
                set: Some(0),
                ..Default::default()
@@ -13,16 +13,20 @@
 // limitations under the License.

 use crate::heal::{
-    outcome::HealTaskOutcome,
+    outcome::{HealExecutionOutcome, HealTaskOutcome},
    progress::{HealProgress, HealStatistics},
    resume::{
        ReplacementPhase, ReplacementRecoveryBlock, ReplacementRecoveryCandidate, ResumeGc, ResumeManager, ResumeState,
        ResumeUtils, merge_replacement_recovery_candidate, replacement_retry_is_exhausted_active,
    },
-    storage::HealStorageAPI,
+    storage::{HealStorageAPI, run_local_metadata},
    task::{HealOptions, HealPriority, HealRequest, HealTask, HealTaskStatus, HealType, demote_to_debug_when},
 };
 use crate::{Error, Result};
+use futures::{
+    FutureExt,
+    future::{BoxFuture, Shared},
+};
 use metrics::{counter, gauge, histogram};
 use rustfs_concurrency::WorkloadAdmissionSnapshotProvider;
 use rustfs_concurrency::workload::{ForegroundPressure, foreground_pressure};
@@ -32,8 +36,10 @@ use rustfs_heal_contracts::heal_channel::{
    HealAdmissionDropReason, HealAdmissionReceipt, HealAdmissionResult, HealRequestSource,
 };
 use rustfs_madmin::heal_commands::HealResultItem;
+use std::future::Future;
 #[cfg(test)]
 use std::sync::LazyLock;
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::{
    collections::{BinaryHeap, HashMap, HashSet},
    sync::{Arc, Mutex as StdMutex, MutexGuard as StdMutexGuard},
@@ -44,11 +50,206 @@ use tokio::{
    time::{interval, sleep},
 };
 use tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken;
+use tokio_util::task::{TaskTracker, task_tracker::TaskTrackerToken};
 use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
 use uuid::Uuid;

 use super::{DiskError, Endpoint, HealDiskExt as _, local_disk_map_read};

+// Four long-lived loops have fixed receipts; finished dynamic jobs leave the
+// tracker immediately. No manager/cache lock is needed by a drain waiter.
+type HealWorkerJoin = Shared<BoxFuture<'static, std::result::Result<(), Arc<tokio::task::JoinError>>>>;
+
+struct HealWorkerRegistration {
+    open: bool,
+    stopping: usize,
+    fixed: [Option<HealWorkerJoin>; 4],
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct HealWorkers {
+    registration: Arc<StdMutex<HealWorkerRegistration>>,
+    tasks: TaskTracker,
+    startup: TaskTracker,
+    failed: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(super) struct HealWork {
+    owner: HealWorkers,
+    _token: TaskTrackerToken,
+}
+
+// Each in-flight stop owns its own intent. Dropping one waiter cannot reopen
+// startup while another stop still owns the handoff boundary.
+struct HealStopIntent(HealWorkers);
+
+impl Drop for HealStopIntent {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Ok(mut registration) = self.0.registration.lock() {
+            registration.stopping -= 1;
+            if registration.stopping == 0 && registration.open {
+                self.0.startup.reopen();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct HealWorkGuard {
+    work: HealWork,
+    completed: bool,
+}
+
+impl Drop for HealWorkGuard {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if !self.completed {
+            self.work.owner.failed.store(true, Ordering::Release);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl HealWork {
+    fn spawn<F, Fut, T>(&self, work: F) -> tokio::task::JoinHandle<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(HealWork) -> Fut + Send + 'static,
+        Fut: Future<Output = T> + Send + 'static,
+        T: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        // Clone before spawn, while the live parent prevents an empty tracker.
+        let guard = HealWorkGuard {
+            work: self.clone(),
+            completed: false,
+        };
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let mut guard = guard;
+            let output = work(guard.work.clone()).await;
+            guard.completed = true;
+            output
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl HealWorkers {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            registration: Arc::new(StdMutex::new(HealWorkerRegistration {
+                open: true,
+                stopping: 0,
+                fixed: std::array::from_fn(|_| None),
+            })),
+            tasks: TaskTracker::new(),
+            startup: TaskTracker::new(),
+            failed: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn enter_start(&self) -> Result<(HealWorkGuard, TaskTrackerToken)> {
+        let registration = self
+            .registration
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::other("heal worker registration poisoned"))?;
+        if !registration.open || registration.stopping != 0 {
+            return Err(Error::other("heal manager workers are stopping or terminally closed"));
+        }
+        Ok((
+            HealWorkGuard {
+                work: HealWork {
+                    owner: self.clone(),
+                    _token: self.tasks.token(),
+                },
+                completed: false,
+            },
+            self.startup.token(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn begin_stop(&self) -> Result<HealStopIntent> {
+        let mut registration = self
+            .registration
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::other("heal worker registration poisoned"))?;
+        registration.stopping += 1;
+        self.startup.close();
+        Ok(HealStopIntent(self.clone()))
+    }
+
+    fn spawn_fixed<F, Fut>(&self, slot: usize, work: F) -> Result<()>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(HealWork) -> Fut + Send + 'static,
+        Fut: Future<Output = ()> + Send + 'static,
+    {
+        let mut registration = self
+            .registration
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::other("heal worker registration poisoned"))?;
+        if !registration.open || registration.fixed[slot].is_some() {
+            return Err(Error::other("heal manager loop is closed or already registered"));
+        }
+        let parent = HealWork {
+            owner: self.clone(),
+            _token: self.tasks.token(),
+        };
+        let task = parent.spawn(work);
+        registration.fixed[slot] = Some(async move { task.await.map_err(Arc::new) }.boxed().shared());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn close(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut registration = self
+            .registration
+            .lock()
+            .map_err(|_| Error::other("heal worker registration poisoned"))?;
+        registration.open = false;
+        self.tasks.close();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn wait(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let fixed = {
+            let registration = self
+                .registration
+                .lock()
+                .map_err(|_| Error::other("heal worker registration poisoned"))?;
+            if registration.open {
+                return Err(Error::other("heal worker admission is not closed"));
+            }
+            registration.fixed.clone()
+        };
+        let mut join_failed = false;
+        for task in fixed.into_iter().flatten() {
+            join_failed |= task.await.is_err();
+        }
+        self.tasks.wait().await;
+        if join_failed || self.failed.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
+            return Err(Error::other("heal owned worker panicked or was unexpectedly cancelled"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn spawn_heal_work<F, Fut, T>(parent: Option<&HealWork>, work: F) -> tokio::task::JoinHandle<T>
+where
+    F: FnOnce(Option<HealWork>) -> Fut + Send + 'static,
+    Fut: Future<Output = T> + Send + 'static,
+    T: Send + 'static,
+{
+    match parent {
+        Some(parent) => parent.spawn(move |child| work(Some(child))),
+        None => tokio::spawn(work(None)),
+    }
+}
+
+async fn inspect_resume_disk(
+    gc: &mut ResumeGc,
+    disk: &super::DiskStore,
+    admission: Option<&Arc<rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::NodeAdmission>>,
+    cancellation: &CancellationToken,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    run_local_metadata(disk, admission, cancellation, gc.inspect_disk(disk))
+        .await?
+        .map(|_| ())
+}
+
 const KEEP_HEAL_TASK_STATUS_DURATION: Duration = Duration::from_secs(10 * 60);
 // Each cache includes alias tokens in its count and byte budget. Eviction
 // removes every token sharing a snapshot; neither cache retains repair state.
@@ -326,9 +527,18 @@ async fn publish_completed_heal(
        let object = outcome
            .filter(|outcome| completed.heal_type.is_per_object() && !outcome.objects_truncated && outcome.objects.len() == 1)
            .and_then(|outcome| outcome.objects.front())
-            .map(|object| crate::heal::outcome::HealObjectReceipt {
-                identity: object.identity.clone(),
-                disposition: object.disposition.clone(),
+            .map(|object| {
+                let quorum_selected_data_dir = object.quorum_selected_data_dir.filter(|generation| !generation.is_nil());
+                crate::heal::outcome::HealObjectReceipt {
+                    identity: object.identity.clone(),
+                    disposition: object.disposition.clone(),
+                    quorum_selected_data_dir,
+                    deep_check_observed: object.deep_check_observed
+                        && quorum_selected_data_dir.is_some()
+                        && !completed.options.dry_run
+                        && matches!(completed.status, HealTaskStatus::Completed)
+                        && outcome.is_some_and(|outcome| outcome.execution == HealExecutionOutcome::Completed),
+                }
            });
        rustfs_heal_contracts::completion::publish_heal_completion(rustfs_heal_contracts::completion::HealCompletion {
            task_id: task_id.to_owned(),
@@ -1014,6 +1224,7 @@ pub struct HealState {

 /// Heal manager
 pub struct HealManager {
+    workers: HealWorkers,
    /// Heal config
    config: Arc<RwLock<HealConfig>>,
    /// Heal state
@@ -1188,15 +1399,22 @@ impl HealManager {
        )
    }

-    fn schedule_mainline_throttle_recheck(notify: Arc<Notify>, delay: Duration) {
+    fn schedule_mainline_throttle_recheck(
+        notify: Arc<Notify>,
+        delay: Duration,
+        parent: Option<&HealWork>,
+        cancel: CancellationToken,
+    ) {
        if delay.is_zero() {
            notify.notify_one();
            return;
        }

-        tokio::spawn(async move {
-            sleep(delay).await;
-            notify.notify_one();
+        spawn_heal_work(parent, move |_parent| async move {
+            tokio::select! {
+                _ = cancel.cancelled() => {},
+                _ = sleep(delay) => notify.notify_one(),
+            }
        });
    }

@@ -1612,9 +1830,10 @@ impl HealManager {
    /// Start the bounded resume-state inspector.  Destructive GC remains
    /// disabled until the durable owner/CAS contract from backlog#1927 is
    /// available; this task therefore cannot remove an active or stale file.
-    async fn start_resume_gc(&self) {
+    async fn start_resume_gc(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let cancel = self.cancel_token.clone();
-        tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let admission = self.storage.background_node_admission();
+        self.workers.spawn_fixed(2, move |_parent| async move {
            let mut gc_by_disk = HashMap::<String, ResumeGc>::new();
            let mut ticker = interval(RESUME_GC_INTERVAL);
            loop {
@@ -1630,7 +1849,7 @@ impl HealManager {
                            let gc = gc_by_disk.entry(disk_key).or_default();
                            tokio::select! {
                                _ = cancel.cancelled() => return,
-                                result = gc.inspect_disk(&disk) => {
+                                result = inspect_resume_disk(gc, &disk, admission.as_ref(), &cancel) => {
                                    if let Err(error) = result {
                                        warn!(
                                            target: "rustfs::heal::manager",
@@ -1649,13 +1868,14 @@ impl HealManager {
                    }
                }
            }
-        });
+        })?;
+        Ok(())
    }

-    async fn start_root_recovery_terminal_gc(&self) {
+    async fn start_root_recovery_terminal_gc(&self) -> Result<()> {
        let cancel = self.cancel_token.clone();
        let root_recovery = self.root_recovery.clone();
-        tokio::spawn(async move {
+        self.workers.spawn_fixed(3, move |_parent| async move {
            let mut ticker = interval(RESUME_GC_INTERVAL);
            loop {
                tokio::select! {
@@ -1694,7 +1914,8 @@ impl HealManager {
                    }
                }
            }
-        });
+        })?;
+        Ok(())
    }

    /// Create new HealManager
@@ -1719,6 +1940,7 @@ impl HealManager {
    ) -> Self {
        let config = config.unwrap_or_default();
        Self {
+            workers: HealWorkers::new(),
            config: Arc::new(RwLock::new(config)),
            state: Arc::new(RwLock::new(HealState::default())),
            active_heals: Arc::new(Mutex::new(HashMap::new())),
@@ -1765,8 +1987,10 @@ impl HealManager {

    /// Start HealManager
    pub async fn start(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let (mut starting, _startup_token) = self.workers.enter_start()?;
        let mut state = self.state.write().await;
        if state.is_running {
+            starting.completed = true;
            warn!(
                target: "rustfs::heal::manager",
                event = EVENT_HEAL_MANAGER_STATE,
@@ -1819,8 +2043,8 @@ impl HealManager {
        self.process_unclean_shutdown().await;

        // Inspect resume artifacts in a bounded, fail-closed background task.
-        self.start_resume_gc().await;
-        self.start_root_recovery_terminal_gc().await;
+        self.start_resume_gc().await?;
+        self.start_root_recovery_terminal_gc().await?;

        // start auto disk scanner to heal unformatted disks
        if self.config.read().await.enable_auto_heal {
@@ -1844,11 +2068,31 @@ impl HealManager {
            state = "running",
            "Heal manager started"
        );
+        starting.completed = true;
        Ok(())
    }

+    #[cfg(test)]
+    pub(super) fn test_work_parent(&self) -> HealWork {
+        assert!(self.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().open, "test root parent precedes stop");
+        HealWork {
+            owner: self.workers.clone(),
+            _token: self.workers.tasks.token(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Durable stop handoff completed; owned workers may still be joining.
+    pub(crate) fn stop_handoff_completed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cancel_token.is_cancelled()
+    }
+
    /// Stop HealManager
    pub async fn stop(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let _stop_intent = self.workers.begin_stop()?;
+        // TaskTracker registers its notification before checking closed/empty.
+        // Stop admission first; wait outside admin/active/cache locks so startup
+        // can finish its existing recovery and register all four loop receipts.
+        self.workers.startup.wait().await;
        let _admin_start_guard = self.admin_start_shutdown.lock().await;
        info!(
            target: "rustfs::heal::manager",
@@ -1865,29 +2109,32 @@ impl HealManager {
        let mut active_heals = self.active_heals.lock().await;
        let queue = self.heal_queue.lock().await;
        let retrying = self.retrying_heals.lock().await;
-        for task in active_heals.values() {
-            if root_recovery::is_admin_heal_recovery(&task.heal_type, task.source) {
-                if task.get_status().await == HealTaskStatus::Completed {
-                    self.root_recovery.remove(&task.id, &task.heal_type, task.source).await?;
-                } else {
-                    let mut request = match task.retry_request_with_remaining_timeout().await {
-                        Ok(request) => request,
-                        Err(Error::TaskTimeout) => {
-                            let mut request = task.retry_request();
-                            request.options.timeout = Some(Duration::ZERO);
-                            request
-                        }
-                        Err(error) => return Err(error),
-                    };
-                    request.retry_attempts = task.retry_attempts;
-                    self.root_recovery.persist(&request).await?;
+        if !self.cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
+            for task in active_heals.values() {
+                if root_recovery::is_admin_heal_recovery(&task.heal_type, task.source) {
+                    if task.get_status().await == HealTaskStatus::Completed {
+                        self.root_recovery.remove(&task.id, &task.heal_type, task.source).await?;
+                    } else {
+                        let mut request = match task.retry_request_with_remaining_timeout().await {
+                            Ok(request) => request,
+                            Err(Error::TaskTimeout) => {
+                                let mut request = task.retry_request();
+                                request.options.timeout = Some(Duration::ZERO);
+                                request
+                            }
+                            Err(error) => return Err(error),
+                        };
+                        request.retry_attempts = task.retry_attempts;
+                        self.root_recovery.persist(&request).await?;
+                    }
                }
            }
+            for request in queue.requests().chain(retrying.values().map(|retrying| &retrying.request)) {
+                self.root_recovery.persist(request).await?;
+            }
+            self.workers.close()?;
+            self.cancel_token.cancel();
        }
-        for request in queue.requests().chain(retrying.values().map(|retrying| &retrying.request)) {
-            self.root_recovery.persist(request).await?;
-        }
-        self.cancel_token.cancel();
        drop(retrying);
        drop(queue);

@@ -1931,6 +2178,12 @@ impl HealManager {
        }
        crate::set_heal_queue_length(0);

+        // Completion paths reacquire active/cache locks. Never wait while
+        // holding admin, active, queue, retry, cache or state guards.
+        drop(active_heals);
+        drop(_admin_start_guard);
+        self.workers.wait().await?;
+
        // update state
        let mut state = self.state.write().await;
        state.is_running = false;
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ impl HealManager {
        let displaced_terminals = self.displaced_terminals.clone();
        let mrf_repair_notice_targets = self.mrf_repair_notice_targets.clone();
        let storage = self.storage.clone();
+        let admission = storage.background_node_admission();
        let replacement_recovery_anchors = self.replacement_recovery_anchors.clone();
        let blocks = self.replacement_recovery_blocks.clone();
        let cancel_token = self.cancel_token.clone();
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ impl HealManager {
            "Heal auto disk scanner started"
        );

-        tokio::spawn(async move {
+        self.workers.spawn_fixed(1, move |_parent| async move {
            let mut interval = interval(duration);

            loop {
@@ -88,6 +89,10 @@ impl HealManager {
                        let mut conflicted_recovery_tasks = HashSet::<String>::new();
                        let mut conflicted_recovery_sets = HashSet::<String>::new();
                        let mut deferred_recovery_sets = HashSet::<String>::new();
+                        // This tick lacks local evidence for these sets/endpoints;
+                        // later inventory must not turn the deferral into absence.
+                        let mut metadata_deferred_sets = HashSet::<String>::new();
+                        let mut metadata_deferred_endpoints = HashSet::<String>::new();
                        let mut deferred_replacement_endpoints = HashSet::<String>::new();
                        let local_disks = {
                            let local_disk_map = local_disk_map_read().await;
@@ -133,8 +138,32 @@ impl HealManager {
                                continue;
                            }

-                            // detect unformatted disk via get_disk_id()
-                            match disk.get_disk_id().await {
+                            // Preserve backend format results separately from admission deferral.
+                            let probe = run_local_metadata(
+                                disk, admission.as_ref(), &cancel_token, disk.get_disk_id(),
+                            ).await;
+                            // Native capability projection can defer after the outer plan was acquired.
+                            let resource_deferred = admission.is_some()
+                                && matches!(&probe, Ok(Err(DiskError::Io(error))) if error.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock);
+                            let disk_id = match probe {
+                                Ok(result) if !resource_deferred => result,
+                                _ => {
+                                    if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                    metadata_deferred_endpoints.insert(endpoint.to_string());
+                                    if let Some(set) = &set_disk_id {
+                                        metadata_deferred_sets.insert(set.clone());
+                                        deferred_recovery_sets.insert(set.clone());
+                                    }
+                                    skipped_invalid_count += 1;
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+                            };
+                            if admission.is_some() && cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                            match disk_id {
                                Err(DiskError::UnformattedDisk) => {
                                    if !super::super::replacement_readiness::auto_replacement_target_ready(disk, &local_disks)
                                        .await
@@ -203,8 +232,18 @@ impl HealManager {
                        let mut recovery_disks = BTreeMap::new();
                        extend_replacement_recovery_disks(&mut recovery_disks, local_disks.iter().cloned());
                        for set_disk_id in &recovery_sets {
-                            match storage.replacement_intent_disks(set_disk_id).await {
+                            if metadata_deferred_sets.contains(set_disk_id) {
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            match storage.replacement_intent_disks(set_disk_id, Some(&cancel_token)).await {
                                Ok(disks) => extend_replacement_recovery_disks(&mut recovery_disks, disks),
+                                Err(Error::TransientSkip { .. }) => {
+                                    if cancel_token.is_cancelled() {
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                    metadata_deferred_sets.insert(set_disk_id.clone());
+                                    deferred_recovery_sets.insert(set_disk_id.clone());
+                                }
                                Err(error) => {
                                    conflicted_recovery_sets.insert(set_disk_id.clone());
                                    warn!(
@@ -230,6 +269,11 @@ impl HealManager {
                            let endpoint = disk.endpoint();
                            let disk_set_disk_id =
                                crate::heal::utils::format_set_disk_id_from_i32(endpoint.pool_idx, endpoint.set_idx);
+                            if metadata_deferred_endpoints.contains(anchor)
+                                || disk_set_disk_id.as_ref().is_some_and(|set| metadata_deferred_sets.contains(set))
+                            {
+                                continue;
+                            }
                            let replacement_task_ids = match ResumeUtils::get_replacement_intent_tasks(disk).await {
                                Ok(task_ids) => task_ids,
                                Err(error) => {
@@ -795,7 +839,7 @@ impl HealManager {
                    }
                }
            }
-        });
+        })?;
        Ok(())
    }
 }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl HealManager {
        let workload_provider = self.workload_provider.clone();
        let disposition_cache = self.disposition_cache.clone();

-        tokio::spawn(async move {
+        self.workers.spawn_fixed(0, move |parent| async move {
            let mut interval = interval(config.read().await.heal_interval);

            loop {
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl HealManager {
                        break;
                    }
                    _ = notify.notified(), if event_driven_scheduler_enable => {
-                        Self::process_heal_queue(HealQueueContext {
+                        Self::process_owned_heal_queue(HealQueueContext {
                            heal_queue: &heal_queue,
                            active_heals: &active_heals,
                            completed_heals: &completed_heals,
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@ impl HealManager {
                            cancel_token: &cancel_token,
                            workload_provider: &workload_provider,
                            disposition_cache: &disposition_cache,
-                        })
+                        }, &parent)
                        .await;
                    }
                    _ = interval.tick() => {
-                        Self::process_heal_queue(HealQueueContext {
+                        Self::process_owned_heal_queue(HealQueueContext {
                            heal_queue: &heal_queue,
                            active_heals: &active_heals,
                            completed_heals: &completed_heals,
@@ -130,19 +130,28 @@ impl HealManager {
                            cancel_token: &cancel_token,
                            workload_provider: &workload_provider,
                            disposition_cache: &disposition_cache,
-                        })
+                        }, &parent)
                        .await;
                    }
                }
            }
-        });
+        })?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Process heal queue
    /// Processes multiple tasks per cycle when capacity allows and queue has high-priority items
+    #[cfg(test)]
    pub(super) async fn process_heal_queue(context: HealQueueContext<'_>) {
+        Self::process_heal_queue_inner(context, None).await;
+    }
+
+    async fn process_owned_heal_queue(context: HealQueueContext<'_>, parent: &HealWork) {
+        Self::process_heal_queue_inner(context, Some(parent)).await;
+    }
+
+    async fn process_heal_queue_inner(context: HealQueueContext<'_>, parent: Option<&HealWork>) {
        let HealQueueContext {
            heal_queue,
            active_heals,
@@ -254,7 +263,7 @@ impl HealManager {
                let config_for_spawn = config.clone();

                // start heal task
-                tokio::spawn(async move {
+                spawn_heal_work(parent, move |parent| async move {
                    debug!(
                        target: "rustfs::heal::manager",
                        event = EVENT_HEAL_SCHEDULER_STATE,
@@ -267,7 +276,7 @@ impl HealManager {
                        state = "task_started",
                        "Heal scheduler task started"
                    );
-                    let result = task.execute().await;
+                    let result = task.execute_owned(parent.clone()).await;
                    let retry_request = retry_request_for_result_with_budget(task.as_ref(), &result).await;
                    record_task_disposition(&disposition_cache_clone, task.as_ref(), &result, retry_request.is_some()).await;
                    match &result {
@@ -506,7 +515,7 @@ impl HealManager {
                        let retry_notify = notify_clone.clone();
                        let retry_manager_cancel_token = manager_cancel_token.clone();
                        let retry_config = config_for_spawn.clone();
-                        tokio::spawn(async move {
+                        spawn_heal_work(parent.as_ref(), move |_parent| async move {
                            let mut grace_admission_backoff = Duration::ZERO;
                            loop {
                                let now = SystemTime::now()
@@ -735,7 +744,7 @@ impl HealManager {

        if delayed_by_mainline_throttle && let Some(pressure) = mainline_pressure {
            Self::record_mainline_throttle_delay(pressure, &config);
-            Self::schedule_mainline_throttle_recheck(notify.clone(), config.mainline_max_sleep);
+            Self::schedule_mainline_throttle_recheck(notify.clone(), config.mainline_max_sleep, parent, cancel_token.clone());
        }

        // Log queue status if items remain
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ use tempfile::TempDir;

 pub(super) mod admin_overlap;
 mod admission_timing;
+mod owned_workers;
 mod root_recovery;
 use uuid::Uuid;
 mod auto_scan;
@@ -1386,6 +1387,8 @@ fn mrf_verified_repair_event_requires_positive_exact_identity() {
        durable_anchor: None,
    };
    let matching = HealObjectOutcome {
+        deep_check_observed: false,
+        quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
        identity: HealObjectIdentity {
            kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
            bucket: "bucket".to_string(),
@@ -1537,6 +1540,8 @@ fn unverified_legacy_fixture(bucket: &str) -> (MrfRepairNoticeTarget, crate::hea
        durable_anchor: Some(anchor.clone()),
    };
    let outcome = HealObjectOutcome {
+        deep_check_observed: false,
+        quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
        identity: HealObjectIdentity {
            kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
            bucket: bucket.to_string(),
@@ -1731,6 +1736,8 @@ fn completed_mrf_notice_publishes_only_verified_positive_events() {
    outcome.execution = HealExecutionOutcome::Completed;
    outcome.coverage = crate::heal::outcome::HealTraversalCoverage::Complete;
    outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+        deep_check_observed: false,
+        quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
        identity: HealObjectIdentity {
            kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
            bucket: bucket.to_string(),
@@ -1744,6 +1751,8 @@ fn completed_mrf_notice_publishes_only_verified_positive_events() {
        detail: None,
    });
    outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+        deep_check_observed: false,
+        quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
        identity: HealObjectIdentity {
            kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
            bucket: bucket.to_string(),
@@ -3113,6 +3122,8 @@ async fn local_automatic_query_preserves_source_path_token_and_state() {
                },
                disposition: HealObjectDisposition::VerifiedHealthy,
                detail: None,
+                deep_check_observed: false,
+                quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
            });
            snapshot.outcome = Some(Arc::new(outcome));
            snapshot.seqed_items = vec![(
@@ -6608,6 +6619,7 @@ fn admin_bucket_discovery_retries_keep_the_existing_budget() {
 async fn check_node_admission_task_retry(source: HealRequestSource) {
    use crate::heal::outcome::HealFailureClass;
    use crate::heal::storage::ECStoreHealStorage;
+    use crate::heal::storage_api::owner::{PhysicalDiskSample, PhysicalDiskSampler};
    use rustfs_concurrency::adaptive::{FeedbackController, FeedbackObservation, NodeAdmission, ResourcePressure};
    use rustfs_heal_contracts::heal_channel::HealScanMode;
    use std::num::NonZeroU16;
@@ -6620,6 +6632,18 @@ async fn check_node_admission_task_retry(source: HealRequestSource) {
    env.make_bucket("admission-retry", false).await;
    env.put_object_bytes("admission-retry", "existing", b"repair me".to_vec())
        .await;
+    let mut physical = PhysicalDiskSampler::default();
+    physical.publish(
+        PhysicalDiskSample::collect(&env.ecstore).with_test_single_device(),
+        ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+    );
+    assert!(
+        env.ecstore
+            .physical_heal_plan("existing", &Default::default())
+            .expect("fixture placement")
+            .is_some(),
+        "physical discovery must be ready before testing node capacity"
+    );
    let gate = NodeAdmission::new(NonZeroU16::new(1).expect("one node unit"));
    let storage: Arc<dyn HealStorageAPI> =
        Arc::new(ECStoreHealStorage::new(env.ecstore.clone()).with_admission(Some(gate.clone())));
@@ -6660,6 +6684,10 @@ async fn check_node_admission_task_retry(source: HealRequestSource) {
            completed_units: None,
        }),
    );
+    physical.publish(
+        PhysicalDiskSample::collect(&env.ecstore).with_test_single_device(),
+        ResourcePressure::Unknown,
+    );
    let retried = HealTask::from_request(retry, storage);
    retried
        .execute()
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::*;
-use crate::heal::outcome::{HealObjectIdentity, HealObjectKind, HealObjectOutcome};
+use crate::heal::outcome::{HealAbortReason, HealObjectIdentity, HealObjectKind, HealObjectOutcome};
 use rustfs_heal_contracts::{completion::subscribe_heal_completions, heal_channel::HealScanMode};

 #[tokio::test]
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ async fn canonical_completion_publishes_typed_objects_only_for_terminal_untrunca
    completed.options.scan_mode = HealScanMode::Normal;
    let mut outcome = HealTaskOutcome::default();
    outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+        deep_check_observed: false,
+        quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
        identity: HealObjectIdentity {
            kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
            bucket: "bucket".into(),
@@ -86,3 +88,129 @@ async fn canonical_completion_publishes_typed_objects_only_for_terminal_untrunca
    .expect("truncated terminal must still be observable");
    assert!(truncated.object.is_none(), "a retained tail cannot certify a whole result");
 }
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn completion_carries_local_generation_but_wire_roundtrip_does_not() {
+    let mut receiver = subscribe_heal_completions();
+    let completed_heals = Mutex::new(HashMap::new());
+    let aliases = Mutex::new(HashMap::new());
+    let generation = Uuid::new_v4();
+    let mut outcome = HealTaskOutcome::default();
+    outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+        deep_check_observed: true,
+        identity: HealObjectIdentity {
+            kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
+            bucket: "bucket".into(),
+            object: "object".into(),
+            version_id: None,
+            bucket_incarnation_id: Some(Uuid::new_v4()),
+            pool_index: Some(0),
+            set_index: Some(0),
+        },
+        disposition: HealObjectDisposition::VerifiedHealthy,
+        detail: None,
+        quorum_selected_data_dir: Some(generation),
+    });
+    outcome.finish(None);
+    let wire = serde_json::to_value(&outcome).expect("serialize outcome");
+    assert!(wire["objects"][0].get("quorumSelectedDataDir").is_none());
+    assert!(wire["objects"][0].get("deepCheckObserved").is_none());
+    let restored: HealTaskOutcome = serde_json::from_value(wire).expect("deserialize outcome");
+
+    for (observed_outcome, expected_generation, expected_proof) in [(outcome, Some(generation), true), (restored, None, false)] {
+        let id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        let mut completed = completed_retention_fixture(SystemTime::now());
+        completed.heal_type = HealType::Object {
+            bucket: "bucket".into(),
+            object: "object".into(),
+            version_id: None,
+        };
+        completed.status = HealTaskStatus::Completed;
+        completed.outcome = Some(Arc::new(observed_outcome));
+        publish_completed_heal(&completed_heals, &aliases, &id, completed, true).await;
+        let observed = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), async {
+            loop {
+                let event = receiver.recv().await.expect("terminal broadcaster stays open");
+                if event.task_id == id {
+                    break event;
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("terminal should be published");
+        let receipt = observed.object.as_ref().expect("single typed outcome");
+        assert_eq!(receipt.quorum_selected_data_dir, expected_generation);
+        assert_eq!(receipt.deep_check_observed, expected_proof);
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn completion_requires_success_and_a_non_nil_selection_for_deep_observation() {
+    let mut receiver = subscribe_heal_completions();
+    let completed_heals = Mutex::new(HashMap::new());
+    let aliases = Mutex::new(HashMap::new());
+    let generation = Uuid::new_v4();
+    for (status, execution, dry_run, observed_generation) in [
+        (
+            HealTaskStatus::Cancelled,
+            HealExecutionOutcome::Aborted(HealAbortReason::Cancelled),
+            false,
+            Some(generation),
+        ),
+        (
+            HealTaskStatus::Failed { error: "failure".into() },
+            HealExecutionOutcome::Completed,
+            false,
+            Some(generation),
+        ),
+        (
+            HealTaskStatus::Completed,
+            HealExecutionOutcome::Aborted(HealAbortReason::Deadline),
+            false,
+            Some(generation),
+        ),
+        (HealTaskStatus::Completed, HealExecutionOutcome::Completed, true, Some(generation)),
+        (HealTaskStatus::Completed, HealExecutionOutcome::Completed, false, None),
+        (HealTaskStatus::Completed, HealExecutionOutcome::Completed, false, Some(Uuid::nil())),
+    ] {
+        let id = Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        let mut outcome = HealTaskOutcome::default();
+        outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+            identity: HealObjectIdentity {
+                kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
+                bucket: "bucket".into(),
+                object: "object".into(),
+                version_id: None,
+                bucket_incarnation_id: Some(Uuid::new_v4()),
+                pool_index: Some(0),
+                set_index: Some(0),
+            },
+            disposition: HealObjectDisposition::VerifiedHealthy,
+            detail: None,
+            quorum_selected_data_dir: observed_generation,
+            deep_check_observed: true,
+        });
+        outcome.execution = execution;
+        let mut completed = completed_retention_fixture(SystemTime::now());
+        completed.heal_type = HealType::Object {
+            bucket: "bucket".into(),
+            object: "object".into(),
+            version_id: None,
+        };
+        completed.options.dry_run = dry_run;
+        completed.status = status;
+        completed.outcome = Some(Arc::new(outcome));
+        publish_completed_heal(&completed_heals, &aliases, &id, completed, true).await;
+        let observed = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(1), async {
+            loop {
+                let event = receiver.recv().await.expect("terminal broadcaster stays open");
+                if event.task_id == id {
+                    break event;
+                }
+            }
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("terminal should be published");
+        assert!(!observed.object.as_ref().expect("single typed outcome").deep_check_observed);
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0.
+
+use super::*;
+
+fn owned_config() -> HealConfig {
+    HealConfig {
+        enable_auto_heal: false,
+        event_driven_scheduler_enable: true,
+        heal_interval: Duration::from_secs(60),
+        mainline_throttle_enable: false,
+        ..Default::default()
+    }
+}
+
+async fn until(mut ready: impl AsyncFnMut() -> bool) {
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), async {
+        while !ready().await {
+            tokio::task::yield_now().await;
+        }
+    })
+    .await
+    .expect("real producer reaches expected boundary");
+}
+
+async fn completion_fixture() -> (Arc<HealManager>, Arc<CompletedRetentionHook>, String, String) {
+    let manager = Arc::new(HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(owned_config()),
+    ));
+    let bucket = format!("owned-worker-{}", Uuid::new_v4());
+    let request = HealRequest::object(bucket.clone(), "object".to_owned(), None);
+    let id = request.id.clone();
+    let hook = Arc::new(CompletedRetentionHook {
+        pause_before_publish: true,
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    {
+        let mut hooks = COMPLETED_RETENTION_HOOKS.lock().await;
+        hooks.insert(bucket.clone(), hook.clone());
+        hooks.insert(id.clone(), hook.clone());
+    }
+    manager.submit_heal_request(request).await.expect("queue real object heal");
+    manager.start().await.expect("start actual scheduler and both GCs");
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), hook.started.notified())
+        .await
+        .expect("actual worker reaches storage");
+    hook.execute.notify_one();
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), hook.before_publish.notified())
+        .await
+        .expect("actual worker reaches existing publication boundary");
+    (manager, hook, bucket, id)
+}
+
+async fn remove_hook(bucket: &str, id: &str) {
+    COMPLETED_RETENTION_HOOKS
+        .lock()
+        .await
+        .retain(|key, _| key != bucket && key != id);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_waits_actual_worker_without_holding_manager_locks() {
+    let (manager, hook, bucket, id) = completion_fixture().await;
+    let stopping = manager.clone();
+    let mut stop = tokio::spawn(async move { stopping.stop().await });
+    manager.cancel_token.cancelled().await;
+    assert!(tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_millis(30), &mut stop).await.is_err());
+    // The real worker needs these locks after the existing test boundary.
+    let admin = manager.admin_start_shutdown.try_lock().expect("admin released before join");
+    let active = manager.active_heals.try_lock().expect("active released before join");
+    let cache = manager.completed_heals.try_lock().expect("cache released before join");
+    assert!(!manager.workers.tasks.is_empty(), "actual publication worker is still owned");
+    drop((admin, active, cache));
+    hook.publish.notify_one();
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), hook.handoff.notified())
+        .await
+        .expect("real worker reaches existing final handoff boundary");
+    hook.finish.notify_one();
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), stop)
+        .await
+        .expect("worker drain deadline")
+        .expect("stop waiter")
+        .expect("actual worker joined");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+    assert!(
+        manager
+            .workers
+            .registration
+            .lock()
+            .unwrap()
+            .fixed
+            .iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .all(|join| join.peek().is_some())
+    );
+    assert!(manager.start().await.is_err(), "terminal owner cannot restart");
+    manager.stop().await.expect("successful receipt is repeatable");
+    remove_hook(&bucket, &id).await;
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_cancelled_stop_waiter_keeps_actual_worker_receipt() {
+    let (manager, hook, bucket, id) = completion_fixture().await;
+    let stopping = manager.clone();
+    let stop = tokio::spawn(async move { stopping.stop().await });
+    manager.cancel_token.cancelled().await;
+    until(async || manager.admin_start_shutdown.try_lock().is_ok()).await;
+    stop.abort();
+    assert!(stop.await.unwrap_err().is_cancelled());
+    let stopping = manager.clone();
+    let mut retry = tokio::spawn(async move { stopping.stop().await });
+    assert!(tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_millis(30), &mut retry).await.is_err());
+    hook.publish.notify_one();
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), hook.handoff.notified())
+        .await
+        .expect("real worker reaches existing final handoff boundary");
+    hook.finish.notify_one();
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), retry)
+        .await
+        .expect("repeat drain deadline")
+        .expect("retry waiter")
+        .expect("same actual worker joined");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+    remove_hook(&bucket, &id).await;
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_start_stop_race_counts_independent_stop_intents() {
+    let manager = Arc::new(HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(owned_config()),
+    ));
+    let admin = manager.admin_start_shutdown.lock().await;
+    let starting = manager.clone();
+    let start = tokio::spawn(async move { starting.start().await });
+    until(async || manager.state.read().await.is_running).await;
+    let stopping = manager.clone();
+    let first = tokio::spawn(async move { stopping.stop().await });
+    let stopping = manager.clone();
+    let second = tokio::spawn(async move { stopping.stop().await });
+    until(async || manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().stopping == 2).await;
+    first.abort();
+    assert!(first.await.unwrap_err().is_cancelled());
+    assert_eq!(manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().stopping, 1);
+    assert!(manager.start().await.is_err(), "cancelled waiter must not reopen another waiter's gate");
+    assert!(
+        !manager.cancel_token.is_cancelled(),
+        "handoff waits for startup before signalling cancellation"
+    );
+    assert!(!second.is_finished());
+    drop(admin);
+    start
+        .await
+        .expect("actual startup waiter")
+        .expect("startup finishes before handoff");
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), second)
+        .await
+        .expect("stop drains all newly registered loops")
+        .expect("stop waiter")
+        .expect("joined");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().fixed.iter().flatten().count(), 3);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_cancelled_pre_handoff_stop_reopens_start_admission() {
+    let manager = Arc::new(HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(owned_config()),
+    ));
+    let active = manager.active_heals.lock().await;
+    let stopping = manager.clone();
+    let stop = tokio::spawn(async move { stopping.stop().await });
+    until(async || manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().stopping == 1).await;
+    until(async || manager.admin_start_shutdown.try_lock().is_err()).await;
+    stop.abort();
+    assert!(stop.await.unwrap_err().is_cancelled());
+    assert_eq!(manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().stopping, 0);
+    assert!(!manager.cancel_token.is_cancelled());
+    drop(active);
+    manager
+        .start()
+        .await
+        .expect("pre-handoff cancellation did not terminally close startup");
+    manager.stop().await.expect("later real startup and stop succeed");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_failed_durable_handoff_remains_open_and_retryable() {
+    use super::super::super::RUSTFS_META_BUCKET;
+    use super::super::root_recovery::RootHealRecovery;
+    let temp = TempDir::new().expect("owned recovery disk");
+    let endpoint = Endpoint::try_from(temp.path().to_string_lossy().as_ref()).expect("endpoint");
+    let disk = new_disk(
+        &endpoint,
+        &DiskOption {
+            cleanup: false,
+            health_check: false,
+        },
+    )
+    .await
+    .expect("real local disk");
+    match disk.make_volume(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET).await {
+        Ok(()) | Err(DiskError::VolumeExists) => {}
+        Err(error) => panic!("metadata volume: {error}"),
+    }
+    let mut manager = HealManager::new(Arc::new(MockStorage), Some(owned_config()));
+    manager.root_recovery = Arc::new(RootHealRecovery::with_disks(vec![disk.clone()]));
+    let mut request = HealRequest::new(HealType::Cluster, HealOptions::default(), HealPriority::High);
+    request.source = HealRequestSource::Admin;
+    let id = request.id.clone();
+    manager.submit_heal_request(request).await.expect("real durable admission");
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(temp.path().join(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET)).expect("remove accepted owner volume");
+    assert!(manager.stop().await.is_err(), "real durable handoff fails");
+    assert!(!manager.stop_handoff_completed());
+    assert!(!manager.cancel_token.is_cancelled());
+    assert!(manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().open);
+    assert_eq!(manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().stopping, 0);
+    assert!(manager.heal_queue.lock().await.requests().any(|request| request.id == id));
+    disk.make_volume(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET).await.expect("restore original owner");
+    manager.stop().await.expect("handoff retries on same disk and drains");
+    assert!(manager.stop_handoff_completed());
+    assert!(!manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().open);
+    assert_eq!(
+        manager
+            .root_recovery
+            .pending()
+            .await
+            .expect("durable successor remains")
+            .len(),
+        1
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_real_retry_and_throttle_wake_drain() {
+    let manager = Arc::new(HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(owned_config()),
+    ));
+    let hook = Arc::new(CompletedRetentionHook::default());
+    COMPLETED_RETENTION_HOOKS
+        .lock()
+        .await
+        .insert("retry-transition".to_owned(), hook.clone());
+    manager
+        .submit_heal_request(HealRequest::object("retry-transition".to_owned(), "object".to_owned(), None))
+        .await
+        .expect("queue actual recoverable storage failure");
+    manager.start().await.expect("actual scheduler");
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), hook.started.notified())
+        .await
+        .expect("real object operation");
+    hook.execute.notify_one();
+    until(async || !manager.retrying_heals.lock().await.is_empty()).await;
+    manager.stop().await.expect("actual delayed retry drained");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+    assert!(manager.retrying_heals.lock().await.is_empty());
+    COMPLETED_RETENTION_HOOKS.lock().await.remove("retry-transition");
+
+    let provider: WorkloadSnapshotProviderRef = Arc::new(FixedWorkloadProvider {
+        class: WorkloadClass::ForegroundRead,
+        active: 8,
+        limit: 10,
+        state: AdmissionState::Open,
+    });
+    let manager = HealManager::new_with_workload_provider_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(HealConfig {
+            mainline_throttle_enable: true,
+            mainline_read_utilization_high_percent: 80,
+            mainline_write_utilization_high_percent: 80,
+            mainline_max_sleep: Duration::from_secs(60),
+            ..owned_config()
+        }),
+        Some(provider),
+    );
+    manager.start().await.expect("actual throttled scheduler");
+    until(async || manager.workers.tasks.len() == 4).await;
+    manager
+        .submit_heal_request(bucket_request("owned-throttle", HealPriority::Normal, HealRequestSource::ReadRepair))
+        .await
+        .expect("real pressure-delayed request");
+    until(async || manager.workers.tasks.len() > 4).await;
+    assert_eq!(manager.get_queue_length().await, 1);
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), manager.stop())
+        .await
+        .expect("wake cancels without waiting 60s")
+        .expect("wake drained");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_real_scheduler_panic_is_sticky_failure() {
+    let manager = HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(HealConfig {
+            heal_interval: Duration::ZERO,
+            ..owned_config()
+        }),
+    );
+    manager.start().await.expect("startup registered actual scheduler");
+    until(async || manager.workers.failed.load(Ordering::Acquire)).await;
+    assert!(manager.stop().await.is_err(), "actual interval panic cannot acknowledge joined success");
+    assert!(manager.stop_handoff_completed());
+    assert!(manager.stop().await.is_err(), "repeat wait cannot erase failure");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_completed_dynamic_workers_do_not_accumulate_handles() {
+    let manager = HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(Arc::new(MockStorage), Some(owned_config()));
+    manager.start().await.expect("actual producer loops");
+    for index in 0..64 {
+        let request = HealRequest::object(format!("owned-completed-{index}"), "object".to_owned(), None);
+        let id = request.id.clone();
+        manager
+            .submit_heal_request(request)
+            .await
+            .expect("actual scheduler admission");
+        until(async || manager.completed_heals.lock().await.contains_key(&id)).await;
+    }
+    // Scheduler retains a live parent plus its guard; each GC retains one guard.
+    // These four fixed-loop tokens remain, irrespective of the 64 finished jobs.
+    until(async || manager.workers.tasks.len() == 4).await;
+    assert_eq!(manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().fixed.iter().flatten().count(), 3);
+    manager.stop().await.expect("bounded dynamic bookkeeping drains");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_enabled_auto_scan_has_four_actual_loop_receipts() {
+    let manager = HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(HealConfig {
+            enable_auto_heal: true,
+            ..owned_config()
+        }),
+    );
+    manager.start().await.expect("four actual producer loops");
+    assert_eq!(manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap().fixed.iter().flatten().count(), 4);
+    manager.stop().await.expect("four loops joined");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_manager_cancelled_actual_start_is_sticky_failure() {
+    let manager = Arc::new(HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(MockStorage),
+        Some(owned_config()),
+    ));
+    let admin = manager.admin_start_shutdown.lock().await;
+    let starting = manager.clone();
+    let start = tokio::spawn(async move { starting.start().await });
+    until(async || manager.state.read().await.is_running).await;
+    start.abort();
+    assert!(start.await.unwrap_err().is_cancelled());
+    drop(admin);
+    assert!(
+        manager.stop().await.is_err(),
+        "cancelled partial startup cannot become successful receipt"
+    );
+    assert!(manager.stop().await.is_err(), "failure remains sticky for later waiter");
+    assert!(manager.workers.tasks.is_empty());
+}
@@ -192,6 +192,8 @@ fn terminal_with_outcome(heal_type: &HealType, status: HealTaskStatus) -> Comple
            HealObjectDisposition::VerifiedHealthy
        };
        outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+            deep_check_observed: false,
+            quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
            identity: HealObjectIdentity {
                kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
                bucket: "bucket".to_string(),
@@ -2049,6 +2051,8 @@ async fn root_recovery_cluster_replay_rejects_successor_and_preserves_completed_
        .insert(bucket.clone(), Some(expected));
    scope.next_bucket_index = 1;
    scope.outcome.record(HealObjectOutcome {
+        deep_check_observed: false,
+        quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
        identity: HealObjectIdentity {
            kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
            bucket: bucket.clone(),
@@ -3132,3 +3136,65 @@ async fn root_recovery_conflicting_record_does_not_block_other_replays() {
        );
    }
 }
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn owned_terminal_gc_waits_for_actual_native_receipt_read() {
+    use crate::heal::storage_api::{
+        EcstoreLocalPublicationPause as LocalPublicationPause, EcstoreLocalPublicationStage as LocalPublicationStage,
+    };
+
+    let (_temp, disk) = recovery_disk().await;
+    let manager = recovery_manager(vec![disk.clone()]);
+    let request = root_request();
+    let completed_at = SystemTime::now()
+        .checked_sub(KEEP_HEAL_TASK_STATUS_DURATION + Duration::from_secs(1))
+        .expect("expired fixture time");
+    let completed = completed_admin_status(&request.heal_type, completed_at);
+    manager
+        .publish_admin_terminal(&request.id, &request.heal_type, request.source, &completed)
+        .await
+        .expect("persist real expired terminal");
+    let path = format!("terminal-root-heal-{}.json", request.id);
+    assert!(
+        !disk
+            .read_all(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET, &path)
+            .await
+            .expect("nonempty real terminal")
+            .is_empty()
+    );
+    let mut pause =
+        LocalPublicationPause::install(disk.as_ref(), RUSTFS_META_BUCKET, &path, LocalPublicationStage::NativeReadOpen)
+            .expect("native bounded terminal-read pause");
+    manager
+        .start_root_recovery_terminal_gc()
+        .await
+        .expect("actual slot-3 producer");
+    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), pause.entered())
+        .await
+        .expect("terminal GC native read entry deadline")
+        .expect("real bounded terminal read entered");
+    let mut stop = Box::pin(manager.stop());
+    let first = tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_millis(30), stop.as_mut()).await;
+    let held = first.is_err();
+    let unlocked = manager.admin_start_shutdown.try_lock().is_ok()
+        && manager.active_heals.try_lock().is_ok()
+        && manager.completed_heals.try_lock().is_ok();
+    drop(pause);
+    let result = match first {
+        Ok(result) => Ok(result),
+        Err(_) => tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), stop).await,
+    };
+    assert!(held, "terminal mutation branch must finish before its receipt");
+    assert!(unlocked, "join may not hold manager locks");
+    result.expect("released terminal GC joins").expect("terminal GC stop");
+    assert!(matches!(disk.read_all(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET, &path).await, Err(DiskError::FileNotFound)));
+    let registration = manager.workers.registration.lock().unwrap();
+    assert!(
+        registration.fixed[3]
+            .as_ref()
+            .expect("actual terminal GC receipt")
+            .peek()
+            .is_some()
+    );
+}
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ impl HealManager {
            }

            for set_disk_id in &set_disk_ids {
-                match self.storage.replacement_intent_disks(set_disk_id).await {
+                match self.storage.replacement_intent_disks(set_disk_id, None).await {
                    Ok(disks) => recovery_disks.extend(disks),
                    Err(error) => {
                        conflicted_replacement_sets.insert(set_disk_id.clone());
@@ -1044,6 +1044,33 @@ struct MrfRuntime {
 }

 impl MrfRuntime {
+    fn admit_best_effort(&mut self, intent: MrfIntent) {
+        if intent.kind.is_durable() {
+            if self.admit_partial_write(intent.clone(), None).is_err() {
+                rustfs_common::mrf_channel::release_mrf_intent(&intent);
+                counter!("rustfs_heal_mrf_dropped_total", "reason" => "queue_overflow").increment(1);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if !self.queue.pending_keys.contains(&queue_key(&intent))
+            && (self.queue.depth() + self.partial_writes.depth() >= self.queue.capacity
+                || self.queue.bytes() + self.partial_writes.bytes() + intent.estimated_bytes() > self.queue.byte_budget)
+        {
+            rustfs_common::mrf_channel::release_mrf_intent(&intent);
+            counter!("rustfs_heal_mrf_dropped_total", "reason" => "queue_overflow").increment(1);
+            return;
+        }
+        match self.queue.try_push_typed(intent.clone()) {
+            MrfQueuePushResult::Enqueued => {
+                self.new_since_flush += 1;
+                self.dirty = true;
+            }
+            MrfQueuePushResult::Coalesced | MrfQueuePushResult::Rejected => {
+                rustfs_common::mrf_channel::release_mrf_intent(&intent);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
    fn adopt_replayed_partial_writes(&mut self, intents: Vec<(MrfIntent, Option<ResponsibilityCheckpoint>)>) {
        // The decoded checkpoint bounds replay; live admission subsequently
        // shares these limits with the ordinary pending queue.
@@ -1836,6 +1863,20 @@ fn map_mrf_lifecycle_state_error(error: &'static str) -> MrfLifecycleControlErro
 /// ordinary MRF kill-switch.
 /// Public for integration tests that drive the real consumer loop.
 pub fn spawn_mrf_consumer(manager: Arc<HealManager>) {
+    let _ = spawn_mrf_consumer_with_stop(manager, None);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn spawn_owned_mrf_consumer(
+    manager: Arc<HealManager>,
+    stop: tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken,
+) -> Option<tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>> {
+    spawn_mrf_consumer_with_stop(manager, Some(stop))
+}
+
+fn spawn_mrf_consumer_with_stop(
+    manager: Arc<HealManager>,
+    stop: Option<tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken>,
+) -> Option<tokio::task::JoinHandle<()>> {
    let enabled = rustfs_utils::get_env_bool(rustfs_config::ENV_HEAL_MRF_ENABLE, rustfs_config::DEFAULT_HEAL_MRF_ENABLE);
    rustfs_common::mrf_channel::set_mrf_delivery_enabled(enabled);
    if !enabled {
@@ -1857,13 +1898,21 @@ pub fn spawn_mrf_consumer(manager: Arc<HealManager>) {
                    error = err,
                    "MRF channel initialization failed; intents will be dropped at producers"
                );
-                return;
+                return None;
            }
        };
-    tokio::spawn(async move {
-        run_mrf_consumer(manager, receiver, durable_receiver, lifecycle_receiver).await;
-    });
+    let task = match stop {
+        Some(stop) => tokio::spawn(run_mrf_consumer_with_stop(
+            manager,
+            receiver,
+            durable_receiver,
+            lifecycle_receiver,
+            Some(stop),
+        )),
+        None => tokio::spawn(run_mrf_consumer(manager, receiver, durable_receiver, lifecycle_receiver)),
+    };
    tracing::info!(target: "rustfs::heal::mrf", "MRF intent consumer started");
+    Some(task)
 }

 /// Replay the journal once for integration tests, publishing a durable
@@ -2222,10 +2271,20 @@ async fn replay_into(
 /// Replay the journal, then keep draining the channel into the heal manager
 /// while persisting the pending snapshot.
 async fn run_mrf_consumer(
+    manager: Arc<HealManager>,
+    receiver: mpsc::Receiver<MrfIntent>,
+    durable_receiver: mpsc::Receiver<MrfDurableSubmission>,
+    lifecycle_receiver: mpsc::Receiver<MrfLifecycleCommand>,
+) {
+    run_mrf_consumer_with_stop(manager, receiver, durable_receiver, lifecycle_receiver, None).await;
+}
+
+async fn run_mrf_consumer_with_stop(
    manager: Arc<HealManager>,
    mut receiver: mpsc::Receiver<MrfIntent>,
    mut durable_receiver: mpsc::Receiver<MrfDurableSubmission>,
    mut lifecycle_receiver: mpsc::Receiver<MrfLifecycleCommand>,
+    stop: Option<tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken>,
 ) {
    let config = MrfConsumerConfig::default();
    let mut runtime = MrfRuntime {
@@ -2277,10 +2336,26 @@ async fn run_mrf_consumer(
    let mut durable_batch = Vec::with_capacity(runtime.config.replay_batch);

    loop {
+        if stop.as_ref().is_some_and(tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken::is_cancelled) {
+            finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+            return;
+        }
        if runtime.partial_writes.pending_lifecycle_transition.is_some() {
            tokio::select! {
+                _ = async {
+                    match &stop {
+                        Some(stop) => stop.cancelled().await,
+                        None => std::future::pending::<()>().await,
+                    }
+                } => {
+                    finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+                    return;
+                }
                received = durable_receiver.recv_many(&mut durable_batch, runtime.config.replay_batch) => {
                    if received == 0 {
+                        if stop.is_some() {
+                            finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+                        }
                        return;
                    }
                    for submission in durable_batch.drain(..) {
@@ -2289,6 +2364,9 @@ async fn run_mrf_consumer(
                }
                command = lifecycle_receiver.recv() => {
                    let Some(command) = command else {
+                        if stop.is_some() {
+                            finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+                        }
                        return;
                    };
                    runtime.handle_lifecycle_command(manager.as_ref(), command).await;
@@ -2301,8 +2379,20 @@ async fn run_mrf_consumer(
            continue;
        }
        tokio::select! {
+            _ = async {
+                match &stop {
+                    Some(stop) => stop.cancelled().await,
+                    None => std::future::pending::<()>().await,
+                }
+            } => {
+                finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+                return;
+            }
            received = durable_receiver.recv_many(&mut durable_batch, runtime.config.replay_batch) => {
                if received == 0 {
+                    if stop.is_some() {
+                        finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+                    }
                    return;
                }
                let mut responses = Vec::with_capacity(received);
@@ -2322,12 +2412,19 @@ async fn run_mrf_consumer(
            }
            command = lifecycle_receiver.recv() => {
                let Some(command) = command else {
+                    if stop.is_some() {
+                        finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+                    }
                    return;
                };
                runtime.handle_lifecycle_command(manager.as_ref(), command).await;
            }
            received = receiver.recv_many(&mut batch, runtime.config.replay_batch) => {
                if received == 0 {
+                    if stop.is_some() {
+                        finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+                        return;
+                    }
                    // Channel closed: flush once more unless the snapshot is
                    // provably current AND idle (a dirty or pending state
                    // gets one last persist attempt, matching the shutdown
@@ -2342,30 +2439,7 @@ async fn run_mrf_consumer(
                    return;
                }
                for intent in batch.drain(..) {
-                    if intent.kind.is_durable() {
-                        if runtime.admit_partial_write(intent.clone(), None).is_err() {
-                            rustfs_common::mrf_channel::release_mrf_intent(&intent);
-                            counter!("rustfs_heal_mrf_dropped_total", "reason" => "queue_overflow").increment(1);
-                        }
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if !runtime.queue.pending_keys.contains(&queue_key(&intent))
-                        && (runtime.queue.depth() + runtime.partial_writes.depth() >= runtime.queue.capacity
-                            || runtime.queue.bytes() + runtime.partial_writes.bytes() + intent.estimated_bytes() > runtime.queue.byte_budget)
-                    {
-                        rustfs_common::mrf_channel::release_mrf_intent(&intent);
-                        counter!("rustfs_heal_mrf_dropped_total", "reason" => "queue_overflow").increment(1);
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    match runtime.queue.try_push_typed(intent.clone()) {
-                        MrfQueuePushResult::Enqueued => {
-                            runtime.new_since_flush += 1;
-                            runtime.dirty = true;
-                        }
-                        MrfQueuePushResult::Coalesced | MrfQueuePushResult::Rejected => {
-                            rustfs_common::mrf_channel::release_mrf_intent(&intent);
-                        }
-                    }
+                    runtime.admit_best_effort(intent);
                }
                if runtime.dirty && runtime.partial_writes.depth() > 0 {
                    runtime.flush().await;
@@ -2411,6 +2485,64 @@ async fn run_mrf_consumer(
    }
 }

+// Closing the receivers fences new ingress while preserving all messages that
+// were already accepted by these channels. Existing admission limits and replies
+// remain unchanged; a failed checkpoint keeps this runtime alive for retry.
+async fn finalize_mrf_consumer(
+    runtime: &mut MrfRuntime,
+    receiver: &mut mpsc::Receiver<MrfIntent>,
+    durable_receiver: &mut mpsc::Receiver<MrfDurableSubmission>,
+    lifecycle_receiver: &mut mpsc::Receiver<MrfLifecycleCommand>,
+) {
+    receiver.close();
+    durable_receiver.close();
+    lifecycle_receiver.close();
+    while let Some(command) = lifecycle_receiver.recv().await {
+        match command {
+            MrfLifecycleCommand::List { response, .. } => {
+                let _ = response.send(Err(MrfLifecycleControlError::Unavailable));
+            }
+            MrfLifecycleCommand::Recheck { response, .. }
+            | MrfLifecycleCommand::Refresh { response, .. }
+            | MrfLifecycleCommand::AcceptUnverifiedRisk { response, .. } => {
+                let _ = response.send(Err(MrfLifecycleControlError::Unavailable));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    while let Some(intent) = receiver.recv().await {
+        runtime.admit_best_effort(intent);
+    }
+    let mut responses = Vec::new();
+    while let Some(submission) = durable_receiver.recv().await {
+        match runtime.admit_partial_write(submission.intent, submission.source_bucket_incarnation_id) {
+            Ok(()) => responses.push(submission.response),
+            Err(error) => {
+                let _ = submission.response.send(Err(error));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let needs_flush = runtime.dirty || runtime.queue.depth() > 0 || runtime.partial_writes.depth() > 0;
+    let persisted = !needs_flush || runtime.flush().await;
+    for response in responses {
+        let _ = response.send(if persisted {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            Err(MrfDurableAdmissionError::Persistence)
+        });
+    }
+    if !persisted {
+        let mut retry = tokio::time::interval(runtime.config.flush_interval);
+        retry.tick().await;
+        loop {
+            retry.tick().await;
+            if runtime.flush().await {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    runtime.publish_metrics();
+}
+
 /// What the periodic tick should do, as a pure function of the runtime state
 /// so the decision table is unit-testable.
 enum TickAction {
@@ -2456,6 +2588,7 @@ mod tests {
    mod empty_events_tests;
    mod lifecycle_replay_tests;
    mod lifecycle_v2_reader_tests;
+    mod owned_shutdown_tests;

    #[tokio::test(start_paused = true)]
    async fn journal_disk_io_bounds_fanout_and_collects_every_result() {
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+// Copyright 2026 RustFS Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use super::*;
+
+fn empty_runtime(capacity: usize) -> MrfRuntime {
+    let config = MrfConsumerConfig::default();
+    MrfRuntime {
+        queue: MrfQueue::new(capacity, config.journal_max_bytes),
+        partial_writes: PartialWrites::default(),
+        config,
+        checkpoint_owner: Uuid::new_v4(),
+        next_checkpoint_sequence: 1,
+        lifecycle_format_version: MRF_LIFECYCLE_FORMAT_VERSION,
+        new_since_flush: 0,
+        dirty: false,
+        journal_on_disk: false,
+        retain_replay_journal: false,
+        replay_readable: true,
+        durable_replay_anchors: Vec::new(),
+        replay_cleanup: None,
+        runtime_checkpoint: None,
+        backoff_until: None,
+    }
+}
+
+fn partial(object: &str) -> MrfIntent {
+    let mut item = intent("mrf-owned-shutdown", object, 0);
+    item.kind = MrfKind::PartialWrite;
+    item.version_id = None;
+    item
+}
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+#[serial]
+async fn owned_mrf_shutdown_drains_and_persists_before_ack_and_join() {
+    let _env = rustfs_test_utils::TestECStoreEnv::builder()
+        .prefix("mrf_owned_shutdown")
+        .build()
+        .await;
+    let mut runtime = empty_runtime(8);
+    let (incoming, mut receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (durable, mut durable_receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (lifecycle, mut lifecycle_receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    incoming
+        .send(intent("mrf-owned-shutdown", "ordinary", 0))
+        .await
+        .expect("queued ordinary intent");
+    let (reply, ack) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+    durable
+        .send(MrfDurableSubmission {
+            intent: partial("durable"),
+            source_bucket_incarnation_id: Some(Uuid::new_v4()),
+            response: reply,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("queued durable submission");
+    let (response, listed) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+    lifecycle
+        .send(MrfLifecycleCommand::List {
+            after: None,
+            limit: 1,
+            response,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("queued lifecycle query");
+    tokio::time::timeout(
+        StdDuration::from_secs(10),
+        finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver),
+    )
+    .await
+    .expect("real final checkpoint completes with live sender handles");
+    assert!(ack.await.expect("explicit durable acknowledgement").is_ok());
+    assert!(matches!(
+        listed.await.expect("explicit query rejection"),
+        Err(MrfLifecycleControlError::Unavailable)
+    ));
+    assert!(incoming.is_closed() && durable.is_closed() && lifecycle.is_closed());
+    assert!(!runtime.dirty);
+    let saved = snapshot::inspect_local_committed_snapshot(runtime.config.journal_max_bytes)
+        .await
+        .expect("inspect committed shutdown snapshot")
+        .expect("shutdown successor exists");
+    let (items, truncated) = decode_journal(saved.payload());
+    assert_eq!(truncated, 0);
+    assert_eq!(items.len(), 2, "both ingress kinds have durable replay storage before successful receipt");
+}
+
+// The blocked paths belong to this fresh test environment. Restore them even
+// when an assertion fails so its ordinary disk cleanup can finish.
+struct BlockedMetadata(Vec<(PathBuf, PathBuf)>);
+impl Drop for BlockedMetadata {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        for (original, held) in self.0.drain(..) {
+            let _ = fs::remove_file(&original);
+            let _ = fs::rename(held, original);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+#[serial]
+async fn owned_mrf_failed_flush_retains_runtime_until_disk_recovers() {
+    let env = rustfs_test_utils::TestECStoreEnv::builder()
+        .prefix("mrf_owned_retry")
+        .build()
+        .await;
+    let mut runtime = empty_runtime(8);
+    runtime
+        .admit_partial_write(partial("previously-committed"), Some(Uuid::new_v4()))
+        .expect("accept resident responsibility");
+    assert!(runtime.flush().await, "establish the prior committed responsibility before failure");
+    let mut blocked = BlockedMetadata(Vec::new());
+    for root in &env.disk_paths {
+        let original = root.join(RUSTFS_META_BUCKET);
+        let held = root.join("mrf-owned-held-metadata");
+        assert!(!held.exists());
+        fs::rename(&original, &held).expect("hold only this fixture metadata volume");
+        blocked.0.push((original.clone(), held));
+        fs::write(&original, b"block directory traversal").expect("force actual disk writes to fail");
+    }
+    let (incoming, mut receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (durable, mut durable_receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (_lifecycle, mut lifecycle_receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (reply, ack) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+    durable
+        .send(MrfDurableSubmission {
+            intent: partial("retained-after-failed-flush"),
+            source_bucket_incarnation_id: Some(Uuid::new_v4()),
+            response: reply,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("queue durable responsibility");
+    let mut shutdown = tokio::spawn(async move {
+        finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver).await;
+        runtime
+    });
+    assert!(matches!(
+        tokio::time::timeout(StdDuration::from_secs(10), ack)
+            .await
+            .expect("failed checkpoint explicitly responds")
+            .expect("durable reply is not dropped"),
+        Err(MrfDurableAdmissionError::Persistence)
+    ));
+    assert!(
+        tokio::time::timeout(StdDuration::from_millis(100), &mut shutdown)
+            .await
+            .is_err(),
+        "failed flush is not an exited/joined consumer"
+    );
+    assert!(incoming.is_closed() && durable.is_closed());
+    drop(blocked);
+    let runtime = tokio::time::timeout(StdDuration::from_secs(10), shutdown)
+        .await
+        .expect("same live worker retries after volume recovery")
+        .expect("real worker joins");
+    assert!(!runtime.dirty);
+    assert_eq!(
+        runtime.partial_writes.depth(),
+        2,
+        "prior committed and newly unacknowledged responsibilities both stay owned"
+    );
+    let saved = snapshot::inspect_local_committed_snapshot(runtime.config.journal_max_bytes)
+        .await
+        .expect("inspect recovered successor")
+        .expect("recovered successor exists");
+    assert_eq!(decode_journal(saved.payload()).0.len(), 2);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+#[serial]
+async fn owned_mrf_full_admission_replies_full_without_false_ack() {
+    let _env = rustfs_test_utils::TestECStoreEnv::builder()
+        .prefix("mrf_owned_full")
+        .build()
+        .await;
+    let mut runtime = empty_runtime(1);
+    runtime.admit_best_effort(intent("mrf-owned-shutdown", "resident", 0));
+    let (_incoming, mut receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (durable, mut durable_receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (_lifecycle, mut lifecycle_receiver) = mpsc::channel(4);
+    let (reply, ack) = tokio::sync::oneshot::channel();
+    durable
+        .send(MrfDurableSubmission {
+            intent: partial("beyond-resident-limit"),
+            source_bucket_incarnation_id: Some(Uuid::new_v4()),
+            response: reply,
+        })
+        .await
+        .expect("queue unacknowledged submission");
+    tokio::time::timeout(
+        StdDuration::from_secs(10),
+        finalize_mrf_consumer(&mut runtime, &mut receiver, &mut durable_receiver, &mut lifecycle_receiver),
+    )
+    .await
+    .expect("resident checkpoint completes");
+    assert!(matches!(
+        ack.await.expect("Full explicitly returned"),
+        Err(MrfDurableAdmissionError::Full)
+    ));
+    assert_eq!(runtime.queue.depth(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(runtime.partial_writes.depth(), 0);
+}
+
+#[tokio::test(flavor = "multi_thread", worker_threads = 2)]
+#[serial]
+async fn owned_mrf_real_consumer_joins_with_live_static_senders() {
+    const CHILD: &str = "RUSTFS_MRF_OWNED_CONSUMER_TEST_CHILD";
+    const TEST: &str = "heal::mrf_queue::tests::owned_shutdown_tests::owned_mrf_real_consumer_joins_with_live_static_senders";
+    if std::env::var_os(CHILD).is_none() {
+        // Process-global senders cannot be reinitialized by another unit test.
+        let output = std::process::Command::new(std::env::current_exe().expect("test executable"))
+            .args(["--exact", TEST, "--nocapture", "--test-threads=1"])
+            .env(CHILD, "1")
+            .output()
+            .expect("isolated MRF consumer test");
+        let stdout = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+        assert!(output.status.success(), "{stdout}{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr));
+        assert!(stdout.contains("test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored;"));
+        assert!(stdout.contains("MRF_OWNED_CONSUMER_CHILD_OK"));
+        return;
+    }
+    let env = rustfs_test_utils::TestECStoreEnv::builder()
+        .prefix("mrf_owned_loop")
+        .build()
+        .await;
+    let manager = Arc::new(HealManager::new_without_root_recovery_for_test(
+        Arc::new(ECStoreHealStorage::new(env.ecstore.clone())),
+        None,
+    ));
+    manager.stop().await.expect("original manager handoff before MRF stop");
+    let stop = tokio_util::sync::CancellationToken::new();
+    let task = spawn_owned_mrf_consumer(manager, stop.clone()).expect("fresh process owns actual MRF startup");
+    tokio::time::timeout(StdDuration::from_secs(10), list_legacy_responsibilities(None, 1))
+        .await
+        .expect("actual consumer must process a command before the stop probe")
+        .expect("empty lifecycle query succeeds");
+    assert!(!task.is_finished(), "the ready consumer is still running with static senders retained");
+    stop.cancel();
+    tokio::time::timeout(StdDuration::from_secs(10), task)
+        .await
+        .expect("explicit stop must terminate despite process-global sender lifetime")
+        .expect("actual consumer joined");
+    println!("MRF_OWNED_CONSUMER_CHILD_OK");
+}
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 use rustfs_heal_contracts::heal_channel::LEGACY_OBJECT_IDENTITY_UNVERIFIED_DETAIL;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
-#[cfg(test)]
 use uuid::Uuid;

 const MAX_OUTCOME_ITEMS: usize = 128;
@@ -64,6 +63,12 @@ pub struct HealObjectOutcome {
    pub identity: HealObjectIdentity,
    pub disposition: HealObjectDisposition,
    pub detail: Option<String>,
+    /// Local quorum metadata selection; absent from wire snapshots.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub quorum_selected_data_dir: Option<Uuid>,
+    /// Local Deep check-path observation; absent from wire snapshots.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub deep_check_observed: bool,
 }

 impl HealObjectOutcome {
@@ -442,6 +447,8 @@ mod canonical_outcome_tests {

    fn item(disposition: HealObjectDisposition) -> HealObjectOutcome {
        HealObjectOutcome {
+            deep_check_observed: false,
+            quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
            identity: HealObjectIdentity {
                kind: HealObjectKind::Object,
                bucket: "bucket".to_string(),
@@ -496,6 +503,8 @@ mod canonical_outcome_tests {
            ..item(HealObjectDisposition::Unknown).identity
        };
        let mut receipt = HealObjectReceipt {
+            deep_check_observed: false,
+            quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
            identity: expected.clone(),
            disposition: HealObjectDisposition::MetadataHealthy,
        };
@@ -740,6 +749,8 @@ mod canonical_outcome_tests {
            ..item(HealObjectDisposition::Unknown).identity
        };
        let mut receipt = HealObjectReceipt {
+            deep_check_observed: false,
+            quorum_selected_data_dir: None,
            identity: expected.clone(),
            disposition: HealObjectDisposition::Repaired,
        };
@@ -140,7 +140,23 @@ impl ReplacementExecution {
    /// A dropped page waiter must not release the lease of a mutation that is
    /// still executing. The owned worker keeps the lease through its I/O.
    pub(crate) async fn run<T: Send + 'static>(self: Arc<Self>, work: impl Future<Output = T> + Send + 'static) -> Result<T> {
-        tokio::spawn(async move {
+        self.run_with_owner(None, work).await
+    }
+
+    pub(super) async fn run_owned<T: Send + 'static>(
+        self: Arc<Self>,
+        parent: &super::manager::HealWork,
+        work: impl Future<Output = T> + Send + 'static,
+    ) -> Result<T> {
+        self.run_with_owner(Some(parent), work).await
+    }
+
+    async fn run_with_owner<T: Send + 'static>(
+        self: Arc<Self>,
+        parent: Option<&super::manager::HealWork>,
+        work: impl Future<Output = T> + Send + 'static,
+    ) -> Result<T> {
+        super::manager::spawn_heal_work(parent, move |_parent| async move {
            let _execution = self;
            work.await
        })
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More