Move design draft to separate file; write about GC in internals

reuse code for listing local blocks
add disk i/o speed limit on integrity check

.drone.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,516 @@
+---
+kind: pipeline
+name: default
+
+workspace:
+  base: /drone/garage
+
+volumes:
+- name: nix_store
+  host:
+    path: /var/lib/drone/nix
+- name: nix_config
+  temp: {}
+
+environment:
+  HOME: /drone/garage
+
+steps:
+  - name: setup nix
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - cp nix/nix.conf /etc/nix/nix.conf
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --no-out-link shell.nix --arg release false  -A inputDerivation
+
+  - name: code quality
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --arg release false --run "cargo fmt -- --check"
+      - nix-shell --arg release false --run "cargo clippy -- --deny warnings"
+
+  - name: build
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --argstr target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --arg release false --argstr git_version $DRONE_COMMIT
+
+  - name: unit tests
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - |
+        nix-build \
+          --no-build-output \
+          --argstr target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl \
+          --argstr compileMode test
+      - ./result*/bin/garage_api*
+      - ./result*/bin/garage_model*
+      - ./result*/bin/garage_rpc*
+      - ./result*/bin/garage_table*
+      - ./result*/bin/garage_util*
+      - ./result*/bin/garage_web*
+      - ./result*/bin/garage*
+
+  - name: smoke-test
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --argstr target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl --arg release false --argstr git_version $DRONE_COMMIT
+      - nix-shell --arg release false --run ./script/test-smoke.sh || (cat /tmp/garage.log; false)
+
+trigger:
+  event:
+  - custom
+  - push
+  - pull_request
+  - tag
+  - cron
+
+node:
+  nix: 1
+
+---
+kind: pipeline
+name: website
+
+steps:
+  - name: build
+    image: hrektts/mdbook
+    commands:
+      - cd doc/book
+      - mdbook build
+
+  - name: upload
+    image: plugins/s3
+    settings:
+      bucket: garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr
+      access_key:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_access_key_id
+      secret_key:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_secret_access_key
+      source: doc/book/book/**/*
+      strip_prefix: doc/book/book/
+      target: /
+      path_style: true
+      endpoint: https://garage.deuxfleurs.fr
+      region: garage
+    when:
+      event:
+        - push
+      branch:
+        - main
+      repo:
+        - Deuxfleurs/garage
+
+trigger:
+  event:
+  - custom
+  - push
+  - pull_request
+
+node:
+  nix: 1
+
+---
+kind: pipeline
+type: docker
+name: release-linux-x86_64
+
+volumes:
+- name: nix_store
+  host:
+    path: /var/lib/drone/nix
+- name: nix_config
+  temp: {}
+
+environment:
+  TARGET: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+
+steps:
+  - name: setup nix
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - cp nix/nix.conf /etc/nix/nix.conf
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --no-out-link shell.nix -A inputDerivation
+
+  - name: build
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --argstr target $TARGET --arg release true --argstr git_version $DRONE_COMMIT
+
+  - name: integration
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --run ./script/test-smoke.sh || (cat /tmp/garage.log; false)
+
+  - name: push static binary
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_access_key_id
+      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_secret_access_key
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --arg rust false --arg integration false --run "to_s3"
+
+  - name: docker build and publish
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      DOCKER_AUTH:
+        from_secret: docker_auth
+      DOCKER_PLATFORM: "linux/amd64"
+      CONTAINER_NAME: "dxflrs/amd64_garage"
+      HOME: "/kaniko"
+    commands:
+      - mkdir -p /kaniko/.docker
+      - echo $DOCKER_AUTH > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
+      - export CONTAINER_TAG=${DRONE_TAG:-$DRONE_COMMIT}
+      - nix-shell --arg rust false --arg integration false --run "to_docker"
+
+
+trigger:
+  event:
+  - promote
+  - cron
+
+node:
+  nix: 1
+
+---
+kind: pipeline
+type: docker
+name: release-linux-i686
+
+volumes:
+- name: nix_store
+  host:
+    path: /var/lib/drone/nix
+- name: nix_config
+  temp: {}
+
+environment:
+  TARGET: i686-unknown-linux-musl
+
+steps:
+  - name: setup nix
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - cp nix/nix.conf /etc/nix/nix.conf
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --no-out-link shell.nix -A inputDerivation
+
+  - name: build
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --argstr target $TARGET --arg release true --argstr git_version $DRONE_COMMIT
+
+  - name: integration
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --run ./script/test-smoke.sh || (cat /tmp/garage.log; false)
+
+  - name: push static binary
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_access_key_id
+      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_secret_access_key
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --arg rust false --arg integration false --run "to_s3"
+
+  - name: docker build and publish
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      DOCKER_AUTH:
+        from_secret: docker_auth
+      DOCKER_PLATFORM: "linux/386"
+      CONTAINER_NAME: "dxflrs/386_garage"
+      HOME: "/kaniko"
+    commands:
+      - mkdir -p /kaniko/.docker
+      - echo $DOCKER_AUTH > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
+      - export CONTAINER_TAG=${DRONE_TAG:-$DRONE_COMMIT}
+      - nix-shell --arg rust false --arg integration false --run "to_docker"
+
+trigger:
+  event:
+  - promote
+  - cron
+
+node:
+  nix: 1
+
+---
+kind: pipeline
+type: docker
+name: release-linux-aarch64
+
+volumes:
+- name: nix_store
+  host:
+    path: /var/lib/drone/nix
+- name: nix_config
+  temp: {}
+
+environment:
+  TARGET: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl
+
+steps:
+  - name: setup nix
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - cp nix/nix.conf /etc/nix/nix.conf
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --no-out-link ./shell.nix --arg rust false --arg integration false -A inputDerivation
+
+  - name: build
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --argstr target $TARGET --arg release true --argstr git_version $DRONE_COMMIT
+
+  - name: push static binary
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_access_key_id
+      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_secret_access_key
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --arg rust false --arg integration false --run "to_s3"
+
+  - name: docker build and publish
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      DOCKER_AUTH:
+        from_secret: docker_auth
+      DOCKER_PLATFORM: "linux/arm64"
+      CONTAINER_NAME: "dxflrs/arm64_garage"
+      HOME: "/kaniko"
+    commands:
+      - mkdir -p /kaniko/.docker
+      - echo $DOCKER_AUTH > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
+      - export CONTAINER_TAG=${DRONE_TAG:-$DRONE_COMMIT}
+      - nix-shell --arg rust false --arg integration false --run "to_docker"
+
+trigger:
+  event:
+  - promote
+  - cron
+
+node:
+  nix: 1
+
+---
+kind: pipeline
+type: docker
+name: release-linux-armv6l
+
+volumes:
+- name: nix_store
+  host:
+    path: /var/lib/drone/nix
+- name: nix_config
+  temp: {}
+
+environment:
+  TARGET: armv6l-unknown-linux-musleabihf
+
+steps:
+  - name: setup nix
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - cp nix/nix.conf /etc/nix/nix.conf
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --no-out-link --arg rust false --arg integration false -A inputDerivation
+
+  - name: build
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    commands:
+      - nix-build --no-build-output --argstr target $TARGET --arg release true --argstr git_version $DRONE_COMMIT
+
+  - name: push static binary
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_access_key_id
+      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_secret_access_key
+    commands:
+      - nix-shell --arg integration false --arg rust false --run "to_s3"
+
+  - name: docker build and publish
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    - name: nix_config
+      path: /etc/nix
+    environment:
+      DOCKER_AUTH:
+        from_secret: docker_auth
+      DOCKER_PLATFORM: "linux/arm"
+      CONTAINER_NAME: "dxflrs/arm_garage"
+      HOME: "/kaniko"
+    commands:
+      - mkdir -p /kaniko/.docker
+      - echo $DOCKER_AUTH > /kaniko/.docker/config.json
+      - export CONTAINER_TAG=${DRONE_TAG:-$DRONE_COMMIT}
+      - nix-shell --arg rust false --arg integration false --run "to_docker"
+
+trigger:
+  event:
+  - promote
+  - cron
+
+node:
+  nix: 1
+
+---
+kind: pipeline
+type: docker
+name: refresh-release-page
+
+volumes:
+- name: nix_store
+  host:
+    path: /var/lib/drone/nix
+
+steps:
+  - name: refresh-index
+    image: nixpkgs/nix:nixos-21.05
+    volumes:
+    - name: nix_store
+      path: /nix
+    environment:
+      AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_access_key_id
+      AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY:
+        from_secret: garagehq_aws_secret_access_key
+    commands:
+      - mkdir -p /etc/nix && cp nix/nix.conf /etc/nix/nix.conf
+      - nix-shell --arg integration false --arg rust false --run "refresh_index"
+
+depends_on:
+  - release-linux-x86_64
+  - release-linux-i686
+  - release-linux-aarch64
+  - release-linux-armv6l
+
+trigger:
+  event:
+  - promote
+  - cron
+
+node:
+  nix: 1
+
+---
+kind: signature
+hmac: 1c33490cc2902564c4250a409c156683d0d549b8c9d5aee4e46d1bde4e0ccf2c
+
+...

Cargo.toml

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ members = [
 	"src/table",
 	"src/model",
 	"src/api",
+	"src/web",
 	"src/garage",
 ]
 

Dockerfile

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
-FROM archlinux:latest
+FROM scratch
 
-RUN mkdir -p /garage/meta
-RUN mkdir -p /garage/data
 ENV RUST_BACKTRACE=1
-ENV RUST_LOG=garage=debug
+ENV RUST_LOG=garage=info
 
-COPY target/release/garage.stripped /garage/garage
-
-CMD /garage/garage server -c /garage/config.toml
+COPY result/bin/garage /
+CMD [ "/garage", "server"]

LICENSE

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
-                       Version 3, 29 June 2007
+                    GNU AFFERO GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
+                       Version 3, 19 November 2007
 
  Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <https://fsf.org/>
  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
@@ -7,17 +7,15 @@
 
                             Preamble
 
-  The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
-software and other kinds of works.
+  The GNU Affero General Public License is a free, copyleft license for
+software and other kinds of works, specifically designed to ensure
+cooperation with the community in the case of network server software.
 
   The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
 to take away your freedom to share and change the works.  By contrast,
-the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to
+our General Public Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to
 share and change all versions of a program--to make sure it remains free
-software for all its users.  We, the Free Software Foundation, use the
-GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies also to
-any other work released this way by its authors.  You can apply it to
-your programs, too.
+software for all its users.
 
   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
 price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
@@ -26,44 +24,34 @@ them if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you
 want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new
 free programs, and that you know you can do these things.
 
-  To protect your rights, we need to prevent others from denying you
-these rights or asking you to surrender the rights.  Therefore, you have
-certain responsibilities if you distribute copies of the software, or if
-you modify it: responsibilities to respect the freedom of others.
+  Developers that use our General Public Licenses protect your rights
+with two steps: (1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer
+you this License which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute
+and/or modify the software.
 
-  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
-gratis or for a fee, you must pass on to the recipients the same
-freedoms that you received.  You must make sure that they, too, receive
-or can get the source code.  And you must show them these terms so they
-know their rights.
+  A secondary benefit of defending all users' freedom is that
+improvements made in alternate versions of the program, if they
+receive widespread use, become available for other developers to
+incorporate.  Many developers of free software are heartened and
+encouraged by the resulting cooperation.  However, in the case of
+software used on network servers, this result may fail to come about.
+The GNU General Public License permits making a modified version and
+letting the public access it on a server without ever releasing its
+source code to the public.
 
-  Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps:
-(1) assert copyright on the software, and (2) offer you this License
-giving you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify it.
+  The GNU Affero General Public License is designed specifically to
+ensure that, in such cases, the modified source code becomes available
+to the community.  It requires the operator of a network server to
+provide the source code of the modified version running there to the
+users of that server.  Therefore, public use of a modified version, on
+a publicly accessible server, gives the public access to the source
+code of the modified version.
 
-  For the developers' and authors' protection, the GPL clearly explains
-that there is no warranty for this free software.  For both users' and
-authors' sake, the GPL requires that modified versions be marked as
-changed, so that their problems will not be attributed erroneously to
-authors of previous versions.
-
-  Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run
-modified versions of the software inside them, although the manufacturer
-can do so.  This is fundamentally incompatible with the aim of
-protecting users' freedom to change the software.  The systematic
-pattern of such abuse occurs in the area of products for individuals to
-use, which is precisely where it is most unacceptable.  Therefore, we
-have designed this version of the GPL to prohibit the practice for those
-products.  If such problems arise substantially in other domains, we
-stand ready to extend this provision to those domains in future versions
-of the GPL, as needed to protect the freedom of users.
-
-  Finally, every program is threatened constantly by software patents.
-States should not allow patents to restrict development and use of
-software on general-purpose computers, but in those that do, we wish to
-avoid the special danger that patents applied to a free program could
-make it effectively proprietary.  To prevent this, the GPL assures that
-patents cannot be used to render the program non-free.
+  An older license, called the Affero General Public License and
+published by Affero, was designed to accomplish similar goals.  This is
+a different license, not a version of the Affero GPL, but Affero has
+released a new version of the Affero GPL which permits relicensing under
+this license.
 
   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
 modification follow.
@@ -72,7 +60,7 @@ modification follow.
 
   0. Definitions.
 
-  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
+  "This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License.
 
   "Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
 works, such as semiconductor masks.
@@ -549,35 +537,45 @@ to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to whom you convey
 the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those terms and this
 License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the Program.
 
-  13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
+  13. Remote Network Interaction; Use with the GNU General Public License.
+
+  Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, if you modify the
+Program, your modified version must prominently offer all users
+interacting with it remotely through a computer network (if your version
+supports such interaction) an opportunity to receive the Corresponding
+Source of your version by providing access to the Corresponding Source
+from a network server at no charge, through some standard or customary
+means of facilitating copying of software.  This Corresponding Source
+shall include the Corresponding Source for any work covered by version 3
+of the GNU General Public License that is incorporated pursuant to the
+following paragraph.
 
   Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have
 permission to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed
-under version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single
+under version 3 of the GNU General Public License into a single
 combined work, and to convey the resulting work.  The terms of this
 License will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work,
-but the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License,
-section 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
-combination as such.
+but the work with which it is combined will remain governed by version
+3 of the GNU General Public License.
 
   14. Revised Versions of this License.
 
   The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
-the GNU General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
-be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
+the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions
+will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
 address new problems or concerns.
 
   Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
-Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU Affero General
 Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
 option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
 version or of any later version published by the Free Software
 Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
-GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+GNU Affero General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
 by the Free Software Foundation.
 
   If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
-versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+versions of the GNU Affero General Public License can be used, that proxy's
 public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
 to choose that version for the Program.
 
@@ -635,41 +633,29 @@ the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
     Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
 
     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
-    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
     the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
     (at your option) any later version.
 
     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-    GNU General Public License for more details.
+    GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
 
-    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
     along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
 
-  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
-notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
-
-    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
-    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
-    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
-    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
-
-The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
-parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
-might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+  If your software can interact with users remotely through a computer
+network, you should also make sure that it provides a way for users to
+get its source.  For example, if your program is a web application, its
+interface could display a "Source" link that leads users to an archive
+of the code.  There are many ways you could offer source, and different
+solutions will be better for different programs; see section 13 for the
+specific requirements.
 
   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
 if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
-For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU AGPL, see
 <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
-
-  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
-into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
-may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
-the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
-Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
-<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html>.
-

Makefile

@@ -1,20 +1,13 @@
-BIN=target/release/garage
-DOCKER=lxpz/garage_amd64
+.PHONY: doc all release shell
 
 all:
-	#cargo fmt || true
-	RUSTFLAGS="-C link-arg=-fuse-ld=lld" cargo build
+	clear; cargo build
 
-$(BIN):
-	RUSTFLAGS="-C link-arg=-fuse-ld=lld" cargo build --release
+doc:
+	cd doc/book; mdbook build
 
-$(BIN).stripped: $(BIN)
-	cp $^ $@
-	strip $@
+release:
+	nix-build --arg release true
 
-docker: $(BIN).stripped
-	docker build -t $(DOCKER):$(TAG) .
-	docker push $(DOCKER):$(TAG)
-	docker tag $(DOCKER):$(TAG) $(DOCKER):latest
-	docker push $(DOCKER):latest
-	
+shell:
+	nix-shell

README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,11 @@
-# Garage
+Garage [![Build Status](https://drone.deuxfleurs.fr/api/badges/Deuxfleurs/garage/status.svg?ref=refs/heads/main)](https://drone.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage)
+===
+
+<p align="center" style="text-align:center;">
+	<a href="https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr">
+	<img alt="Garage logo" src="doc/logo/garage.png" height="200" />
+	</a>
+</p>
 
 Garage is a lightweight S3-compatible distributed object store, with the following goals:
 
@@ -12,94 +19,8 @@ Non-goals include:
 
 - Extremely high performance
 - Complete implementation of the S3 API
-- Erasure coding (our replication model is simply to copy the data as is on several nodes)
+- Erasure coding (our replication model is simply to copy the data as is on several nodes, in different datacenters if possible)
 
 Our main use case is to provide a distributed storage layer for small-scale self hosted services such as [Deuxfleurs](https://deuxfleurs.fr).
 
-## Setting up Garage
-
-Use the `genkeys.sh` script to generate TLS keys for encrypting communications between Garage nodes.
-The script takes no arguments and will generate keys in `pki/`.
-This script creates a certificate authority `garage-ca` which signs certificates for individual Garage nodes.
-Garage nodes from a same cluster authenticate themselves by verifying that they have certificates signed by the same certificate authority.
-
-Garage requires two locations to store its data: a metadata directory, and a data directory.
-The metadata directory is used to store metadata such as object lists, and should ideally be located on an SSD drive.
-The data directory is used to store the chunks of data of the objects stored in Garage.
-In a typical deployment the data directory is stored on a standard HDD.
-
-Garage does not handle TLS for its S3 API endpoint. This should be handled by adding a reverse proxy.
-
-Create a configuration file with the following structure:
-
-```
-block_size = 1048576			# objects are split in blocks of maximum this number of bytes
-
-metadata_dir = "/path/to/ssd/metadata/directory"
-data_dir = "/path/to/hdd/data/directory"
-
-rpc_bind_addr = "[::]:3901"		# the port other Garage nodes will use to talk to this node
-
-bootstrap_peers = [
-	# Ideally this list should contain the IP addresses of all other Garage nodes of the cluster.
-	# Use Ansible or any kind of configuration templating to generate this automatically.
-	"10.0.0.1:3901",
-	"10.0.0.2:3901",
-	"10.0.0.3:3901",
-]
-
-# optionnal: garage can find cluster nodes automatically using a Consul server
-# garage only does lookup but does not register itself, registration should be handled externally by e.g. Nomad
-consul_host = "localhost:8500"	# optionnal: host name of a Consul server for automatic peer discovery
-consul_service_name = "garage"  # optionnal: service name to look up on Consul
-
-max_concurrent_rpc_requests = 12
-data_replication_factor = 3
-meta_replication_factor = 3
-meta_epidemic_fanout = 3
-
-[rpc_tls]
-# NOT RECOMMENDED: you can skip this section if you don't want to encrypt intra-cluster traffic
-# Thanks to genkeys.sh, generating the keys and certificates is easy, so there is NO REASON NOT TO DO IT.
-ca_cert = "/path/to/garage/pki/garage-ca.crt"
-node_cert = "/path/to/garage/pki/garage.crt"
-node_key = "/path/to/garage/pki/garage.key"
-
-[s3_api]
-api_bind_addr = "[::1]:3900"	# the S3 API port, HTTP without TLS. Add a reverse proxy for the TLS part.
-region = "garage"				# set this to anything. S3 API calls will fail if they are not made against the region set here.
-```
-
-Build Garage using `cargo build --release`.
-Then, run it using either `./target/release/garage server -c path/to/config_file.toml` or `cargo run --release -- server -c path/to/config_file.toml`.
-
-Set the `RUST_LOG` environment to `garage=debug` to dump some debug information.
-Set it to `garage=trace` to dump even more debug information.
-Set it to `garage=warn` to show nothing except warnings and errors.
-
-## Setting up cluster nodes
-
-Once all your `garage` nodes are running, you will need to:
-
-1. check that they are correctly talking to one another;
-2. configure them with their physical location (in the case of a multi-dc deployment) and a number of "ring tokens" proportionnal to the storage space available on each node;
-3. create some S3 API keys and buckets;
-4. ???;
-5. profit!
-
-To run these administrative tasks, you will need to use the `garage` command line tool and it to connect to any of the cluster's nodes on the RPC port.
-The `garage` CLI also needs TLS keys and certificates of its own to authenticate and be authenticated in the cluster.
-A typicall invocation will be as follows:
-
-```
-./target/release/garage --ca-cert=pki/garage-ca.crt --client-cert=pki/garage-client.crt --client-key=pki/garage-client.key <...>
-```
-
-
-## Notes to self
-
-### What to repair
-
-- `tables`: to do a full sync of metadata, should not be necessary because it is done every hour by the system
-- `versions` and `block_refs`: very time consuming, usefull if deletions have not been propagated, improves garbage collection
-- `blocks`: very usefull to resync/rebalance blocks betweeen nodes
+**[Go to the documentation](https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr)**

default.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+{
+  system ? builtins.currentSystem,
+  release ? false,
+  target ? "x86_64-unknown-linux-musl",
+  compileMode ? null,
+  git_version ? null,
+}:
+
+with import ./nix/common.nix;
+
+let
+  crossSystem = { config = target; };
+in let
+  pkgs = import pkgsSrc {
+    inherit system crossSystem;
+    overlays = [ cargo2nixOverlay ];
+  };
+
+  /*
+   The following complexity should be abstracted by makePackageSet' (note the final quote).
+   However its code uses deprecated features of rust-overlay that can lead to bug.
+   Instead, we build our own rustChannel object with the recommended API of rust-overlay.
+   */
+  rustChannel = pkgs.rustPlatform.rust;
+
+  overrides = pkgs.buildPackages.rustBuilder.overrides.all ++ [
+    (pkgs.rustBuilder.rustLib.makeOverride {
+      name = "garage";
+      overrideAttrs = drv: if git_version != null then {
+        preConfigure = ''
+          ${drv.preConfigure or ""}
+          export GIT_VERSION="${git_version}"
+        '';
+      } else {};
+    })
+  ];
+
+  packageFun = import ./Cargo.nix;
+
+  rustPkgs = pkgs.rustBuilder.makePackageSet {
+    inherit packageFun rustChannel release;
+    packageOverrides = overrides;
+
+    buildRustPackages = pkgs.buildPackages.rustBuilder.makePackageSet {
+      inherit rustChannel packageFun;
+      packageOverrides = overrides;
+    };
+
+    localPatterns = [
+      /*
+       The way the default rules are written make think we match recursively, on full path, but the rules are misleading.
+       In fact, the regex is only called on root elements of the crate (and not recursively).
+       This behavior does not work well with our nested modules.
+       We tried to build a "deny list" but negative lookup ahead are not supported on Nix.
+       As a workaround, we have to register all our submodules in this allow list...
+       */
+       ''^(src|tests)''          # fixed default
+       ''.*\.(rs|toml)$''        # fixed default
+       ''^(crdt|replication|cli)''   # our crate submodules
+    ];
+  };
+
+in
+  if compileMode == "test"
+    then builtins.mapAttrs (name: value: rustPkgs.workspace.${name} { inherit compileMode; }) rustPkgs.workspace
+    else rustPkgs.workspace.garage { inherit compileMode; }

doc/book/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+book

doc/book/book.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[book]
+authors = ["Quentin Dufour"]
+language = "en"
+multilingual = false
+src = "src"
+title = "Garage Documentation"

doc/book/src/SUMMARY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Summary
+
+[The Garage Data Store](./intro.md)
+
+- [Quick start](./quick_start/index.md)
+
+- [Cookbook](./cookbook/index.md)
+  - [Building from source](./cookbook/from_source.md)
+  - [Integration with systemd](./cookbook/systemd.md)
+  - [Gateways](./cookbook/gateways.md)
+  - [Exposing buckets as websites](./cookbook/exposing_websites.md)
+  - [Configuring a reverse proxy](./cookbook/reverse_proxy.md)
+  - [Production Deployment](./cookbook/real_world.md)
+  - [Recovering from failures](./cookbook/recovering.md)
+
+- [Integrations](./connect/index.md)
+  - [Apps (Nextcloud, Peertube...)](./connect/apps.md)
+  - [Websites (Hugo, Jekyll, Publii...)](./connect/websites.md)
+  - [Repositories (Docker, Nix...)](./connect/repositories.md)
+  - [CLI tools (rclone, awscli, mc...)](./connect/cli.md)
+  - [Your code (PHP, JS, Go...)](./connect/code.md)
+
+
+- [Reference Manual](./reference_manual/index.md)
+  - [Garage configuration file](./reference_manual/configuration.md)
+  - [Garage CLI](./reference_manual/cli.md)
+  - [S3 compatibility status](./reference_manual/s3_compatibility.md)
+
+- [Design](./design/index.md)
+  - [Related Work](./design/related_work.md)
+  - [Internals](./design/internals.md)
+  - [Design draft](./design/design_draft.md)
+
+- [Development](./development/index.md)
+  - [Setup your environment](./development/devenv.md)
+  - [Development scripts](./development/scripts.md)
+  - [Release process](./development/release_process.md)
+
+- [Working Documents](./working_documents/index.md)
+  - [Load Balancing Data](./working_documents/load_balancing.md)
+  - [Migrating from 0.3 to 0.4](./working_documents/migration_04.md)

doc/book/src/connect/apps.md

@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+# Apps (Nextcloud, Peertube...)
+
+In this section, we cover the following software: [Nextcloud](#nextcloud), [Peertube](#peertube), [Mastodon](#mastodon), [Matrix](#matrix)
+
+## Nextcloud
+
+Nextcloud is a popular file synchronisation and backup service.
+By default, Nextcloud stores its data on the local filesystem.
+If you want to expand your storage to aggregate multiple servers, Garage is the way to go.
+
+A S3 backend can be configured in two ways on Nextcloud, either as Primary Storage or as an External Storage.
+Primary storage will store all your data on S3, in an opaque manner, and will provide the best performances.
+External storage enable you to select which data will be stored on S3, your file hierarchy will be preserved in S3, but it might be slower.
+
+In the following, we cover both methods but before reading our guide, we suppose you have done some preliminary steps.
+First, we expect you have an already installed and configured Nextcloud instance.
+Second, we suppose you have created a key and a bucket.
+
+As a reminder, you can create a key for your nextcloud instance as follow:
+
+```bash
+garage key new --name nextcloud-key
+```
+
+Keep the Key ID and the Secret key in a pad, they will be needed later.  
+Then you can create a bucket and give read/write rights to your key on this bucket with:
+
+```bash
+garage bucket create nextcloud
+garage bucket allow nextcloud --read --write --key nextcloud-key
+```
+
+
+### Primary Storage
+
+Now edit your Nextcloud configuration file to enable object storage.
+On my installation, the config. file is located at the following path: `/var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php`.  
+We will add a new root key to the `$CONFIG` dictionnary named `objectstore`:
+
+```php
+<?php
+$CONFIG = array(
+/* your existing configuration */
+'objectstore' => [
+    'class' => '\\OC\\Files\\ObjectStore\\S3',
+    'arguments' => [
+        'bucket' => 'nextcloud',   // Your bucket name, must be created before
+        'autocreate' => false,     // Garage does not support autocreate
+        'key'    => 'xxxxxxxxx',   // The Key ID generated previously
+        'secret' => 'xxxxxxxxx',   // The Secret key generated previously
+        'hostname' => '127.0.0.1', // Can also be a domain name, eg. garage.example.com
+        'port' => 3900,            // Put your reverse proxy port or your S3 API port
+        'use_ssl' => false,        // Set it to true if you have a TLS enabled reverse proxy
+        'region' => 'garage',      // Garage has only one region named "garage"
+        'use_path_style' => true   // Garage supports only path style, must be set to true
+    ],
+],
+```
+
+That's all, your Nextcloud will store all your data to S3.
+To test your new configuration, just reload your Nextcloud webpage and start sending data.
+
+*External link:* [Nextcloud Documentation > Primary Storage](https://docs.nextcloud.com/server/latest/admin_manual/configuration_files/primary_storage.html)
+
+### External Storage
+
+**From the GUI.** Activate the "External storage support" app from the "Applications" page (click on your account icon on the top right corner of your screen to display the menu). Go to your parameters page (also located below your account icon). Click on external storage (or the corresponding translation in your language).
+
+[![Screenshot of the External Storage form](./cli-nextcloud-gui.png)](./cli-nextcloud-gui.png)
+*Click on the picture to zoom*
+
+Add a new external storage. Put what you want in "folder name" (eg. "shared"). Select "Amazon S3". Keep "Access Key" for the Authentication field.
+In Configuration, put your bucket name (eg. nextcloud), the host (eg. 127.0.0.1), the port (eg. 3900 or 443), the region (garage). Tick the SSL box if you have put an HTTPS proxy in front of garage. You must tick the "Path access" box and you must leave the "Legacy authentication (v2)" box empty. Put your Key ID (eg. GK...) and your Secret Key in the last two input boxes. Finally click on the tick symbol on the right of your screen.
+
+Now go to your "Files" app and a new "linked folder" has appeared with the name you chose earlier (eg. "shared").
+
+*External link:* [Nextcloud Documentation > External Storage Configuration GUI](https://docs.nextcloud.com/server/latest/admin_manual/configuration_files/external_storage_configuration_gui.html)
+
+**From the CLI.** First install the external storage application:
+
+```bash
+php occ app:install files_external
+```
+
+Then add a new mount point with:
+
+```bash
+ php occ files_external:create \
+  -c bucket=nextcloud \
+  -c hostname=127.0.0.1 \
+  -c port=3900 \
+  -c region=garage \
+  -c use_ssl=false \
+  -c use_path_style=true \
+  -c legacy_auth=false \
+  -c key=GKxxxx \
+  -c secret=xxxx \
+  shared amazons3 amazons3::accesskey
+```
+
+Adapt the `hostname`, `port`, `use_ssl`, `key`, and `secret` entries to your configuration.
+Do not change the `use_path_style` and `legacy_auth` entries, other configurations are not supported.
+
+*External link:* [Nextcloud Documentation > occ command > files external](https://docs.nextcloud.com/server/latest/admin_manual/configuration_server/occ_command.html#files-external-label)
+
+
+## Peertube
+
+Peertube proposes a clever integration of S3 by directly exposing its endpoint instead of proxifying requests through the application.
+In other words, Peertube is only responsible of the "control plane" and offload the "data plane" to Garage.
+In return, this system is a bit harder to configure, especially with Garage that supports less feature than other older S3 backends.
+We show that it is still possible to configure Garage with Peertube, allowing you to spread the load and the bandiwdth usage on the Garage cluster.
+
+### Enable path-style access by patching Peertube
+
+First, you will need to apply a small patch on Peertube ([#4510](https://github.com/Chocobozzz/PeerTube/pull/4510)):
+
+```diff
+From e3b4c641bdf67e07d406a1d49d6aa6b1fbce2ab4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
+From: Martin Honermeyer <maze@strahlungsfrei.de>
+Date: Sun, 31 Oct 2021 12:34:04 +0100
+Subject: [PATCH] Allow setting path-style access for object storage
+
+---
+ config/default.yaml                                           | 4 ++++
+ config/production.yaml.example                                | 4 ++++
+ server/initializers/config.ts                                 | 1 +
+ server/lib/object-storage/shared/client.ts                    | 3 ++-
+ .../production/config/custom-environment-variables.yaml       | 2 ++
+ 5 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
+
+diff --git a/config/default.yaml b/config/default.yaml
+index cf9d69a6211..4efd56fb804 100644
+--- a/config/default.yaml
++++ b/config/default.yaml
+@@ -123,6 +123,10 @@ object_storage:
+     # You can also use AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY env variable
+     secret_access_key: ''
+ 
++  # Reference buckets via path rather than subdomain
++  # (i.e. "my-endpoint.com/bucket" instead of "bucket.my-endpoint.com")
++  force_path_style: false
++
+   # Maximum amount to upload in one request to object storage
+   max_upload_part: 2GB
+ 
+diff --git a/config/production.yaml.example b/config/production.yaml.example
+index 70993bf57a3..9ca2de5f4c9 100644
+--- a/config/production.yaml.example
++++ b/config/production.yaml.example
+@@ -121,6 +121,10 @@ object_storage:
+     # You can also use AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY env variable
+     secret_access_key: ''
+ 
++  # Reference buckets via path rather than subdomain
++  # (i.e. "my-endpoint.com/bucket" instead of "bucket.my-endpoint.com")
++  force_path_style: false
++
+   # Maximum amount to upload in one request to object storage
+   max_upload_part: 2GB
+ 
+diff --git a/server/initializers/config.ts b/server/initializers/config.ts
+index 8375bf4304c..d726c59a4b6 100644
+--- a/server/initializers/config.ts
++++ b/server/initializers/config.ts
+@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ const CONFIG = {
+       ACCESS_KEY_ID: config.get<string>('object_storage.credentials.access_key_id'),
+       SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: config.get<string>('object_storage.credentials.secret_access_key')
+     },
++    FORCE_PATH_STYLE: config.get<boolean>('object_storage.force_path_style'),
+     VIDEOS: {
+       BUCKET_NAME: config.get<string>('object_storage.videos.bucket_name'),
+       PREFIX: config.get<string>('object_storage.videos.prefix'),
+diff --git a/server/lib/object-storage/shared/client.ts b/server/lib/object-storage/shared/client.ts
+index c9a61459336..eadad02f93f 100644
+--- a/server/lib/object-storage/shared/client.ts
++++ b/server/lib/object-storage/shared/client.ts
+@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@ function getClient () {
+         accessKeyId: OBJECT_STORAGE.CREDENTIALS.ACCESS_KEY_ID,
+         secretAccessKey: OBJECT_STORAGE.CREDENTIALS.SECRET_ACCESS_KEY
+       }
+-      : undefined
++      : undefined,
++    forcePathStyle: CONFIG.OBJECT_STORAGE.FORCE_PATH_STYLE
+   })
+ 
+   logger.info('Initialized S3 client %s with region %s.', getEndpoint(), OBJECT_STORAGE.REGION, lTags())
+diff --git a/support/docker/production/config/custom-environment-variables.yaml b/support/docker/production/config/custom-environment-variables.yaml
+index c7cd28e6521..a960bab0bc9 100644
+--- a/support/docker/production/config/custom-environment-variables.yaml
++++ b/support/docker/production/config/custom-environment-variables.yaml
+@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ object_storage:
+ 
+   region: "PEERTUBE_OBJECT_STORAGE_REGION"
+ 
++  force_path_style: "PEERTUBE_OBJECT_STORAGE_FORCE_PATH_STYLE"
++
+   max_upload_part:
+     __name: "PEERTUBE_OBJECT_STORAGE_MAX_UPLOAD_PART"
+     __format: "json"
+```
+
+You can then recompile it with:
+
+```
+npm run build
+```
+
+And it can be started with:
+
+```
+NODE_ENV=production NODE_CONFIG_DIR=/srv/peertube/config node dist/server.js
+```
+
+
+### Create resources in Garage
+
+Create a key for Peertube:
+
+```bash
+garage key new --name peertube-key
+```
+
+Keep the Key ID and the Secret key in a pad, they will be needed later.  
+
+We need two buckets, one for normal videos (named peertube-video) and one for webtorrent videos (named peertube-playlist).
+```bash
+garage bucket create peertube-video
+garage bucket create peertube-playlist
+```
+
+Now we allow our key to read and write on these buckets:
+
+```
+garage bucket allow peertube-playlist --read --write --key peertube-key
+garage bucket allow peertube-video --read --write --key peertube-key
+```
+
+Finally, we need to expose these buckets publicly to serve their content to users:
+
+```bash
+garage bucket website --allow peertube-playlist
+garage bucket website --allow peertube-video
+```
+
+These buckets are now accessible on the web port (by default 3902) with the following URL: `http://<bucket><root_domain>:<web_port>` where the root domain is defined in your configuration file (by default `.web.garage`). So we have currently the following URLs: 
+  * http://peertube-playlist.web.garage:3902
+  * http://peertube-video.web.garage:3902
+
+Make sure you (will) have a corresponding DNS entry for them.
+
+### Configure a Reverse Proxy to serve CORS
+
+Now we will configure a reverse proxy in front of Garage.
+This is required as we have no other way to serve CORS headers yet.
+Check the [Configuring a reverse proxy](/cookbook/reverse_proxy.html) section to know how.
+
+Now make sure that your 2 dns entries are pointing to your reverse proxy.
+
+### Configure Peertube
+
+You must edit the file named `config/production.yaml`, we are only modifying the root key named `object_storage`:
+
+```yaml
+object_storage:
+  enabled: true
+
+  # Put localhost only if you have a garage instance running on that node
+  endpoint: 'http://localhost:3900' # or "garage.example.com" if you have TLS on port 443
+
+  # This entry has been added by our patch, must be set to true
+  force_path_style: true
+
+  # Garage supports only one region for now, named garage
+  region: 'garage'
+
+  credentials:
+    access_key_id: 'GKxxxx'
+    secret_access_key: 'xxxx'
+
+  max_upload_part: 2GB
+
+  streaming_playlists:
+    bucket_name: 'peertube-playlist'
+
+    # Keep it empty for our example
+    prefix: ''
+
+    # You must fill this field to make Peertube use our reverse proxy/website logic
+    base_url: 'http://peertube-playlist.web.garage' # Example: 'https://mirror.example.com'
+
+  # Same settings but for webtorrent videos
+  videos:
+    bucket_name: 'peertube-video'
+    prefix: ''
+    # You must fill this field to make Peertube use our reverse proxy/website logic
+    base_url: 'http://peertube-video.web.garage'
+```
+
+### That's all
+
+Everything must be configured now, simply restart Peertube and try to upload a video.
+You must see in your browser console that data are fetched directly from our bucket (through the reverse proxy).
+
+### Miscellaneous
+
+*Known bug:* The playback does not start and some 400 Bad Request Errors appear in your browser console and on Garage.
+If the description of the error contains HTTP Invalid Range: InvalidRange, the error is due to a buggy ffmpeg version.
+You must avoid the 4.4.0 and use either a newer or older version.
+
+*Associated issues:* [#137](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/137), [#138](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/138), [#140](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/140). These issues are non blocking.
+
+*External link:* [Peertube Documentation > Remote Storage](https://docs.joinpeertube.org/admin-remote-storage)
+
+## Mastodon
+
+https://docs.joinmastodon.org/admin/config/#cdn
+
+## Matrix
+
+Matrix is a chat communication protocol. Its main stable server implementation, [Synapse](https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/), provides a module to store media on a S3 backend. Additionally, a server independent media store supporting S3 has been developped by the community, it has been made possible thanks to how the matrix API has been designed and will work with implementations like Conduit, Dendrite, etc.
+
+### synapse-s3-storage-provider (synapse only)
+
+Supposing you have a working synapse installation, you can add the module with pip:
+
+```bash
+ pip3 install --user git+https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider.git
+```
+
+Now create a bucket and a key for your matrix instance (note your Key ID and Secret Key somewhere, they will be needed later):
+
+```bash
+garage key new --name matrix-key
+garage bucket create matrix
+garage bucket allow matrix --read --write --key matrix-key
+```
+
+Then you must edit your server configuration (eg. `/etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml`) and add the `media_storage_providers` root key:
+
+```yaml
+media_storage_providers:
+- module: s3_storage_provider.S3StorageProviderBackend
+  store_local: True    # do we want to store on S3 media created by our users?
+  store_remote: True   # do we want to store on S3 media created
+                       # by users of others servers federated to ours?
+  store_synchronous: True  # do we want to wait that the file has been written before returning?
+  config:
+    bucket: matrix       # the name of our bucket, we chose matrix earlier
+    region_name: garage  # only "garage" is supported for the region field
+    endpoint_url: http://localhost:3900 # the path to the S3 endpoint
+    access_key_id: "GKxxx" # your Key ID
+    secret_access_key: "xxxx" # your Secret Key
+```
+
+Note that uploaded media will also be stored locally and this behavior can not be deactivated, it is even required for
+some operations like resizing images.
+In fact, your local filesysem is considered as a cache but without any automated way to garbage collect it.
+
+We can build our garbage collector with `s3_media_upload`, a tool provided with the module.
+If you installed the module with the command provided before, you should be able to bring it in your path:
+
+```
+PATH=$HOME/.local/bin/:$PATH
+command -v s3_media_upload
+```
+
+Now we can write a simple script (eg `~/.local/bin/matrix-cache-gc`):
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+
+## CONFIGURATION ##
+AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=GKxxx
+AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxxx
+S3_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:3900
+S3_BUCKET=matrix
+MEDIA_STORE=/var/lib/matrix-synapse/media
+PG_USER=matrix
+PG_PASS=xxxx
+PG_DB=synapse
+PG_HOST=localhost
+PG_PORT=5432
+
+## CODE ##
+PATH=$HOME/.local/bin/:$PATH
+cat > database.yaml <<EOF 
+user: $PG_USER
+password: $PG_PASS
+database: $PG_DB
+host: $PG_HOST
+port: $PG_PORT
+EOF
+
+s3_media_upload update-db 1d
+s3_media_upload --no-progress check-deleted $MEDIA_STORE
+s3_media_upload --no-progress upload $MEDIA_STORE $S3_BUCKET --delete --endpoint-url $S3_ENDPOINT
+```
+
+This script will list all the medias that were not accessed in the 24 hours according to your database.
+It will check if, in this list, the file still exists in the local media store.
+For files that are still in the cache, it will upload them to S3 if they are not already present (in case of a crash or an initial synchronisation).
+Finally, the script will delete these files from the cache.
+
+Make this script executable and check that it works:
+
+```bash
+chmod +x $HOME/.local/bin/matrix-cache-gc
+matrix-cache-gc
+```
+
+Add it to your crontab. Open the editor with:
+
+```bash
+crontab -e
+```
+
+And add a new line. For example, to run it every 10 minutes:
+
+```cron
+*/10 * * * * $HOME/.local/bin/matrix-cache-gc
+```
+
+*External link:* [Github > matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider)
+
+### matrix-media-repo (server independent)
+
+*External link:* [matrix-media-repo Documentation > S3](https://docs.t2bot.io/matrix-media-repo/configuration/s3-datastore.html)
+
+## Pixelfed
+
+https://docs.pixelfed.org/technical-documentation/env.html#filesystem
+
+## Pleroma
+
+https://docs-develop.pleroma.social/backend/configuration/cheatsheet/#pleromauploaderss3
+
+## Lemmy
+
+via pict-rs
+https://git.asonix.dog/asonix/pict-rs/commit/f9f4fc63d670f357c93f24147c2ee3e1278e2d97
+
+## Funkwhale
+
+https://docs.funkwhale.audio/admin/configuration.html#s3-storage
+
+## Misskey
+
+https://github.com/misskey-dev/misskey/commit/9d944243a3a59e8880a360cbfe30fd5a3ec8d52d
+
+## Prismo
+
+https://gitlab.com/prismosuite/prismo/-/blob/dev/.env.production.sample#L26-33
+
+## Owncloud Infinite Scale (ocis)
+
+## Unsupported
+
+  - Mobilizon: No S3 integration
+  - WriteFreely: No S3 integration
+  - Plume: No S3 integration

doc/book/src/connect/cli.md

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+# CLI tools
+
+CLI tools allow you to query the S3 API without too many abstractions.
+These tools are particularly suitable for debug, backups, website deployments or any scripted task that need to handle data.
+
+## Minio client (recommended)
+
+Use the following command to set an "alias", i.e. define a new S3 server to be
+used by the Minio client:
+
+```bash
+mc alias set \
+  garage \
+  <endpoint> \
+  <access key> \
+  <secret key> \
+  --api S3v4
+```
+
+Remember that `mc` is sometimes called `mcli` (such as on Arch Linux), to avoid conflicts
+with Midnight Commander.
+
+Some commands:
+
+```bash
+# list buckets
+mc ls garage/
+
+# list objets in a bucket
+mc ls garage/my_files
+
+# copy from your filesystem to garage
+mc cp /proc/cpuinfo garage/my_files/cpuinfo.txt
+
+# copy from garage to your filesystem
+mc cp garage/my_files/cpuinfo.txt /tmp/cpuinfo.txt
+
+# mirror a folder from your filesystem to garage
+mc mirror --overwrite ./book garage/garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr
+```
+
+
+## AWS CLI
+
+Create a file named `~/.aws/credentials` and put:
+
+```toml
+[default]
+aws_access_key_id=xxxx
+aws_secret_access_key=xxxx
+```
+
+Then a file named `~/.aws/config` and put:
+
+```toml
+[default]
+region=garage
+```
+
+Now, supposing Garage is listening on `http://127.0.0.1:3900`, you can list your buckets with:
+
+```bash
+aws --endpoint-url http://127.0.0.1:3900 s3 ls
+```
+
+Passing the `--endpoint-url` parameter to each command is annoying but AWS developers do not provide a corresponding configuration entry.
+As a workaround, you can redefine the aws command by editing the file `~/.bashrc`:
+
+```
+function aws { command aws --endpoint-url http://127.0.0.1:3900 $@ ; }
+```
+
+*Do not forget to run `source ~/.bashrc` or to start a new terminal before running the next commands.*
+
+Now you can simply run:
+
+```bash
+# list buckets
+aws s3 ls
+
+# list objects of a bucket
+aws s3 ls s3://my_files
+
+# copy from your filesystem to garage
+aws s3 cp /proc/cpuinfo s3://my_files/cpuinfo.txt
+
+# copy from garage to your filesystem
+aws s3 cp s3/my_files/cpuinfo.txt /tmp/cpuinfo.txt
+```
+
+## `rclone`
+
+`rclone` can be configured using the interactive assistant invoked using `rclone configure`.
+
+You can also configure `rclone` by writing directly its configuration file.
+Here is a template `rclone.ini` configuration file:
+
+```ini
+[garage]
+type = s3
+provider = Other
+env_auth = false
+access_key_id = <access key>
+secret_access_key = <secret key>
+region = <region>
+endpoint = <endpoint>
+force_path_style = true
+acl = private
+bucket_acl = private
+```
+
+## Cyberduck
+
+TODO
+
+## `s3cmd`
+
+Here is a template for the `s3cmd.cfg` file to talk with Garage:
+
+```ini
+[default]
+access_key = <access key>
+secret_key = <secret key>
+host_base = <endpoint without http(s)://>
+host_bucket = <same as host_base>
+use_https = False | True
+```

doc/book/src/connect/code.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Your code (PHP, JS, Go...)

doc/book/src/connect/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# Connect it to
+
+To configure an S3 client to interact with Garage, you will need the following
+parameters:
+
+- An **API endpoint**: this corresponds to the HTTP or HTTPS address
+  used to contact the Garage server. When runing Garage locally this will usually
+  be `http://127.0.0.1:3900`. In a real-world setting, you would usually have a reverse-proxy
+  that adds TLS support and makes your Garage server available under a public hostname
+  such as `https://garage.example.com`.
+
+- An **API access key** and its associated **secret key**. These usually look something
+  like this: `GK3515373e4c851ebaad366558` (access key),
+  `7d37d093435a41f2aab8f13c19ba067d9776c90215f56614adad6ece597dbb34` (secret key).
+  These keys are created and managed using the `garage` CLI, as explained in the
+  [quick start](../quick_start/index.md) guide.
+
+Most S3 clients can be configured easily with these parameters,
+provided that you follow the following guidelines:
+
+- **Force path style:** Garage does not support DNS-style buckets, which are now by default
+  on Amazon S3. Instead, Garage uses the legacy path-style bucket addressing.
+  Remember to configure your client to acknowledge this fact.
+
+- **Configuring the S3 region:** Garage requires your client to talk to the correct "S3 region",
+  which is set in the configuration file. This is often set just to `garage`.
+  If this is not configured explicitly, clients usually try to talk to region `us-east-1`.
+  Garage should normally redirect your client to the correct region,
+  but in case your client does not support this you might have to configure it manually.
+
+We will now provide example configurations for the most common clients per category:
+
+  - [Apps](./apps.md)
+  - [Websites](./websites.md)
+  - [Repositories](./repositories.md)
+  - [CLI tools](./cli.md)
+  - [Your code](./code.md)
+

doc/book/src/connect/repositories.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Repositories (Docker, Nix...)

doc/book/src/connect/websites.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# Websites (Hugo, Jekyll, Publii...)
+
+Garage is also suitable to host static websites.
+While they can be deployed with traditional CLI tools, some static website generators have integrated options to ease your workflow.
+
+## Hugo
+
+Add to your `config.toml` the following section:
+
+```toml
+[[deployment.targets]]
+ URL = "s3://<bucket>?endpoint=<endpoint>&disableSSL=<bool>&s3ForcePathStyle=true&region=garage"
+```
+
+For example:
+
+```toml
+[[deployment.targets]]
+ URL = "s3://my-blog?endpoint=localhost:9000&disableSSL=true&s3ForcePathStyle=true&region=garage"
+```
+
+Then inform hugo of your credentials:
+
+```bash
+export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=GKxxx
+export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxx
+```
+
+And finally deploy your website:
+
+```bsh
+hugo deploy
+```
+
+*External links:*
+  - [gocloud.dev > aws > Supported URL parameters](https://pkg.go.dev/gocloud.dev/aws?utm_source=godoc#ConfigFromURLParams)
+  - [Hugo Documentation > hugo deploy](https://gohugo.io/hosting-and-deployment/hugo-deploy/)
+
+## Publii
+
+It would require a patch either on Garage or on Publii to make both systems work.
+
+Currently, the proposed workaround is to deploy your website manually:
+  - On the left menu, click on Server, choose Manual Deployment (the logo looks like a compressed file)
+  - Set your website URL, keep Output type as "Non-compressed catalog"
+  - Click on Save changes
+  - Click on Sync your website (bottom left of the app)
+  - On the new page, click again on Sync your website
+  - Click on Get website files
+  - You need to synchronize the output folder you see in your file explorer, we will use minio client.
+
+Be sure that you [configured minio client](cli.html#minio-client-recommended).
+
+Then copy this output folder
+
+```bash
+mc mirror --overwrite output garage/my-site
+```
+
+## Generic (eg. Jekyll)
+
+Some tools do not support sending to a S3 backend but output a compiled folder on your system.
+We can then use any CLI tool to upload this content to our S3 target.
+
+First, start by [configuring minio client](cli.html#minio-client-recommended).
+
+Then build your website:
+
+```bash
+jekyll build
+```
+
+And copy jekyll's output folder on S3:
+
+```bash
+mc mirror --overwrite _site garage/my-site
+```

doc/book/src/cookbook/exposing_websites.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# Exposing buckets as websites
+
+You can expose your bucket as a website with this simple command:
+
+```bash
+garage bucket website --allow my-website
+```
+
+Now it will be **publicly** exposed on the web endpoint (by default listening on port 3902).
+
+Our website serving logic is as follow:
+  - Supports only static websites (no support for PHP or other languages)
+  - Does not support directory listing
+  - The index is defined in your `garage.toml`. ([ref](/reference_manual/configuration.html#index))
+
+Now we need to infer the URL of your website through your bucket name.
+Let assume:
+  - we set `root_domain = ".web.example.com"` in `garage.toml` ([ref](/reference_manual/configuration.html#root_domain))
+  - our bucket name is `garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr`.
+
+Our bucket will be served if the Host field matches one of these 2 values (the port is ignored):
+
+  - `garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr.web.example.com`: you can dedicate a subdomain to your users (here `web.example.com`).
+
+  - `garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr`: your users can bring their own domain name, they just need to point them to your Garage cluster.
+
+You can try this logic locally, without configuring any DNS, thanks to `curl`:
+
+```bash
+# prepare your test
+echo hello world > /tmp/index.html
+mc cp /tmp/index.html garage/garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr
+
+curl -H 'Host: garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr' http://localhost:3902
+# should print "hello world"
+
+curl -H 'Host: garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr.web.example.com' http://localhost:3902
+# should also print "hello world"
+```
+
+Now that you understand how website logic works on Garage, you can:
+
+ - make the website endpoint listens on port 80 (instead of 3902)
+ - use iptables to redirect the port 80 to the port 3902:  
+   `iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -dport 80 -j REDIRECT -to-port 3902`
+ - or configure a [reverse proxy](reverse_proxy.html) in front of Garage to add TLS (HTTPS), CORS support, etc.
+
+You can also take a look at [Website Integration](/connect/websites.html) to see how you can add Garage to your workflow.

doc/book/src/cookbook/from_source.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Compiling Garage from source
+
+
+Garage is a standard Rust project.
+First, you need `rust` and `cargo`.
+For instance on Debian:
+
+```bash
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get install -y rustc cargo
+```
+
+You can also use [Rustup](https://rustup.rs/) to setup a Rust toolchain easily.
+
+## Using source from `crates.io`
+
+Garage's source code is published on `crates.io`, Rust's official package repository.
+This means you can simply ask `cargo` to download and build this source code for you:
+
+```bash
+cargo install garage
+```
+
+That's all, `garage` should be in `$HOME/.cargo/bin`.
+
+You can add this folder to your `$PATH` or copy the binary somewhere else on your system.
+For instance:
+
+```bash
+sudo cp $HOME/.cargo/bin/garage /usr/local/bin/garage
+```
+
+
+## Using source from the Gitea repository
+
+The primary location for Garage's source code is the
+[Gitea repository](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage).
+
+Clone the repository and build Garage with the following commands:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage.git
+cd garage
+cargo build
+```
+
+Be careful, as this will make a debug build of Garage, which will be extremely slow!
+To make a release build, invoke `cargo build --release` (this takes much longer).
+
+The binaries built this way are found in `target/{debug,release}/garage`.
+

doc/book/src/cookbook/gateways.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Gateways
+
+Gateways allow you to expose Garage endpoints (S3 API and websites) without storing data on the node.
+
+## Benefits
+
+You can configure Garage as a gateway on all nodes that will consume your S3 API, it will provide you the following benefits:
+
+  - **It removes 1 or 2 network RTT** Instead of (querying your reverse proxy then) querying a random node of the cluster that will forward your request to the nodes effectively storing the data, your local gateway will directly knows which node to query. 
+
+  - **It ease server management** Instead of tracking in your reverse proxy and DNS what are the current Garage nodes, your gateway being part of the cluster keeps this information for you. In your software, you will always specify `http://localhost:3900`.
+
+  - **It simplifies security** Instead of having to maintain and renew a TLS certificate, you leverage the Secret Handshake protocol we use for our cluster. The S3 API protocol will be in plain text but limited to your local machine.
+
+## Limitations
+
+Currently it will not work with minio client. Follow issue [#64](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/64) for more information.
+
+## Spawn a Gateway
+
+The instructions are similar to a regular node, the only option that is different is while configuring the node, you must set the `--gateway` parameter:
+
+```bash
+garage node configure --gateway --tag gw1 xxxx
+```
+
+Then use `http://localhost:3900` when a S3 endpoint is required:
+
+```bash
+aws --endpoint-url http://127.0.0.1:3900 s3 ls
+```

doc/book/src/cookbook/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Cookbook
+
+A cookbook, when you cook, is a collection of recipes.
+Similarly, Garage's cookbook contains a collection of recipes that are known to works well!
+This chapter could also be referred as "Tutorials" or "Best practices".
+
+- **[Deploying Garage](real_world.md):** This page will walk you through all of the necessary
+  steps to deploy Garage in a real-world setting.
+
+- **[Configuring S3 clients](clients.md):** This page will explain how to configure
+  popular S3 clients to interact with a Garage server.
+
+- **[Hosting a website](website.md):** This page explains how to use Garage
+  to host a static website.
+
+- **[Recovering from failures](recovering.md):** Garage's first selling point is resilience
+  to hardware failures. This section explains how to recover from such a failure in the
+  best possible way.
+
+- **[Building from source](from_source.md):** This page explains how to build Garage from
+  source in case a binary is not provided for your architecture, or if you want to
+  hack with us!
+
+- **[Starting with Systemd](from_source.md):** This page explains how to run Garage
+  as a Systemd service (instead of as a Docker container).

doc/book/src/cookbook/real_world.md

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+# Deploying Garage on a real-world cluster
+
+To run Garage in cluster mode, we recommend having at least 3 nodes.
+This will allow you to setup Garage for three-way replication of your data,
+the safest and most available mode proposed by Garage.
+
+We recommend first following the [quick start guide](../quick_start/index.md) in order
+to get familiar with Garage's command line and usage patterns.
+
+
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+To run a real-world deployment, make sure the following conditions are met:
+
+- You have at least three machines with sufficient storage space available.
+
+- Each machine has a public IP address which is reachable by other machines.
+  Running behind a NAT is likely to be possible but hasn't been tested for the latest version (TODO).
+
+- Ideally, each machine should have a SSD available in addition to the HDD you are dedicating
+  to Garage. This will allow for faster access to metadata and has the potential
+  to drastically reduce Garage's response times.
+
+- This guide will assume you are using Docker containers to deploy Garage on each node. 
+  Garage can also be run independently, for instance as a [Systemd service](systemd.md).
+  You can also use an orchestrator such as Nomad or Kubernetes to automatically manage
+  Docker containers on a fleet of nodes.
+
+Before deploying Garage on your infrastructure, you must inventory your machines.
+For our example, we will suppose the following infrastructure with IPv6 connectivity:
+
+| Location | Name    | IP Address | Disk Space |
+|----------|---------|------------|------------|
+| Paris    | Mercury | fc00:1::1  | 1 To       |
+| Paris    | Venus   | fc00:1::2  | 2 To       |
+| London   | Earth   | fc00:B::1  | 2 To       |
+| Brussels | Mars    | fc00:F::1  | 1.5 To     |
+
+
+
+## Get a Docker image
+
+Our docker image is currently named `lxpz/garage_amd64` and is stored on the [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/lxpz/garage_amd64/tags?page=1&ordering=last_updated).
+We encourage you to use a fixed tag (eg. `v0.4.0`) and not the `latest` tag.
+For this example, we will use the latest published version at the time of the writing which is `v0.4.0` but it's up to you
+to check [the most recent versions on the Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/r/lxpz/garage_amd64/tags?page=1&ordering=last_updated).
+
+For example:
+
+```
+sudo docker pull lxpz/garage_amd64:v0.4.0
+```
+
+## Deploying and configuring Garage
+
+On each machine, we will have a similar setup,
+especially you must consider the following folders/files:
+
+- `/etc/garage.toml`: Garage daemon's configuration (see below)
+
+- `/var/lib/garage/meta/`: Folder containing Garage's metadata,
+  put this folder on a SSD if possible
+
+- `/var/lib/garage/data/`: Folder containing Garage's data,
+  this folder will be your main data storage and must be on a large storage (e.g. large HDD)
+
+
+A valid `/etc/garage/garage.toml` for our cluster would look as follows:
+
+```toml
+metadata_dir = "/var/lib/garage/meta"
+data_dir = "/var/lib/garage/data"
+
+replication_mode = "3"
+
+rpc_bind_addr = "[::]:3901"
+rpc_public_addr = "<this node's public IP>:3901"
+rpc_secret = "<RPC secret>"
+
+bootstrap_peers = []
+
+[s3_api]
+s3_region = "garage"
+api_bind_addr = "[::]:3900"
+
+[s3_web]
+bind_addr = "[::]:3902"
+root_domain = ".web.garage"
+index = "index.html"
+```
+
+Check the following for your configuration files:
+
+- Make sure `rpc_public_addr` contains the public IP address of the node you are configuring.
+  This parameter is optional but recommended: if your nodes have trouble communicating with
+  one another, consider adding it.
+
+- Make sure `rpc_secret` is the same value on all nodes. It should be a 32-bytes hex-encoded secret key.
+  You can generate such a key with `openssl rand -hex 32`.
+
+## Starting Garage using Docker
+
+On each machine, you can run the daemon with:
+
+```bash
+docker run \
+  -d \
+  --name garaged \
+  --restart always \
+  --network host \
+  -v /etc/garage.toml:/etc/garage.toml \
+  -v /var/lib/garage/meta:/var/lib/garage/meta \
+  -v /var/lib/garage/data:/var/lib/garage/data \
+  lxpz/garage_amd64:v0.4.0
+```
+
+It should be restarted automatically at each reboot.
+Please note that we use host networking as otherwise Docker containers
+can not communicate with IPv6.
+
+Upgrading between Garage versions should be supported transparently,
+but please check the relase notes before doing so!
+To upgrade, simply stop and remove this container and
+start again the command with a new version of Garage.
+
+## Controling the daemon
+
+The `garage` binary has two purposes:
+  - it acts as a daemon when launched with `garage server`
+  - it acts as a control tool for the daemon when launched with any other command
+
+Ensure an appropriate `garage` binary (the same version as your Docker image) is available in your path.
+If your configuration file is at `/etc/garage.toml`, the `garage` binary should work with no further change.
+
+You can test your `garage` CLI utility by running a simple command such as:
+
+```bash
+garage status
+```
+
+At this point, nodes are not yet talking to one another.
+Your output should therefore look like follows:
+
+```
+Mercury$ garage node-id
+==== HEALTHY NODES ====
+ID                  Hostname  Address           Tag                   Zone  Capacity
+563e1ac825ee3323…   Mercury   [fc00:1::1]:3901  NO ROLE ASSIGNED
+```
+
+
+## Connecting nodes together
+
+When your Garage nodes first start, they will generate a local node identifier
+(based on a public/private key pair).
+
+To obtain the node identifier of a node, once it is generated,
+run `garage node-id`.
+This will print keys as follows:
+
+```bash
+Mercury$ garage node-id
+563e1ac825ee3323aa441e72c26d1030d6d4414aeb3dd25287c531e7fc2bc95d@[fc00:1::1]:3901
+
+Venus$ garage node-id
+86f0f26ae4afbd59aaf9cfb059eefac844951efd5b8caeec0d53f4ed6c85f332@[fc00:1::2]:3901
+
+etc.
+```
+
+You can then instruct nodes to connect to one another as follows:
+
+```bash
+# Instruct Venus to connect to Mercury (this will establish communication both ways)
+Venus$ garage node connect 563e1ac825ee3323aa441e72c26d1030d6d4414aeb3dd25287c531e7fc2bc95d@[fc00:1::1]:3901
+```
+
+You don't nead to instruct all node to connect to all other nodes:
+nodes will discover one another transitively.
+
+Now if your run `garage status` on any node, you should have an output that looks as follows:
+
+```
+==== HEALTHY NODES ====
+ID                  Hostname  Address           Tag                   Zone  Capacity
+563e1ac825ee3323…   Mercury   [fc00:1::1]:3901  NO ROLE ASSIGNED
+86f0f26ae4afbd59…   Venus     [fc00:1::2]:3901  NO ROLE ASSIGNED
+68143d720f20c89d…   Earth     [fc00:B::1]:3901  NO ROLE ASSIGNED
+212f7572f0c89da9…   Mars      [fc00:F::1]:3901  NO ROLE ASSIGNED
+```
+
+## Giving roles to nodes
+
+We will now inform Garage of the disk space available on each node of the cluster
+as well as the zone (e.g. datacenter) in which each machine is located.
+
+For our example, we will suppose we have the following infrastructure
+(Capacity, Identifier and Zone are specific values to Garage described in the following):
+
+| Location | Name    | Disk Space | `Capacity` | `Identifier` | `Zone` |
+|----------|---------|------------|------------|--------------|--------------|
+| Paris    | Mercury | 1 To       | `2`        | `563e`     | `par1`       |
+| Paris    | Venus   | 2 To       | `4`        | `86f0`     | `par1`       |
+| London   | Earth   | 2 To       | `4`        | `6814`     | `lon1`       |
+| Brussels | Mars    | 1.5 To     | `3`        | `212f`     | `bru1`       |
+
+#### Node identifiers
+
+After its first launch, Garage generates a random and unique identifier for each nodes, such as:
+
+```
+563e1ac825ee3323aa441e72c26d1030d6d4414aeb3dd25287c531e7fc2bc95d
+```
+
+Often a shorter form can be used, containing only the beginning of the identifier, like `563e`,
+which identifies the server "Mercury" located in "Paris" according to our previous table.
+
+The most simple way to match an identifier to a node is to run:
+
+```
+garage status
+```
+
+It will display the IP address associated with each node;
+from the IP address you will be able to recognize the node.
+
+#### Zones
+
+Zones are simply a user-chosen identifier that identify a group of server that are grouped together logically.
+It is up to the system administrator deploying Garage to identify what does "grouped together" means.
+
+In most cases, a zone will correspond to a geographical location (i.e. a datacenter).
+Behind the scene, Garage will use zone definition to try to store the same data on different zones,
+in order to provide high availability despite failure of a zone.
+
+#### Capacity
+
+Garage reasons on an abstract metric about disk storage that is named the *capacity* of a node.
+The capacity configured in Garage must be proportional to the disk space dedicated to the node.
+Due to the way the Garage allocation algorithm works, capacity values must
+be **integers**, and must be **as small as possible**, for instance with
+1 representing the size of your smallest server.
+
+Here we chose that 1 unit of capacity = 0.5 To, so that we can express servers of size
+1 To and 2 To, as wel as the intermediate size 1.5 To, with the integer values 2, 4 and
+3 respectively (see table above).
+
+Note that the amount of data stored by Garage on each server may not be strictly proportional to
+its capacity value, as Garage will priorize having 3 copies of data in different zones,
+even if this means that capacities will not be strictly respected. For example in our above examples,
+nodes Earth and Mars will always store a copy of everything each, and the third copy will
+have 66% chance of being stored by Venus and 33% chance of being stored by Mercury.
+
+#### Injecting the topology
+
+Given the information above, we will configure our cluster as follow:
+
+```
+garage node configure -z par1 -c 2 -t mercury 563e
+garage node configure -z par1 -c 4 -t venus 86f0
+garage node configure -z lon1 -c 4 -t earth 6814
+garage node configure -z bru1 -c 3 -t mars 212f
+```
+
+
+## Using your Garage cluster
+
+Creating buckets and managing keys is done using the `garage` CLI,
+and is covered in the [quick start guide](../quick_start/index.md).
+Remember also that the CLI is self-documented thanks to the `--help` flag and
+the `help` subcommand (e.g. `garage help`, `garage key --help`).
+
+Configuring an S3 client to interact with Garage is covered
+[in the next section](clients.md).

doc/book/src/cookbook/recovering.md

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+# Recovering from failures
+
+Garage is meant to work on old, second-hand hardware.
+In particular, this makes it likely that some of your drives will fail, and some manual intervention will be needed.
+Fear not! For Garage is fully equipped to handle drive failures, in most common cases.
+
+## A note on availability of Garage
+
+With nodes dispersed in 3 zones or more, here are the guarantees Garage provides with the 3-way replication strategy (3 copies of all data, which is the recommended replication mode):
+
+- The cluster remains fully functional as long as the machines that fail are in only one zone. This includes a whole zone going down due to power/Internet outage.
+- No data is lost as long as the machines that fail are in at most two zones.
+
+Of course this only works if your Garage nodes are correctly configured to be aware of the zone in which they are located.
+Make sure this is the case using `garage status` to check on the state of your cluster's configuration.
+
+In case of temporarily disconnected nodes, Garage should automatically re-synchronize
+when the nodes come back up. This guide will deal with recovering from disk failures
+that caused the loss of the data of a node.
+
+
+## First option: removing a node
+
+If you don't have spare parts (HDD, SDD) to replace the failed component, and if there are enough remaining nodes in your cluster
+(at least 3), you can simply remove the failed node from Garage's configuration.
+Note that if you **do** intend to replace the failed parts by new ones, using this method followed by adding back the node is **not recommended** (although it should work),
+and you should instead use one of the methods detailed in the next sections.
+
+Removing a node is done with the following command:
+
+```
+garage node remove --yes <node_id>
+```
+
+(you can get the `node_id` of the failed node by running `garage status`)
+
+This will repartition the data and ensure that 3 copies of everything are present on the nodes that remain available.
+
+
+
+## Replacement scenario 1: only data is lost, metadata is fine
+
+The recommended deployment for Garage uses an SSD to store metadata, and an HDD to store blocks of data.
+In the case where only a single HDD crashes, the blocks of data are lost but the metadata is still fine.
+
+This is very easy to recover by setting up a new HDD to replace the failed one.
+The node does not need to be fully replaced and the configuration doesn't need to change.
+We just need to tell Garage to get back all the data blocks and store them on the new HDD.
+
+First, set up a new HDD to store Garage's data directory on the failed node, and restart Garage using
+the existing configuration.  Then, run:
+
+```
+garage repair -a --yes blocks
+```
+
+This will re-synchronize blocks of data that are missing to the new HDD, reading them from copies located on other nodes.
+
+You can check on the advancement of this process by doing the following command: 
+
+```
+garage stats -a
+```
+
+Look out for the following output:
+
+```
+Block manager stats:
+  resync queue length: 26541
+```
+
+This indicates that one of the Garage node is in the process of retrieving missing data from other nodes.
+This number decreases to zero when the node is fully synchronized.
+
+
+## Replacement scenario 2: metadata (and possibly data) is lost
+
+This scenario covers the case where a full node fails, i.e. both the metadata directory and
+the data directory are lost, as well as the case where only the metadata directory is lost.
+
+To replace the lost node, we will start from an empty metadata directory, which means
+Garage will generate a new node ID for the replacement node.
+We will thus need to remove the previous node ID from Garage's configuration and replace it by the ID of the new node.
+
+If your data directory is stored on a separate drive and is still fine, you can keep it, but it is not necessary to do so.
+In all cases, the data will be rebalanced and the replacement node will not store the same pieces of data
+as were originally stored on the one that failed. So if you keep the data files, the rebalancing
+might be faster but most of the pieces will be deleted anyway from the disk and replaced by other ones.
+
+First, set up a new drive to store the metadata directory for the replacement node (a SSD is recommended),
+and for the data directory if necessary. You can then start Garage on the new node.
+The restarted node should generate a new node ID, and it should be shown as `NOT CONFIGURED` in `garage status`.
+The ID of the lost node should be shown in `garage status` in the section for disconnected/unavailable nodes.
+
+Then, replace the broken node by the new one, using:
+
+```
+garage node configure --replace <old_node_id> \
+		-c <capacity> -z <zone> -t <node_tag> <new_node_id>
+```
+
+Garage will then start synchronizing all required data on the new node.
+This process can be monitored using the `garage stats -a` command.

doc/book/src/cookbook/reverse_proxy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+# Configuring a reverse proxy
+
+The main reason to add a reverse proxy in front of Garage is to provide TLS to your users.
+
+In production you will likely need your certificates signed by a certificate authority.
+The most automated way is to use a provider supporting the [ACME protocol](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8555) 
+such as [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/), [ZeroSSL](https://zerossl.com/) or [Buypass Go SSL](https://www.buypass.com/ssl/products/acme).
+
+If you are only testing Garage, you can generate a self-signed certificate to follow the documentation:
+
+```bash
+openssl req \
+    -new \
+    -x509 \
+    -keyout /tmp/garage.key \
+    -out /tmp/garage.crt \
+    -nodes  \
+    -subj "/C=XX/ST=XX/L=XX/O=XX/OU=XX/CN=localhost/emailAddress=X@X.XX" \
+    -addext "subjectAltName = DNS:localhost, IP:127.0.0.1"
+
+cat /tmp/garage.key /tmp/garage.crt > /tmp/garage.pem
+```
+
+Be careful as you will need to allow self signed certificates in your client.
+For example, with minio, you must add the `--insecure` flag.
+An example:
+
+```bash
+mc ls --insecure garage/
+```
+
+## socat (only for testing purposes)
+
+If you want to test Garage with a TLS frontend, socat can do it for you in a single command:
+
+```bash
+socat \
+"openssl-listen:443,\
+reuseaddr,\
+fork,\
+verify=0,\
+cert=/tmp/garage.pem" \
+tcp4-connect:localhost:3900
+```
+
+## Nginx
+
+Nginx is a well-known reverse proxy suitable for production.
+We do the configuration in 3 steps: first we define the upstream blocks ("the backends")
+then we define the server blocks ("the frontends") for the S3 endpoint and finally for the web endpoint.
+
+The following configuration blocks can be all put in the same `/etc/nginx/sites-available/garage.conf`.
+To make your configuration active, run `ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/garage.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/`.
+If you directly put the instructions in the root `nginx.conf`, keep in mind that these configurations must be enclosed inside a `http { }` block.
+
+And do not forget to reload nginx with `systemctl reload nginx` or `nginx -s reload`.
+
+### Defining backends
+
+First, we need to tell to nginx how to access our Garage cluster.
+Because we have multiple nodes, we want to leverage all of them by spreading the load.
+
+In nginx, we can do that with the upstream directive.
+Because we have 2 endpoints: one for the S3 API and one to serve websites,
+we create 2 backends named respectively `s3_backend` and `web_backend`.
+
+A documented example for the `s3_backend` assuming you chose port 3900:
+
+```nginx
+upstream s3_backend {
+  # if you have a garage instance locally
+  server 127.0.0.1:3900;
+  # you can also put your other instances
+  server 192.168.1.3:3900;
+  # domain names also work
+  server garage1.example.com:3900;
+  # you can assign weights if you have some servers 
+  # that are more powerful than others
+  server garage2.example.com:3900 weight=2;
+}
+```
+
+A similar example for the `web_backend` assuming you chose port 3902:
+
+```nginx
+upstream web_backend {
+  server 127.0.0.1:3902;
+  server 192.168.1.3:3902;
+  server garage1.example.com:3902;
+  server garage2.example.com:3902 weight=2;
+}
+```
+
+### Exposing the S3 API
+
+The configuration section for the S3 API is simple as we only support path-access style yet.
+We simply configure the TLS parameters and forward all the requests to the backend:
+
+```nginx
+server {
+  listen [::]:443 http2 ssl;
+  ssl_certificate     /tmp/garage.crt;
+  ssl_certificate_key /tmp/garage.key;
+
+  # should be the endpoint you want
+  # aws uses s3.amazonaws.com for example
+  server_name garage.example.com;
+
+  location / {
+    proxy_pass http://s3_backend;
+    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+    proxy_set_header Host $host;
+  }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Exposing the web endpoint
+
+The web endpoint is a bit more complicated to configure as it listens on many different `Host` fields.
+To better understand the logic involved, you can refer to the [Exposing buckets as websites](/cookbook/exposing_websites.html) section.
+Also, for some applications, you may need to serve CORS headers: Garage can not serve them directly but we show how we can use nginx to serve them.
+You can use the following example as your starting point:
+
+```nginx
+server {
+  listen [::]:443 http2 ssl;
+  ssl_certificate     /tmp/garage.crt;
+  ssl_certificate_key /tmp/garage.key;
+
+  # We list all the Hosts fields that can access our buckets
+  server_name *.web.garage
+              example.com
+              my-site.tld
+              ;
+
+  location / {
+    # Add these headers only if you want to allow CORS requests
+    # For production use, more specific rules would be better for your security
+    add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
+    add_header Access-Control-Max-Age 3600;
+    add_header Access-Control-Expose-Headers Content-Length;
+    add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers Range;
+
+    # We do not forward OPTIONS requests to Garage
+    # as it does not support them but they are needed for CORS.
+    if ($request_method = OPTIONS) {
+      return 200;
+    }
+
+    proxy_pass http://web_backend;
+    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+    proxy_set_header Host $host;
+  }
+}
+```
+
+
+## Apache httpd
+
+@TODO
+
+## Traefik
+
+@TODO

doc/book/src/cookbook/systemd.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# Starting Garage with systemd
+
+We make some assumptions for this systemd deployment. 
+
+  - Your garage binary is located at `/usr/local/bin/garage`.
+
+  - Your configuration file is located at `/etc/garage.toml`.
+
+  - Your `garage.toml` must be set with  `metadata_dir=/var/lib/garage/meta` and `data_dir=/var/lib/garage/data`. This is mandatory to use `systemd` hardening feature [Dynamic User](https://0pointer.net/blog/dynamic-users-with-systemd.html). Note that in your host filesystem, Garage data will be held in `/var/lib/private/garage`.
+
+
+
+Create a file named `/etc/systemd/system/garage.service`:
+
+```toml
+[Unit]
+Description=Garage Data Store
+After=network-online.target
+Wants=network-online.target
+
+[Service]
+Environment='RUST_LOG=garage=info' 'RUST_BACKTRACE=1'
+ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/garage server
+StateDirectory=garage
+DynamicUser=true
+ProtectHome=true
+NoNewPrivileges=true
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+```
+
+*A note on hardening: garage will be run as a non privileged user, its user id is dynamically allocated by systemd. It cannot access (read or write) home folders (/home, /root and /run/user), the rest of the filesystem can only be read but not written, only the path seen as /var/lib/garage is writable as seen by the service (mapped to /var/lib/private/garage on your host). Additionnaly, the process can not gain new privileges over time.*
+
+To start the service then automatically enable it at boot:
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl start garage
+sudo systemctl enable garage
+```
+
+To see if the service is running and to browse its logs:
+
+```bash
+sudo systemctl status garage
+sudo journalctl -u garage
+```
+
+If you want to modify the service file, do not forget to run `systemctl daemon-reload`
+to inform `systemd` of your modifications.

doc/book/src/cookbook/website.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Hosting a website
+
+TODO

doc/book/src/design/design_draft.md

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# Design draft
+
+**WARNING: this documentation is a design draft which was written before Garage's actual implementation.
+The general principle are similar, but details have not been updated.**
+
+
+#### Modules
+
+- `membership/`: configuration, membership management (gossip of node's presence and status), ring generation --> what about Serf (used by Consul/Nomad) : https://www.serf.io/? Seems a huge library with many features so maybe overkill/hard to integrate
+- `metadata/`: metadata management
+- `blocks/`: block management, writing, GC and rebalancing
+- `internal/`: server to server communication (HTTP server and client that reuses connections, TLS if we want, etc)
+- `api/`: S3 API
+- `web/`: web management interface
+
+#### Metadata tables
+
+**Objects:**
+
+- *Hash key:* Bucket name (string)
+- *Sort key:* Object key (string)
+- *Sort key:* Version timestamp (int)
+- *Sort key:* Version UUID (string)
+- Complete: bool
+- Inline: bool, true for objects < threshold (say 1024)
+- Object size (int)
+- Mime type (string)
+- Data for inlined objects (blob)
+- Hash of first block otherwise (string)
+
+*Having only a hash key on the bucket name will lead to storing all file entries of this table for a specific bucket on a single node. At the same time, it is the only way I see to rapidly being able to list all bucket entries...*
+
+**Blocks:**
+
+- *Hash key:* Version UUID (string)
+- *Sort key:* Offset of block in total file (int)
+- Hash of data block (string)
+
+A version is defined by the existence of at least one entry in the blocks table for a certain version UUID.
+We must keep the following invariant: if a version exists in the blocks table, it has to be referenced in the objects table.
+We explicitly manage concurrent versions of an object: the version timestamp and version UUID columns are index columns, thus we may have several concurrent versions of an object.
+Important: before deleting an older version from the objects table, we must make sure that we did a successfull delete of the blocks of that version from the blocks table.
+
+Thus, the workflow for reading an object is as follows:
+
+1. Check permissions (LDAP)
+2. Read entry in object table. If data is inline, we have its data, stop here.
+   -> if several versions, take newest one and launch deletion of old ones in background
+3. Read first block from cluster. If size <= 1 block, stop here.
+4. Simultaneously with previous step, if size > 1 block: query the Blocks table for the IDs of the next blocks
+5. Read subsequent blocks from cluster
+
+Workflow for PUT:
+
+1. Check write permission (LDAP)
+2. Select a new version UUID
+3. Write a preliminary entry for the new version in the objects table with complete = false
+4. Send blocks to cluster and write entries in the blocks table
+5. Update the version with complete = true and all of the accurate information (size, etc)
+6. Return success to the user
+7. Launch a background job to check and delete older versions
+
+Workflow for DELETE:
+
+1. Check write permission (LDAP)
+2. Get current version (or versions) in object table
+3. Do the deletion of those versions NOT IN A BACKGROUND JOB THIS TIME
+4. Return succes to the user if we were able to delete blocks from the blocks table and entries from the object table
+
+To delete a version:
+
+1. List the blocks from Cassandra
+2. For each block, delete it from cluster. Don't care if some deletions fail, we can do GC.
+3. Delete all of the blocks from the blocks table
+4. Finally, delete the version from the objects table
+
+Known issue: if someone is reading from a version that we want to delete and the object is big, the read might be interrupted. I think it is ok to leave it like this, we just cut the connection if data disappears during a read.
+
+("Soit P un problème, on s'en fout est une solution à ce problème")
+
+#### Block storage on disk
+
+**Blocks themselves:**
+
+- file path = /blobs/(first 3 hex digits of hash)/(rest of hash)
+
+**Reverse index for GC & other block-level metadata:**
+
+- file path = /meta/(first 3 hex digits of hash)/(rest of hash)
+- map block hash -> set of version UUIDs where it is referenced
+
+Usefull metadata:
+
+- list of versions that reference this block in the Casandra table, so that we can do GC by checking in Cassandra that the lines still exist
+- list of other nodes that we know have acknowledged a write of this block, usefull in the rebalancing algorithm
+
+Write strategy: have a single thread that does all write IO so that it is serialized (or have several threads that manage independent parts of the hash space). When writing a blob, write it to a temporary file, close, then rename so that a concurrent read gets a consistent result (either not found or found with whole content).
+
+Read strategy: the only read operation is get(hash) that returns either the data or not found (can do a corruption check as well and return corrupted state if it is the case). Can be done concurrently with writes.
+
+**Internal API:**
+
+- get(block hash) -> ok+data/not found/corrupted
+- put(block hash & data, version uuid + offset) -> ok/error
+- put with no data(block hash, version uuid + offset) -> ok/not found plz send data/error
+- delete(block hash, version uuid + offset) -> ok/error
+
+GC: when last ref is deleted, delete block.
+Long GC procedure: check in Cassandra that version UUIDs still exist and references this block.
+
+Rebalancing: takes as argument the list of newly added nodes.
+
+- List all blocks that we have. For each block:
+- If it hits a newly introduced node, send it to them.
+  Use put with no data first to check if it has to be sent to them already or not.
+  Use a random listing order to avoid race conditions (they do no harm but we might have two nodes sending the same thing at the same time thus wasting time).
+- If it doesn't hit us anymore, delete it and its reference list.
+
+Only one balancing can be running at a same time. It can be restarted at the beginning with new parameters.
+
+#### Membership management
+
+Two sets of nodes:
+
+- set of nodes from which a ping was recently received, with status: number of stored blocks, request counters, error counters, GC%, rebalancing%
+  (eviction from this set after say 30 seconds without ping)
+- set of nodes that are part of the system, explicitly modified by the operator using the web UI (persisted to disk),
+  is a CRDT using a version number for the value of the whole set
+
+Thus, three states for nodes:
+
+- healthy: in both sets
+- missing: not pingable but part of desired cluster
+- unused/draining: currently present but not part of the desired cluster, empty = if contains nothing, draining = if still contains some blocks
+
+Membership messages between nodes:
+
+- ping with current state + hash of current membership info -> reply with same info
+- send&get back membership info (the ids of nodes that are in the two sets): used when no local membership change in a long time and membership info hash discrepancy detected with first message (passive membership fixing with full CRDT gossip)
+- inform of newly pingable node(s) -> no result, when receive new info repeat to all (reliable broadcast)
+- inform of operator membership change -> no result, when receive new info repeat to all (reliable broadcast)
+
+Ring: generated from the desired set of nodes, however when doing read/writes on the ring, skip nodes that are known to be not pingable.
+The tokens are generated in a deterministic fashion from node IDs (hash of node id + token number from 1 to K).
+Number K of tokens per node: decided by the operator & stored in the operator's list of nodes CRDT. Default value proposal: with node status information also broadcast disk total size and free space, and propose a default number of tokens equal to 80%Free space / 10Gb. (this is all user interface)
+
+
+#### Constants
+
+- Block size: around 1MB ? --> Exoscale use 16MB chunks
+- Number of tokens in the hash ring: one every 10Gb of allocated storage
+- Threshold for storing data directly in Cassandra objects table: 1kb bytes (maybe up to 4kb?)
+- Ping timeout (time after which a node is registered as unresponsive/missing): 30 seconds
+- Ping interval: 10 seconds
+- ??
+
+#### Links
+
+- CDC: <https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc16/atc16-paper-xia.pdf>
+- Erasure coding: <http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~jplank/plank/papers/CS-08-627.html>
+- [Openstack Storage Concepts](https://docs.openstack.org/arch-design/design-storage/design-storage-concepts.html)
+- [RADOS](https://ceph.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/weil-rados-pdsw07.pdf)

doc/book/src/design/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Design
+
+The design section helps you to see Garage from a "big picture" perspective.
+It will allow you to understand if Garage is a good fit for you,
+how to better use it, how to contribute to it, what can Garage could and could not do, etc.

doc/book/src/design/internals.md

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# Internals
+
+## Overview
+
+TODO: write this section
+
+- The Dynamo ring
+
+- CRDTs
+
+- Consistency model of Garage tables
+
+See this presentation (in French) for some first information:
+<https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/src/branch/main/doc/talks/2020-12-02_wide-team/talk.pdf>
+
+
+## Garbage collection
+
+A faulty garbage collection procedure has been the cause of
+[critical bug #39](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/39).
+This precise bug was fixed in the code, however there are potentially more
+general issues with the garbage collector being too eager and deleting things
+too early. This has been the subject of
+[PR #135](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/pulls/135).
+This section summarizes the discussions on this topic.
+
+Rationale: we want to ensure Garage's safety by making sure things don't get
+deleted from disk if they are still needed. Two aspects are involved in this.
+
+### 1. Garbage collection of table entries (in `meta/` directory)
+
+The `Entry` trait used for table entries (defined in `tables/schema.rs`)
+defines a function `is_tombstone()` that returns `true` if that entry
+represents an entry that is deleted in the table. CRDT semantics by default
+keep all tombstones, because they are necessary for reconciliation: if node A
+has a tombstone that supersedes a value `x`, and node B has value `x`, A has to
+keep the tombstone in memory so that the value `x` can be properly deleted at
+node `B`. Otherwise, due to the CRDT reconciliation rule, the value `x` from B
+would flow back to A and a deleted item would reappear in the system.
+
+Here, we have some control on the nodes involved in storing Garage data.
+Therefore we have a garbage collector that is able to delete tombstones UNDER
+CERTAIN CONDITIONS. This garbage collector is implemented in `table/gc.rs`. To
+delete a tombstone, the following condition has to be met:
+
+- All nodes responsible for storing this entry are aware of the existence of
+  the tombstone, i.e. they cannot hold another version of the entry that is
+  superseeded by the tombstone. This ensures that deleting the tombstone is
+  safe and that no deleted value will come back in the system.
+
+Garage makes use of Sled's atomic operations (such as compare-and-swap and
+transactions) to ensure that only tombstones that have been correctly
+propagated to other nodes are ever deleted from the local entry tree.
+
+This GC is safe in the following sense: no non-tombstone data is ever deleted
+from Garage tables.
+
+**However**, there is an issue with the way this interacts with data
+rebalancing in the case when a partition is moving between nodes. If a node has
+some data of a partition for which it is not responsible, it has to offload it.
+However that offload process takes some time. In that interval, the GC does not
+check with that node if it has the tombstone before deleting the tombstone, so
+perhaps it doesn't have it and when the offload finally happens, old data comes
+back in the system.
+
+**PR 135 mostly fixes this** by implementing a 24-hour delay before anything is
+garbage collected in a table. This works under the assumption that rebalances
+that follow data shuffling terminate in less than 24 hours.
+
+**However**, in distributed systems, it is generally considered a bad practice
+to make assumptions that information propagates in a certain time interval:
+this consists in making a synchrony assumption, meaning that we are basically
+assuming a computing model that has much stronger properties than otherwise. To
+maximize the applicability of Garage, we would like to remove this assumption,
+and implement a system where time does not play a role. To do this, we would
+need to find a way to safely disable the GC when data is being shuffled around,
+and safely detect that the shuffling has terminated and thus the GC can be
+resumed. This introduces some complexity to the protocol and hasn't been
+tackled yet.
+
+### 2. Garbage collection of data blocks (in `data/` directory)
+
+Blocks in the data directory are reference-counted. In Garage versions before
+PR #135, blocks could get deleted from local disk as soon as their reference
+counter reached zero. We had a mechanism to not trigger this immediately at the
+rc-reaches-zero event, but the cleanup could be triggered by other means (for
+example by a block repair operation...). PR #135 added a safety measure so that
+blocks never get deleted in a 10 minute interval following the time when the RC
+reaches zero. This is a measure to make impossible race conditions such as #39.
+We would have liked to use a larger delay (e.g. 24 hours), but in the case of a
+rebalance of data, this would have led to the disk utilization to explode
+during the rebalancing, only to shrink again after 24 hours. The 10-minute
+delay is a compromise that gives good security while not having this problem of
+disk space explosion on rebalance.
+

doc/book/src/design/related_work.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Related Work
+
+## Context
+
+Data storage is critical: it can lead to data loss if done badly and/or on hardware failure.
+Filesystems + RAID can help on a single machine but a machine failure can put the whole storage offline.
+Moreover, it put a hard limit on scalability. Often this limit can be pushed back far away by buying expensive machines.
+But here we consider non specialized off the shelf machines that can be as low powered and subject to failures as a raspberry pi.
+
+Distributed storage may help to solve both availability and scalability problems on these machines.
+Many solutions were proposed, they can be categorized as block storage, file storage and object storage depending on the abstraction they provide.
+
+## Overview
+
+Block storage is the most low level one, it's like exposing your raw hard drive over the network.
+It requires very low latencies and stable network, that are often dedicated.
+However it provides disk devices that can be manipulated by the operating system with the less constraints: it can be partitioned with any filesystem, meaning that it supports even the most exotic features.
+We can cite [iSCSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCSI) or [Fibre Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel).
+Openstack Cinder proxy previous solution to provide an uniform API.
+
+File storage provides a higher abstraction, they are one filesystem among others, which means they don't necessarily have all the exotic features of every filesystem.
+Often, they relax some POSIX constraints while many applications will still be compatible without any modification.
+As an example, we are able to run MariaDB (very slowly) over GlusterFS...
+We can also mention CephFS (read [RADOS](https://ceph.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/weil-rados-pdsw07.pdf) whitepaper), Lustre, LizardFS, MooseFS, etc.
+OpenStack Manila proxy previous solutions to provide an uniform API.
+
+Finally object storages provide the highest level abstraction.
+They are the testimony that the POSIX filesystem API is not adapted to distributed filesystems.
+Especially, the strong concistency has been dropped in favor of eventual consistency which is way more convenient and powerful in presence of high latencies and unreliability.
+We often read about S3 that pioneered the concept that it's a filesystem for the WAN.
+Applications must be adapted to work for the desired object storage service.
+Today, the S3 HTTP REST API acts as a standard in the industry.
+However, Amazon S3 source code is not open but alternatives were proposed.
+We identified Minio, Pithos, Swift and Ceph.
+Minio/Ceph enforces a total order, so properties similar to a (relaxed) filesystem.
+Swift and Pithos are probably the most similar to AWS S3 with their consistent hashing ring.
+However Pithos is not maintained anymore. More precisely the company that published Pithos version 1 has developped a second version 2 but has not open sourced it.
+Some tests conducted by the [ACIDES project](https://acides.org/) have shown that Openstack Swift consumes way more resources (CPU+RAM) that we can afford. Furthermore, people developing Swift have not designed their software for geo-distribution.
+
+There were many attempts in research too. I am only thinking to [LBFS](https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/lbfs:sosp01/lbfs.pdf) that was used as a basis for Seafile. But none of them have been effectively implemented yet.
+
+## Existing software
+
+**[Pithos](https://github.com/exoscale/pithos) :** 
+Pithos has been abandonned and should probably not used yet, in the following we explain why we did not pick their design.
+Pithos was relying as a S3 proxy in front of Cassandra (and was working with Scylla DB too).
+From its designers' mouth, storing data in Cassandra has shown its limitations justifying the project abandonment.
+They built a closed-source version 2 that does not store blobs in the database (only metadata) but did not communicate further on it.
+We considered there v2's design but concluded that it does not fit both our *Self-contained & lightweight* and *Simple* properties. It makes the development, the deployment and the operations more complicated while reducing the flexibility.
+
+**[IPFS](https://ipfs.io/) :**
+*Not written yet*
+
+## Specific research papers
+
+*Not yet written*

doc/book/src/development/devenv.md

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# Setup your development environment
+
+Depending on your tastes, you can bootstrap your development environment in a traditional Rust way or through Nix.
+
+## The Nix way
+
+Nix is a generic package manager we use to precisely define our development environment.
+Instructions on how to install it are given on their [Download page](https://nixos.org/download.html).
+
+Check that your installation is working by running the following commands:
+
+```
+nix-shell --version
+nix-build --version
+nix-env   --version
+```
+
+Now, you can clone our git repository (run `nix-env -iA git` if you do not have git yet):
+
+```bash
+git clone https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage
+cd garage
+```
+
+*Optionnaly, you can use our nix.conf file to speed up compilations:*
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir -p /etc/nix
+sudo cp nix/nix.conf /etc/nix/nix.conf
+sudo killall nix-daemon
+```
+
+Now you can enter our nix-shell, all the required packages will be downloaded but they will not pollute your environment outside of the shell:
+
+```bash
+nix-shell
+```
+
+You can use the traditionnal Rust development workflow:
+
+```bash
+cargo build  # compile the project
+cargo run    # execute the project
+cargo test   # run the tests
+cargo fmt    # format the project, run it before any commit!
+cargo clippy # run the linter, run it before any commit!
+```
+
+You can build the project with Nix by running:
+
+```bash
+nix-build
+```
+
+You can parallelize the build (if you use our nix.conf file, it is already automatically done).
+To use all your cores when building a derivation use `-j`, and to build multiple derivations at once use `--max-jobs`.
+The special value `auto` will be replaced by the number of cores of your computer.
+An example:
+
+```bash
+nix-build -j $(nproc) --max-jobs auto
+```
+
+Our build has multiple parameters you might want to set:
+  - `release` build with release optimisations instead of debug
+  - `target allows` for cross compilation
+  - `compileMode` can be set to test or bench to build a unit test runner
+  - `git_version` to inject the hash to display when running `garage stats`
+
+An example:
+
+```bash
+nix-build \
+  --arg release true \
+  --argstr target x86_64-unknown-linux-musl \
+  --argstr compileMode build \
+  --git_version $(git rev-parse HEAD)
+```
+
+*The result is located in `result/bin`. You can pass arguments to cross compile: check `.drone.yml` for examples.*
+
+If you modify a `Cargo.toml` or regenerate any `Cargo.lock`, you must run `cargo2nix`:
+
+```
+cargo2nix -f
+```
+
+Many tools like rclone, `mc` (minio-client), or `aws` (awscliv2) will be available in your environment and will be useful to test Garage.
+
+**This is the recommended method.**
+
+## The Rust way
+
+You need a Rust distribution installed on your computer.
+The most simple way is to install it from [rustup](https://rustup.rs).
+Please avoid using your package manager to install Rust as some tools might be outdated or missing.
+
+Now, check your Rust distribution works by running the following commands:
+
+```bash
+rustc --version
+cargo --version
+rustfmt --version
+clippy-driver --version
+```
+
+Now, you need to clone our git repository ([how to install git](https://git-scm.com/downloads)):
+
+```bash
+git clone https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage
+cd garage
+```
+
+You can now use the following commands:
+
+```bash
+cargo build  # compile the project
+cargo run    # execute the project
+cargo test   # run the tests
+cargo fmt    # format the project, run it before any commit!
+cargo clippy # run the linter, run it before any commit!
+```
+
+This is specific to our project, but you will need one last tool, `cargo2nix`.
+To install it, run:
+
+```bash
+cargo install --git https://github.com/superboum/cargo2nix --branch main cargo2nix
+```
+
+You must use it every time you modify a `Cargo.toml` or regenerate a `Cargo.lock` file as follow:
+
+```bash
+cargo build  # Rebuild Cargo.lock if needed
+cargo2nix -f
+```
+
+It will output a `Cargo.nix` file which is a specific `Cargo.lock` file dedicated to Nix that is required by our CI
+which means you must include it in your commits.
+
+Later, to use our scripts and integration tests, you might need additional tools.
+These tools are listed at the end of the `shell.nix` package in the `nativeBuildInputs` part.
+It is up to you to find a way to install the ones you need on your computer.
+
+**A global drawback of this method is that it is up to you to adapt your environment to the one defined in the Nix files.**

doc/book/src/development/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Development
+
+Now that you are a Garage expert, you want to enhance it, you are in the right place!
+We discuss here how to hack on Garage, how we manage its development, etc.

doc/book/src/development/miscellaneous_notes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# Miscellaneous Notes
+
+## Quirks about cargo2nix/rust in Nix
+
+If you use submodules in your crate (like `crdt` and `replication` in `garage_table`), you must list them in `default.nix`
+
+The Windows target does not work. it might be solvable through [overrides](https://github.com/cargo2nix/cargo2nix/blob/master/overlay/overrides.nix). Indeed, we pass `x86_64-pc-windows-gnu` but mingw need `x86_64-w64-mingw32`
+
+We have a simple [PR on cargo2nix](https://github.com/cargo2nix/cargo2nix/pull/201) that fixes critical bugs but the project does not seem very active currently. We must use [my patched version of cargo2nix](https://github.com/superboum/cargo2nix) to enable i686 and armv6l compilation. We might need to contribute to cargo2nix in the future.
+
+
+## Nix
+
+Nix has no armv7 + musl toolchains but armv7l is backward compatible with armv6l.
+
+Signing keys are generated with: 
+
+```
+nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key nix.web.deuxfleurs.fr cache-priv-key.pem cache-pub-key.pem
+```
+
+We copy the secret key in our nix folder:
+
+```
+cp cache-priv-key.pem /etc/nix/signing-key.sec
+```
+
+Manually sign
+    
+We can sign the whole store with:
+
+```
+nix sign-paths --all -k /etc/nix/signing-key.sec
+```
+
+Or simply the current package and its dependencies with:
+
+```
+nix sign-paths --recursive -k /etc/nix/signing-key.sec
+```
+
+Setting a key in `nix.conf` will do the signature at build time automatically without additional commands, edit the `nix.conf` of your builder:
+
+```toml
+secret-key-files = /etc/nix/signing-key.sec
+max-jobs = auto
+cores = 8
+```
+
+Now you are ready to build your packages: 
+
+```bash
+cat > $HOME/.awsrc <<EOF
+export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID="xxx"
+export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY="xxx"
+EOF
+
+# source each time you want to send on the cache
+source ~/.awsrc
+
+# copy garage build dependencies (and not only the output)
+nix-build
+nix-store -qR --include-outputs $(nix-instantiate default.nix) 
+  | xargs nix copy --to 's3://nix?endpoint=garage.deuxfleurs.fr&region=garage'
+  
+# copy shell dependencies
+nix-build shell.nix -A inputDerivation
+nix copy $(nix-store -qR result/) --to 's3://nix?endpoint=garage.deuxfleurs.fr&region=garage' 
+```
+
+More example of nix-copy
+
+```
+# nix-build produces a result/ symlink
+nix copy result/ --to 's3://nix?endpoint=garage.deuxfleurs.fr&region=garage'
+
+# alternative ways to use nix copy
+nix copy nixpkgs.garage --to ...
+nix copy /nix/store/3rbb9qsc2w6xl5xccz5ncfhy33nzv3dp-crate-garage-0.3.0 --to ...
+```
+    
+
+Clear the cache:
+
+```bash
+mc rm --recursive --force garage/nix/
+```
+
+---
+
+A desirable `nix.conf` for a consumer:
+
+```toml
+substituters = https://cache.nixos.org https://nix.web.deuxfleurs.fr
+trusted-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY= nix.web.deuxfleurs.fr:eTGL6kvaQn6cDR/F9lDYUIP9nCVR/kkshYfLDJf1yKs=
+```
+
+And now, whenever you run a command like:
+
+```
+nix-shell
+nix-build
+```
+
+Our cache will be checked.
+
+### Some references about Nix
+
+
+ - https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html
+ - https://nix.dev/tutorials/cross-compilation
+ - https://nixos.org/manual/nix/unstable/package-management/s3-substituter.html
+ - https://fzakaria.com/2020/09/28/nix-copy-closure-your-nix-shell.html
+ - http://www.lpenz.org/articles/nixchannel/index.html
+
+
+## Drone
+
+Do not try to set a build as trusted from the interface or the CLI tool,
+your request would be ignored. Instead, directly edit the database (table `repos`, column `repo_trusted`).
+
+Drone can do parallelism both at the step and the pipeline level. At the step level, parallelism is restricted to the same runner.
+
+## Building Docker containers
+
+We were:
+  - Unable to use the official Docker plugin because
+    - it requires to mount docker socket in the container but it is not recommended
+    - you cant set the platform when building
+  - Unable to use buildah because it needs `CLONE_USERNS` capability
+  - Unable to use the kaniko plugin for Drone as we can't set the target platform
+  - Unable to use the kaniko container provided by Google as we can't run arbitrary logic: we need to put our secret in .docker/config.json.
+
+Finally we chose to build kaniko through nix and use it in a `nix-shell`.

doc/book/src/development/release_process.md

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+# Release process
+
+Before releasing a new version of Garage, our code pass through a succession of checks and transformations.
+We define them as our release process.
+
+## Trigger and classify a release
+
+While we run some tests on every commits, we do not make a release for all of them.
+
+A release can be triggered manually by "promoting" a successful build.
+Otherwise, every weeks, a release build is triggered on the `main` branch.
+
+If the build is from a tag following the regex: `v[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+`, it will be listed as stable.
+If it is a tag but with a different format, it will be listed as Extra.
+Otherwise, if it is a commit, it will be listed as development.
+This logic is defined in `nix/build_index.nix`.
+
+## Testing
+
+For each commit, we first pass the code to a formatter (rustfmt) and a linter (clippy).
+Then we try to build it in debug mode and run both unit tests and our integration tests.
+
+Additionnaly, when releasing, our integration tests are run on the release build for amd64 and i686.
+
+## Generated Artifacts
+
+We generate the following binary artifacts for now:
+  - **architecture**: amd64, i686, aarch64, armv6
+  - **os**: linux
+  - **format**: static binary, docker container
+
+Additionnaly we also build two web pages:
+  - the documentation (this website)
+  - [the release page](https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/releases.html)
+
+We publish the static binaries on our own garage cluster (you can access them through the releases page)
+and the docker containers on Docker Hub.
+
+## Automation
+
+We automated our release process with Nix and Drone to make it more reliable.
+Here we describe how we have done in case you want to debug or improve it.
+
+### Caching build steps
+
+To speed up the CI, we use the caching feature provided by Nix.
+
+You can benefit from it by using our provided `nix.conf` as recommended or by simply adding the following lines to your file:
+
+```toml
+substituters = https://cache.nixos.org https://nix.web.deuxfleurs.fr
+trusted-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY= nix.web.deuxfleurs.fr:eTGL6kvaQn6cDR/F9lDYUIP9nCVR/kkshYfLDJf1yKs=
+```
+
+Sending to the cache is done through `nix copy`, for example:
+
+```bash
+nix copy --to 's3://nix?endpoint=garage.deuxfleurs.fr&region=garage&secret-key=/etc/nix/signing-key.sec' result
+```
+
+*Note that you need the signing key. In our case, it is stored as a secret in Drone.*
+
+The previous command will only send the built packet and not its dependencies.
+To send its dependency, a tool named `nix-copy-closure` has been created but it is not compatible with the S3 protocol.
+
+Instead, you can use the following commands to list all the runtime dependencies:
+
+```bash
+nix copy \
+  --to 's3://nix?endpoint=garage.deuxfleurs.fr&region=garage&secret-key=/etc/nix/signing-key.sec' \
+  $(nix-store -qR result/)
+```
+
+*We could also write this expression with xargs but this tool is not available in our container.*
+
+But in certain cases, we want to cache compile time dependencies also.
+For example, the Nix project does not provide binaries for cross compiling to i686 and thus we need to compile gcc on our own.
+We do not want to compile gcc each time, so even if it is a compile time dependency, we want to cache it.
+
+This time, the command is a bit more involved:
+
+```bash
+nix copy --to \
+  's3://nix?endpoint=garage.deuxfleurs.fr&region=garage&secret-key=/etc/nix/signing-key.sec' \
+   $(nix-store -qR --include-outputs \
+     $(nix-instantiate))
+```
+
+This is the command we use in our CI as we expect the final binary to change, so we mainly focus on
+caching our development dependencies.
+
+*Currently there is no automatic garbage collection of the cache: we should monitor its growth.
+Hopefully, we can erase it totally without breaking any build, the next build will only be slower.*
+
+In practise, we concluded that we do not want to cache all the compilation dependencies.
+Instead, we want to cache the toolchain we use to build Garage each time we change it.
+So we removed from Drone any automatic update of the cache and instead handle them manually with:
+
+```
+source ~/.awsrc
+nix-shell --run 'refresh_toolchain'
+```
+
+Internally, it will run `nix-build` on  `nix/toolchain.nix` and send the output plus its depedencies to the cache.
+
+To erase the cache:
+
+```
+mc rm --recursive --force 'garage/nix/'
+```
+
+### Publishing Garage
+
+We defined our publishing logic in Nix, mostly as shell hooks.
+You can inspect them in `shell.nix` to see exactly how.
+Here, we will give a quick explanation on how to use them to manually publish a release.
+
+Supposing you just have built garage as follow:
+
+```bash
+nix-build --arg release true
+```
+
+To publish a static binary in `result/bin` on garagehq, run:
+
+```bash
+export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxx
+export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxx
+export DRONE_TAG=handcrafted-1.0.0 # or DRONE_COMMIT
+export TARGET=x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
+
+nix-shell --run to_s3
+```
+
+To create and publish a docker container, run:
+
+```bash
+export DOCKER_AUTH='{ "auths": { "https://index.docker.io/v1/": { "auth": "xxxx" }}}'
+export DOCKER_PLATFORM='linux/amd64' # check GOARCH and GOOS from golang.org
+export CONTAINER_NAME='me/amd64_garage'
+export CONTAINER_TAG='handcrafted-1.0.0'
+
+nix-shell --run to_docker
+```
+
+To rebuild the release page, run:
+```bash
+export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=xxx
+export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=xxx
+
+nix-shell --run refresh_index
+```
+
+If you want to compile for different architectures, you will need to repeat all these commands for each architecture.
+
+**In practise, and except for debugging, you will never directly run these commands. Release is handled by drone**
+
+### Drone
+
+Our instance is available at [https://drone.deuxfleurs.fr](https://drone.deuxfleurs.fr).  
+You need an account on [https://git.deuxfleurs.fr](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr) to use it.
+
+**Drone CLI** - Drone has a CLI tool to interact with.
+It can be downloaded from its Github [release page](https://github.com/drone/drone-cli/releases).
+
+To communicate with our instance, you must setup some environment variables.
+You can get them from your [Account Settings](https://drone.deuxfleurs.fr/account).
+
+To make drone easier to use, you could create a `~/.dronerc` that you could source each time you want to use it.
+
+```
+export DRONE_SERVER=https://drone.deuxfleurs.fr
+export DRONE_TOKEN=xxx
+drone info
+```
+
+The CLI tool is very self-discoverable, just append `--help` to each subcommands.
+Start with:
+
+```bash
+drone --help
+```
+
+**.drone.yml** - The builds steps are defined in `.drone.yml`.  
+You can not edit this file without resigning it.
+
+To sign it, you must be a maintainer and then run:
+
+```bash
+drone sign --save Deuxfleurs/garage
+```
+
+Looking at the file, you will see that most of the commands are `nix-shell` and `nix-build` commands with various parameters.
+
+

doc/book/src/development/scripts.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# Development scripts
+
+We maintain a `script/` folder that contains some useful script to ease testing on Garage.
+
+A fully integrated script, `test-smoke.sh`, runs some basic tests on various tools such as minio client, awscli and rclone.
+To run it, enter a `nix-shell` (or install all required tools) and simply run:
+
+```bash
+nix-build # or cargo build
+./script/test-smoke.sh
+```
+
+If something fails, you can find useful logs in `/tmp/garage.log`.
+You can inspect the generated configuration and local data created by inspecting your `/tmp` directory:
+the script creates files and folder prefixed with the name "garage".
+
+## Bootstrapping a test cluster
+
+Under the hood `test-smoke.sh` uses multiple helpers scripts you can also run in case you want to manually test Garage.
+In this section, we introduce 3 scripts to quickly bootstrap a full test cluster with 3 instances.
+
+### 1. Start each daemon
+
+```bash
+./script/dev-cluster.sh
+```
+
+This script spawns 3 Garage instances with 3 configuration files.
+You can inspect the detailed configuration, including ports, by inspecting `/tmp/config.1` (change 1 by the instance number you want).
+
+This script also spawns a simple HTTPS reverse proxy through `socat` for the S3 endpoint that listens on port `4443`.
+Some libraries might require a TLS endpoint to work, refer to our issue [#64](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/issues/64) for more detailed information on this subject.
+
+This script covers the [Launching the garage server](/quick_start/index.html#launching-the-garage-server) section of our Quick start page.
+
+### 2. Make them join the cluster
+
+```bash
+./script/dev-configure.sh
+```
+
+This script will configure each instance by assigning them a zone (`dc1`) and a weight (`1`).
+
+This script covers the [Configuring your Garage node](/quick_start/index.html#configuring-your-garage-node) section of our Quick start page.
+
+### 3. Create a key and a bucket
+
+```bash
+./script/dev-bucket.sh
+```
+
+This script will create a bucket named `eprouvette` with a key having read and write rights on this bucket.
+The key is stored in a filed named `/tmp/garage.s3` and can be used by the following tools to pre-configure them.
+
+This script covers the [Creating buckets and keys](/quick_start/index.html#creating-buckets-and-keys) section of our Quick start page.
+
+## Handlers for generic tools
+
+We provide wrappers for some CLI tools that configure themselves for your development cluster.
+They are meant to save you some configuration time as to use them, you are only required to source the right file.
+
+### awscli
+
+```bash
+source ./script/dev-env-aws.sh
+
+# some examples
+aws s3 ls s3://eprouvette
+aws s3 cp /proc/cpuinfo s3://eprouvette/cpuinfo.txt
+```
+
+### minio-client
+
+
+```bash
+source ./script/dev-env-mc.sh
+
+# some examples
+mc ls garage/
+mc cp /proc/cpuinfo garage/eprouvette/cpuinfo.txt
+```
+
+### rclone
+
+```bash
+source ./script/dev-env-rclone.sh
+
+# some examples
+rclone lsd garage:
+rclone copy /proc/cpuinfo garage:eprouvette/cpuinfo.txt
+```
+
+### s3cmd
+
+```bash
+source ./script/dev-env-s3cmd.sh
+
+# some examples
+s3cmd ls
+s3cmd put /proc/cpuinfo s3://eprouvette/cpuinfo.txt
+```
+
+### duck
+
+*Warning! Duck is not yet provided by nix-shell.*
+
+```bash
+source ./script/dev-env-duck.sh
+
+# some examples
+duck --list garage:/
+duck --upload garage:/eprouvette/ /proc/cpuinfo
+```

doc/book/src/img/logo.svg

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+  <g>
+   <path d="m17.034 3.0341a2.9114 2.9114 0 0 0-1.1462 0.24753l-11.697 5.1749a0.42304 0.42304 0 0 0-0.22169 0.56586 0.20418 0.20418 0 0 0 0.01757 0.04702l1.8769 3.7099h1.6288l-0.23151-1.2935c-0.0191-0.10429-0.18819-0.84337-0.3483-1.3751l5.4746 1.71c0.07196 0.34089 0.16746 0.65935 0.28112 0.9586h8.8765c0.0978-0.29932 0.17499-0.61834 0.22738-0.9586l5.4627-1.7053c-0.16011 0.53174-0.32713 1.2662-0.34623 1.3705l-0.23151 1.2935h1.6283l1.8593-3.6763 0.01757-0.03359 0.0181-0.04547a0.027909 0.027909 0 0 0 0-0.01188 0.39367 0.39367 0 0 0 0.01757-0.13643 0.41864 0.41864 0 0 0-0.26303-0.4191l-11.697-5.1749a2.9114 2.9114 0 0 0-1.2041-0.24753z" fill="#ff9329"/>
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+ </g>
+</svg>

doc/book/src/intro.md

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+<p align="center" style="text-align:center;">
+	<a href="https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr">
+	<img alt="Garage's Logo" src="img/logo.svg" height="200" />
+	</a>
+</p>
+
+<p align="center" style="text-align:center;">
+	[ <a href="https://garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr/_releases.html">Download</a>
+	| <a href="https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage">Git repository</a>
+	| <a href="https://matrix.to/#/%23garage:deuxfleurs.fr">Matrix channel</a>
+	| <a href="https://drone.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage">Drone CI</a>
+	]
+</p>
+
+```
+This very website is hosted using Garage. In other words: the doc is the PoC!
+```
+
+# The Garage Geo-Distributed Data Store
+
+Garage is a lightweight geo-distributed data store.
+It comes from the observation that despite numerous object stores
+many people have broken data management policies (backup/replication on a single site or none at all).
+To promote better data management policies, we focused on the following **desirable properties**:
+
+  - **Self-contained & lightweight**: works everywhere and integrates well in existing environments to target [hyperconverged infrastructures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper-converged_infrastructure).
+  - **Highly resilient**: highly resilient to network failures, network latency, disk failures, sysadmin failures.
+  - **Simple**: simple to understand, simple to operate, simple to debug.
+  - **Internet enabled**: made for multi-sites (eg. datacenters, offices, households, etc.) interconnected through regular Internet connections.
+
+We also noted that the pursuit of some other goals are detrimental to our initial goals.
+The following has been identified as **non-goals** (if these points matter to you, you should not use Garage):
+
+  - **Extreme performances**: high performances constrain a lot the design and the infrastructure; we seek performances through minimalism only.
+  - **Feature extensiveness**: complete implementation of the S3 API or any other API to make garage a drop-in replacement is not targeted as it could lead to decisions impacting our desirable properties.
+  - **Storage optimizations**: erasure coding or any other coding technique both increase the difficulty of placing data and synchronizing; we limit ourselves to duplication.
+  - **POSIX/Filesystem compatibility**: we do not aim at being POSIX compatible or to emulate any kind of filesystem. Indeed, in a distributed environment, such synchronizations are translated in network messages that impose severe constraints on the deployment.
+
+## Supported and planned protocols
+
+Garage speaks (or will speak) the following protocols:
+
+  - [S3](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/Welcome.html) - *SUPPORTED* - Enable applications to store large blobs such as pictures, video, images, documents, etc. S3 is versatile enough to also be used to publish a static website.
+  - [IMAP](https://github.com/go-pluto/pluto) - *PLANNED* - email storage is quite complex to get good performances.
+To keep performances optimal, most IMAP servers only support on-disk storage.
+We plan to add logic to Garage to make it a viable solution for email storage.
+  - *More to come*
+
+## Use Cases
+
+**[Deuxfleurs](https://deuxfleurs.fr):** Garage is used by Deuxfleurs which is a non-profit hosting organization.
+Especially, it is used to host their main website, this documentation and some of its members' blogs. 
+Additionally, Garage is used as a [backend for Nextcloud](https://docs.nextcloud.com/server/20/admin_manual/configuration_files/primary_storage.html). 
+Deuxfleurs also plans to use Garage as their [Matrix's media backend](https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse-s3-storage-provider) and as the backend of [OCIS](https://github.com/owncloud/ocis).
+
+*Are you using Garage? [Open a pull request](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/) to add your organization here!*
+
+## Comparison to existing software
+
+**[MinIO](https://min.io/):** MinIO shares our *Self-contained & lightweight* goal but selected two of our non-goals: *Storage optimizations* through erasure coding and *POSIX/Filesystem compatibility* through strong consistency.
+However, by pursuing these two non-goals, MinIO do not reach our desirable properties.
+Firstly, it fails on the *Simple* property: due to the erasure coding, MinIO has severe limitations on how drives can be added or deleted from a cluster.
+Secondly, it fails on the *Internet enabled* property: due to its strong consistency, MinIO is latency sensitive.
+Furthermore, MinIO has no knowledge of "sites" and thus can not distribute data to minimize the failure of a given site.
+
+**[Openstack Swift](https://docs.openstack.org/swift/latest/):**
+OpenStack Swift at least fails on the *Self-contained & lightweight* goal.
+Starting it requires around 8GB of RAM, which is too much especially in an hyperconverged infrastructure.
+We also do not classify Swift as *Simple*.
+
+**[Ceph](https://ceph.io/ceph-storage/object-storage/):**
+This review holds for the whole Ceph stack, including the RADOS paper, Ceph Object Storage module, the RADOS Gateway, etc.
+At its core, Ceph has been designed to provide *POSIX/Filesystem compatibility* which requires strong consistency, which in turn
+makes Ceph latency-sensitive and fails our *Internet enabled* goal.
+Due to its industry oriented design, Ceph is also far from being *Simple* to operate and from being *Self-contained & lightweight* which makes it hard to integrate it in an hyperconverged infrastructure.
+In a certain way, Ceph and MinIO are closer together than they are from Garage or OpenStack Swift.
+
+*More comparisons are available in our [Related Work](design/related_work.md) chapter.*
+
+## Other Resources
+
+This website is not the only source of information about Garage!
+We reference here other places on the Internet where you can learn more about Garage.
+
+### Rust API (docs.rs)
+
+If you encounter a specific bug in Garage or plan to patch it, you may jump directly to the source code's documentation!
+
+  - [garage\_api](https://docs.rs/garage_api/latest/garage_api/) - contains the S3 standard API endpoint
+  - [garage\_model](https://docs.rs/garage_model/latest/garage_model/) - contains Garage's model built on the table abstraction
+  - [garage\_rpc](https://docs.rs/garage_rpc/latest/garage_rpc/) - contains Garage's federation protocol
+  - [garage\_table](https://docs.rs/garage_table/latest/garage_table/) - contains core Garage's CRDT datatypes
+  - [garage\_util](https://docs.rs/garage_util/latest/garage_util/) - contains garage helpers
+  - [garage\_web](https://docs.rs/garage_web/latest/garage_web/) - contains the S3 website endpoint
+
+### Talks
+
+We love to talk and hear about Garage, that's why we keep a log here:
+
+  - [(en, 2021-04-28) Distributed object storage is centralised](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/raw/commit/b1f60579a13d3c5eba7f74b1775c84639ea9b51a/doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/talk.pdf)
+
+  - [(fr, 2020-12-02) Garage : jouer dans la cour des grands quand on est un hébergeur associatif](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/raw/commit/b1f60579a13d3c5eba7f74b1775c84639ea9b51a/doc/talks/2020-12-02_wide-team/talk.pdf)
+
+*Did you write or talk about Garage? [Open a pull request](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/) to add a link here!*
+
+## Community
+
+If you want to discuss with us, you can join our Matrix channel at [#garage:deuxfleurs.fr](https://matrix.to/#/#garage:deuxfleurs.fr).
+Our code repository and issue tracker, which is the place where you should report bugs, is managed on [Deuxfleurs' Gitea](https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage).
+
+## License
+
+Garage's source code, is released under the [AGPL v3 License](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.en.html).
+Please note that if you patch Garage and then use it to provide any service over a network, you must share your code!
+
+# Funding
+
+The Deuxfleurs association has received a grant from [NGI POINTER](https://pointer.ngi.eu/), to fund 3 people working on Garage full-time for a year: from October 2021 to September 2022.
+
+<div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-around">
+  <a href="https://pointer.ngi.eu/">
+    <img style="height:100px" src="img/ngi-logo.png" alt="NGI Pointer logo">
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/what-horizon-2020">
+    <img style="height:100px" src="img/eu-flag-logo.png" alt="EU flag logo">
+  </a>
+</div>
+
+_This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme within the framework of the NGI-POINTER Project funded under grant agreement N° 871528._

doc/book/src/quick_start/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+# Quick Start
+
+Let's start your Garage journey!
+In this chapter, we explain how to deploy Garage as a single-node server
+and how to interact with it.
+
+Our goal is to introduce you to Garage's workflows.
+Following this guide is recommended before moving on to
+[configuring a real-world deployment](../cookbook/real_world.md).
+
+Note that this kind of deployment should not be used in production, as it provides
+no redundancy for your data!
+
+## Get a binary
+
+Download the latest Garage binary from the release pages on our repository:
+
+<https://git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage/releases>
+
+Place this binary somewhere in your `$PATH` so that you can invoke the `garage`
+command directly (for instance you can copy the binary in `/usr/local/bin`
+or in `~/.local/bin`).
+
+If a binary of the last version is not available for your architecture,
+you can [build Garage from source](../cookbook/from_source.md).
+
+
+## Writing a first configuration file
+
+This first configuration file should allow you to get started easily with the simplest
+possible Garage deployment.
+**Save it as `/etc/garage.toml`.**
+You can also store it somewhere else, but you will have to specify `-c path/to/garage.toml`
+at each invocation of the `garage` binary (for example: `garage -c ./garage.toml server`, `garage -c ./garage.toml status`).
+
+```toml
+metadata_dir = "/tmp/meta"
+data_dir = "/tmp/data"
+
+replication_mode = "none"
+
+rpc_bind_addr = "[::]:3901"
+rpc_public_addr = "127.0.0.1:3901"
+rpc_secret = "1799bccfd7411eddcf9ebd316bc1f5287ad12a68094e1c6ac6abde7e6feae1ec"
+
+bootstrap_peers = []
+
+[s3_api]
+s3_region = "garage"
+api_bind_addr = "[::]:3900"
+
+[s3_web]
+bind_addr = "[::]:3902"
+root_domain = ".web.garage"
+index = "index.html"
+```
+
+The `rpc_secret` value provided above is just an example. It will work, but in
+order to secure your cluster you will need to use another one. You can generate
+such a value with `openssl rand -hex 32`.
+
+
+As you can see in the `metadata_dir` and `data_dir` parameters, we are saving Garage's data
+in `/tmp` which gets erased when your system reboots. This means that data stored on this
+Garage server will not be persistent. Change these to locations on your local disk if you want
+your data to be persisted properly.
+
+
+## Launching the Garage server
+
+Use the following command to launch the Garage server with our configuration file:
+
+```
+RUST_LOG=garage=info garage server
+```
+
+You can tune Garage's verbosity as follows (from less verbose to more verbose):
+
+```
+RUST_LOG=garage=info garage server
+RUST_LOG=garage=debug garage server
+RUST_LOG=garage=trace garage server
+```
+
+Log level `info` is recommended for most use cases.
+Log level `debug` can help you check why your S3 API calls are not working.
+
+
+## Checking that Garage runs correctly
+
+The `garage` utility is also used as a CLI tool to configure your Garage deployment.
+It uses values from the TOML configuration file to find the Garage daemon running on the
+local node, therefore if your configuration file is not at `/etc/garage.toml` you will
+again have to specify `-c path/to/garage.toml`.
+
+If the `garage` CLI is able to correctly detect the parameters of your local Garage node,
+the following command should be enough to show the status of your cluster:
+
+```
+garage status
+```
+
+This should show something like this:
+
+```
+==== HEALTHY NODES ====
+ID                 Hostname  Address         Tag                   Zone  Capacity
+563e1ac825ee3323…  linuxbox  127.0.0.1:3901  NO ROLE ASSIGNED
+```
+
+## Configuring your Garage node
+
+Configuring the nodes in a Garage deployment means informing Garage
+of the disk space available on each node of the cluster
+as well as the zone (e.g. datacenter) each machine is located in.
+
+For our test deployment, we are using only one node. The way in which we configure
+it does not matter, you can simply write:
+
+```bash
+garage node configure -z dc1 -c 1 <node_id>
+```
+
+where `<node_id>` corresponds to the identifier of the node shown by `garage status` (first column).
+You can enter simply a prefix of that identifier.
+For instance here you could write just `garage node configure -z dc1 -c 1 563e`.
+
+
+
+
+## Creating buckets and keys
+
+In this section, we will suppose that we want to create a bucket named `nextcloud-bucket`
+that will be accessed through a key named `nextcloud-app-key`.
+
+Don't forget that `help` command and `--help` subcommands can help you anywhere,
+the CLI tool is self-documented! Two examples:
+
+```
+garage help
+garage bucket allow --help
+```
+
+#### Create a bucket
+
+Let's take an example where we want to deploy NextCloud using Garage as the
+main data storage.
+
+First, create a bucket with the following command:
+
+```
+garage bucket create nextcloud-bucket
+```
+
+Check that everything went well:
+
+```
+garage bucket list
+garage bucket info nextcloud-bucket
+```
+
+#### Create an API key
+
+The `nextcloud-bucket` bucket now exists on the Garage server,
+however it cannot be accessed until we add an API key with the proper access rights.
+
+Note that API keys are independent of buckets:
+one key can access multiple buckets, multiple keys can access one bucket.
+
+Create an API key using the following command:
+
+```
+garage key new --name nextcloud-app-key
+```
+
+The output should look as follows:
+
+```
+Key name: nextcloud-app-key
+Key ID: GK3515373e4c851ebaad366558
+Secret key: 7d37d093435a41f2aab8f13c19ba067d9776c90215f56614adad6ece597dbb34
+Authorized buckets:
+```
+
+Check that everything works as intended:
+
+```
+garage key list
+garage key info nextcloud-app-key
+```
+
+#### Allow a key to access a bucket
+
+Now that we have a bucket and a key, we need to give permissions to the key on the bucket:
+
+```
+garage bucket allow \
+  --read \
+  --write 
+  nextcloud-bucket \
+  --key nextcloud-app-key
+```
+
+You can check at any time the allowed keys on your bucket with:
+
+```
+garage bucket info nextcloud-bucket
+```
+
+
+## Uploading and downlading from Garage
+
+We recommend the use of MinIO Client to interact with Garage files (`mc`).
+Instructions to install it and use it are provided on the
+[MinIO website](https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-client-quickstart-guide.html).
+Before reading the following, you need a working `mc` command on your path.
+
+Note that on certain Linux distributions such as Arch Linux, the Minio client binary
+is called `mcli` instead of `mc` (to avoid name clashes with the Midnight Commander).
+
+#### Configure `mc`
+
+You need your access key and secret key created above.
+We will assume you are invoking `mc` on the same machine as the Garage server,
+your S3 API endpoint is therefore `http://127.0.0.1:3900`.
+For this whole configuration, you must set an alias name: we chose `my-garage`, that you will used for all commands.
+
+Adapt the following command accordingly and run it:
+
+```bash
+mc alias set \
+  my-garage \
+  http://127.0.0.1:3900 \
+  <access key> \
+  <secret key> \
+  --api S3v4
+```
+
+You must also add an environment variable to your configuration to
+inform MinIO of our region (`garage` by default, corresponding to the `s3_region` parameter
+in the configuration file).
+The best way is to add the following snippet to your `$HOME/.bash_profile`
+or `$HOME/.bashrc` file:
+
+```bash
+export MC_REGION=garage
+```
+
+#### Use `mc`
+
+You can not list buckets from `mc` currently.
+
+But the following commands and many more should work:
+
+```bash
+mc cp image.png my-garage/nextcloud-bucket
+mc cp my-garage/nextcloud-bucket/image.png .
+mc ls my-garage/nextcloud-bucket
+mc mirror localdir/ my-garage/another-bucket
+```
+
+
+#### Other tools for interacting with Garage
+
+The following tools can also be used to send and recieve files from/to Garage:
+
+- the [AWS CLI](https://aws.amazon.com/cli/)
+- [`rclone`](https://rclone.org/)
+- [Cyberduck](https://cyberduck.io/)
+- [`s3cmd`](https://s3tools.org/s3cmd)
+
+Refer to the ["configuring clients"](../cookbook/clients.md) page to learn how to configure
+these clients to interact with a Garage server.

doc/book/src/reference_manual/cli.md

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Garage CLI
+
+The Garage CLI is mostly self-documented. Make use of the `help` subcommand
+and the `--help` flag to discover all available options.

doc/book/src/reference_manual/configuration.md

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# Garage configuration file format reference
+
+Here is an example `garage.toml` configuration file that illustrates all of the possible options:
+
+```toml
+metadata_dir = "/var/lib/garage/meta"
+data_dir = "/var/lib/garage/data"
+
+block_size = 1048576
+
+replication_mode = "3"
+
+rpc_secret = "4425f5c26c5e11581d3223904324dcb5b5d5dfb14e5e7f35e38c595424f5f1e6"
+rpc_bind_addr = "[::]:3901"
+rpc_public_addr = "[fc00:1::1]:3901"
+
+bootstrap_peers = [
+    "563e1ac825ee3323aa441e72c26d1030d6d4414aeb3dd25287c531e7fc2bc95d@[fc00:1::1]:3901",
+    "86f0f26ae4afbd59aaf9cfb059eefac844951efd5b8caeec0d53f4ed6c85f332[fc00:1::2]:3901",
+    "681456ab91350f92242e80a531a3ec9392cb7c974f72640112f90a600d7921a4@[fc00:B::1]:3901",
+    "212fd62eeaca72c122b45a7f4fa0f55e012aa5e24ac384a72a3016413fa724ff@[fc00:F::1]:3901",
+]
+
+consul_host = "consul.service"
+consul_service_name = "garage-daemon"
+
+sled_cache_capacity = 134217728
+sled_flush_every_ms = 2000
+
+[s3_api]
+api_bind_addr = "[::]:3900"
+s3_region = "garage"
+
+[s3_web]
+bind_addr = "[::]:3902"
+root_domain = ".web.garage"
+index = "index.html"
+```
+
+The following gives details about each available configuration option.
+
+## Available configuration options
+
+#### `metadata_dir`
+
+The directory in which Garage will store its metadata. This contains the node identifier,
+the network configuration and the peer list, the list of buckets and keys as well
+as the index of all objects, object version and object blocks.
+
+Store this folder on a fast SSD drive if possible to maximize Garage's performance.
+
+#### `data_dir`
+
+The directory in which Garage will store the data blocks of objects.
+This folder can be placed on an HDD. The space available for `data_dir`
+should be counted to determine a node's capacity
+when [configuring it](../getting_started/05_cluster.md).
+
+#### `block_size`
+
+Garage splits stored objects in consecutive chunks of size `block_size`
+(except the last one which might be smaller). The default size is 1MB and
+should work in most cases.  If you are interested in tuning this, feel free
+to do so (and remember to report your findings to us!). If this value is
+changed for a running Garage installation, only files newly uploaded will be
+affected. Previously uploaded files will remain available. This however
+means that chunks from existing files will not be deduplicated with chunks
+from newly uploaded files, meaning you might use more storage space that is
+optimally possible.
+
+#### `replication_mode`
+
+Garage supports the following replication modes:
+
+- `none` or `1`: data stored on Garage is stored on a single node. There is no redundancy,
+  and data will be unavailable as soon as one node fails or its network is disconnected.
+  Do not use this for anything else than test deployments.
+
+- `2`: data stored on Garage will be stored on two different nodes, if possible in different
+  zones. Garage tolerates one node failure before losing data. Data should be available
+  read-only when one node is down, but write operations will fail.
+  Use this only if you really have to.
+
+- `3`: data stored on Garage will be stored on three different nodes, if possible each in
+  a different zones.
+  Garage tolerates two node failure before losing data. Data should be available
+  read-only when two nodes are down, and writes should be possible if only a single node
+  is down.
+
+Note that in modes `2` and `3`,
+if at least the same number of zones are available, an arbitrary number of failures in 
+any given zone is tolerated as copies of data will be spread over several zones.
+
+**Make sure `replication_mode` is the same in the configuration files of all nodes.
+Never run a Garage cluster where that is not the case.**
+
+Changing the `replication_mode` of a cluster might work (make sure to shut down all nodes
+and changing it everywhere at the time), but is not officially supported.
+
+#### `rpc_secret`
+
+Garage uses a secret key that is shared between all nodes of the cluster
+in order to identify these nodes and allow them to communicate together.
+This key should be specified here in the form of a 32-byte hex-encoded
+random string. Such a string can be generated with a command
+such as `openssl rand -hex 32`.
+
+#### `rpc_bind_addr`
+
+The address and port on which to bind for inter-cluster communcations
+(reffered to as RPC for remote procedure calls).
+The port specified here should be the same one that other nodes will used to contact
+the node, even in the case of a NAT: the NAT should be configured to forward the external
+port number to the same internal port nubmer. This means that if you have several nodes running
+behind a NAT, they should each use a different RPC port number.
+
+#### `rpc_public_addr`
+
+The address and port that other nodes need to use to contact this node for
+RPC calls.  **This parameter is optional but recommended.** In case you have
+a NAT that binds the RPC port to a port that is different on your public IP,
+this field might help making it work.
+
+#### `bootstrap_peers`
+
+A list of peer identifiers on which to contact other Garage peers of this cluster.
+These peer identifiers have the following syntax:
+
+```
+<node public key>@<node public IP or hostname>:<port>
+```
+
+In the case where `rpc_public_addr` is correctly specified in the
+configuration file, the full identifier of a node including IP and port can
+be obtained by running `garage node-id` and then included directly in the
+`bootstrap_peers` list of other nodes.  Otherwise, only the node's public
+key will be returned by `garage node-id` and you will have to add the IP
+yourself.
+
+#### `consul_host` and `consul_service_name`
+
+Garage supports discovering other nodes of the cluster using Consul.
+This works only when nodes are announced in Consul by an orchestrator such as Nomad,
+as Garage is not able to announce itself.
+
+The `consul_host` parameter should be set to the hostname of the Consul server,
+and `consul_service_name` should be set to the service name under which Garage's
+RPC ports are announced.
+
+#### `sled_cache_capacity`
+
+This parameter can be used to tune the capacity of the cache used by
+[sled](https://sled.rs), the database Garage uses internally to store metadata.
+Tune this to fit the RAM you wish to make available to your Garage instance.
+More cache means faster Garage, but the default value (128MB) should be plenty
+for most use cases.
+
+#### `sled_flush_every_ms`
+
+This parameters can be used to tune the flushing interval of sled.
+Increase this if sled is thrashing your SSD, at the risk of losing more data in case
+of a power outage (though this should not matter much as data is replicated on other
+nodes). The default value, 2000ms, should be appropriate for most use cases.
+
+
+## The `[s3_api]` section
+
+#### `api_bind_addr`
+
+The IP and port on which to bind for accepting S3 API calls.
+This endpoint does not suport TLS: a reverse proxy should be used to provide it.
+
+#### `s3_region`
+
+Garage will accept S3 API calls that are targetted to the S3 region defined here.
+API calls targetted to other regions will fail with a AuthorizationHeaderMalformed error
+message that redirects the client to the correct region.
+
+
+## The `[s3_web]` section
+
+Garage allows to publish content of buckets as websites. This section configures the
+behaviour of this module.
+
+#### `bind_addr`
+
+The IP and port on which to bind for accepting HTTP requests to buckets configured
+for website access.
+This endpoint does not suport TLS: a reverse proxy should be used to provide it.
+
+#### `root_domain`
+
+The optionnal suffix appended to bucket names for the corresponding HTTP Host.
+
+For instance, if `root_domain` is `web.garage.eu`, a bucket called `deuxfleurs.fr`
+will be accessible either with hostname `deuxfleurs.fr.web.garage.eu`
+or with hostname `deuxfleurs.fr`.
+
+#### `index`
+
+The name of the index file to return for requests ending with `/` (usually `index.html`).

doc/book/src/reference_manual/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Reference Manual
+
+A reference manual contains some extensive descriptions about the features and the behaviour of the software.
+Reading of this chapter is recommended once you have a good knowledge/understanding of Garage.
+It will be useful if you want to tune it or to use it in some exotic conditions.

doc/book/src/reference_manual/s3_compatibility.md

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# S3 Compatibility status
+
+## Global S3 features
+
+Implemented:
+
+- path-style URLs (`garage.tld/bucket/key`)
+- putting and getting objects in buckets
+- multipart uploads
+- listing objects
+- access control on a per-key-per-bucket basis
+
+Not implemented:
+
+- vhost-style URLs (`bucket.garage.tld/key`)
+- object-level ACL
+- object versioning
+- encryption
+- most `x-amz-` headers
+
+
+## Endpoint implementation
+
+All APIs that are not mentionned are not implemented and will return a 400 bad request.
+
+| Endpoint                     | Status                           |
+|------------------------------|----------------------------------|
+| AbortMultipartUpload         | Implemented                      |
+| CompleteMultipartUpload      | Implemented                      |
+| CopyObject                   | Implemented                      |
+| CreateBucket                 | Unsupported, stub (see below)    |
+| CreateMultipartUpload        | Implemented                      |
+| DeleteBucket                 | Unsupported (see below)          |
+| DeleteObject                 | Implemented                      |
+| DeleteObjects                | Implemented                      |
+| GetBucketLocation            | Implemented                      |
+| GetBucketVersioning          | Stub (see below)                 |
+| GetObject                    | Implemented                      |
+| HeadBucket                   | Implemented                      |
+| HeadObject                   | Implemented                      |
+| ListBuckets                  | Implemented                      |
+| ListObjects                  | Implemented, bugs? (see below)   |
+| ListObjectsV2                | Implemented                      |
+| PutObject                    | Implemented                      |
+| UploadPart                   | Implemented                      |
+
+
+
+- **CreateBucket:** Garage does not yet accept creating buckets or giving access using API calls, it has to be done using the CLI tools. CreateBucket will return a 200 if the bucket exists and user has write access, and a 403 Forbidden in all other cases.
+
+- **DeleteBucket:** Garage does not yet accept deleting buckets using API calls, it has to be done using the CLI tools. This request will return a 403 Forbidden.
+
+- **GetBucketVersioning:** Stub implementation (Garage does not yet support versionning so this always returns
+"versionning not enabled").
+
+- **ListObjects:** Implemented, but there isn't a very good specification of what `encoding-type=url` covers so there might be some encoding bugs. In our implementation the url-encoded fields are in the same in ListObjects as they are in ListObjectsV2.
+

doc/book/src/working_documents/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Working Documents
+
+Working documents are documents that reflect the fact that Garage is a software that evolves quickly.
+They are a way to communicate our ideas, our changes, and so on before or while we are implementing them in Garage.
+If you like to live on the edge, it could also serve as a documentation of our next features to be released.
+
+Ideally, once the feature/patch has been merged, the working document should serve as a source to 
+update the rest of the documentation and then be removed.

doc/book/src/working_documents/load_balancing.md

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# Load Balancing Data (planned for version 0.2)
+
+I have conducted a quick study of different methods to load-balance data over different Garage nodes using consistent hashing.
+
+## Requirements
+
+- *good balancing*: two nodes that have the same announced capacity should receive close to the same number of items
+
+- *multi-datacenter*: the replicas of a partition should be distributed over as many datacenters as possible
+
+- *minimal disruption*: when adding or removing a node, as few partitions as possible should have to move around
+
+- *order-agnostic*: the same set of nodes (each associated with a datacenter name
+  and a capacity) should always return the same distribution of partition
+  replicas, independently of the order in which nodes were added/removed (this
+  is to keep the implementation simple)
+
+## Methods
+
+### Naive multi-DC ring walking strategy
+
+This strategy can be used with any ring-like algorithm to make it aware of the *multi-datacenter* requirement:
+
+In this method, the ring is a list of positions, each associated with a single node in the cluster.
+Partitions contain all the keys between two consecutive items of the ring.
+To find the nodes that store replicas of a given partition:
+
+- select the node for the position of the partition's lower bound
+- go clockwise on the ring, skipping nodes that:
+  - we halve already selected
+  - are in a datacenter of a node we have selected, except if we already have nodes from all possible datacenters
+
+In this way the selected nodes will always be distributed over
+`min(n_datacenters, n_replicas)` different datacenters, which is the best we
+can do.
+
+This method was implemented in the first version of Garage, with the basic
+ring construction from Dynamo DB that consists in associating `n_token` random positions to
+each node (I know it's not optimal, the Dynamo paper already studies this).
+
+### Better rings
+
+The ring construction that selects `n_token` random positions for each nodes gives a ring of positions that
+is not well-balanced: the space between the tokens varies a lot, and some partitions are thus bigger than others.
+This problem was demonstrated in the original Dynamo DB paper.
+
+To solve this, we want to apply a better second method for partitionning our dataset:
+
+1. fix an initially large number of partitions (say 1024) with evenly-spaced delimiters, 
+
+2. attribute each partition randomly to a node, with a probability
+   proportionnal to its capacity (which `n_tokens` represented in the first
+   method)
+
+For now we continue using the multi-DC ring walking described above.
+
+I have studied two ways to do the attribution of partitions to nodes, in a way that is deterministic:
+
+- Min-hash: for each partition, select node that minimizes `hash(node, partition_number)`
+- MagLev: see [here](https://blog.acolyer.org/2016/03/21/maglev-a-fast-and-reliable-software-network-load-balancer/)
+
+MagLev provided significantly better balancing, as it guarantees that the exact
+same number of partitions is attributed to all nodes that have the same
+capacity (and that this number is proportionnal to the node's capacity, except
+for large values), however in both cases:
+
+- the distribution is still bad, because we use the naive multi-DC ring walking
+  that behaves strangely due to interactions between consecutive positions on
+  the ring
+
+- the disruption in case of adding/removing a node is not as low as it can be,
+  as we show with the following method.
+
+A quick description of MagLev (backend = node, lookup table = ring):
+
+> The basic idea of Maglev hashing is to assign a preference list of all the
+> lookup table positions to each backend. Then all the backends take turns
+> filling their most-preferred table positions that are still empty, until the
+> lookup table is completely filled in. Hence, Maglev hashing gives an almost
+> equal share of the lookup table to each of the backends. Heterogeneous
+> backend weights can be achieved by altering the relative frequency of the
+> backends’ turns…
+
+Here are some stats (run `scripts/simulate_ring.py` to reproduce):
+
+```
+##### Custom-ring (min-hash) #####
+
+#partitions per node (capacity in parenthesis):
+- datura (8) :  227
+- digitale (8) :  351
+- drosera (8) :  259
+- geant (16) :  476
+- gipsie (16) :  410
+- io (16) :  495
+- isou (8) :  231
+- mini (4) :  149
+- mixi (4) :  188
+- modi (4) :  127
+- moxi (4) :  159
+
+Variance of load distribution for load normalized to intra-class mean
+(a class being the set of nodes with the same announced capacity): 2.18%     <-- REALLY BAD
+
+Disruption when removing nodes (partitions moved on 0/1/2/3 nodes):
+removing atuin digitale : 63.09% 30.18% 6.64% 0.10%
+removing atuin drosera : 72.36% 23.44% 4.10% 0.10%
+removing atuin datura : 73.24% 21.48% 5.18% 0.10%
+removing jupiter io : 48.34% 38.48% 12.30% 0.88%
+removing jupiter isou : 74.12% 19.73% 6.05% 0.10%
+removing grog mini : 84.47% 12.40% 2.93% 0.20%
+removing grog mixi : 80.76% 16.60% 2.64% 0.00%
+removing grog moxi : 83.59% 14.06% 2.34% 0.00%
+removing grog modi : 87.01% 11.43% 1.46% 0.10%
+removing grisou geant : 48.24% 37.40% 13.67% 0.68%
+removing grisou gipsie : 53.03% 33.59% 13.09% 0.29%
+on average:  69.84% 23.53% 6.40% 0.23%                  <-- COULD BE BETTER
+
+--------
+
+##### MagLev #####
+
+#partitions per node:
+- datura (8) :  273
+- digitale (8) :  256
+- drosera (8) :  267
+- geant (16) :  452
+- gipsie (16) :  427
+- io (16) :  483
+- isou (8) :  272
+- mini (4) :  184
+- mixi (4) :  160
+- modi (4) :  144
+- moxi (4) :  154
+
+Variance of load distribution: 0.37%                <-- Already much better, but not optimal
+
+Disruption when removing nodes (partitions moved on 0/1/2/3 nodes):
+removing atuin digitale : 62.60% 29.20% 7.91% 0.29%
+removing atuin drosera : 65.92% 26.56% 7.23% 0.29%
+removing atuin datura : 63.96% 27.83% 7.71% 0.49%
+removing jupiter io : 44.63% 40.33% 14.06% 0.98%
+removing jupiter isou : 63.38% 27.25% 8.98% 0.39%
+removing grog mini : 72.46% 21.00% 6.35% 0.20%
+removing grog mixi : 72.95% 22.46% 4.39% 0.20%
+removing grog moxi : 74.22% 20.61% 4.98% 0.20%
+removing grog modi : 75.98% 18.36% 5.27% 0.39%
+removing grisou geant : 46.97% 36.62% 15.04% 1.37%
+removing grisou gipsie : 49.22% 36.52% 12.79% 1.46%
+on average:  62.94% 27.89% 8.61% 0.57%                  <-- WORSE THAN PREVIOUSLY
+```
+
+### The magical solution: multi-DC aware MagLev
+
+Suppose we want to select three replicas for each partition (this is what we do in our simulation and in most Garage deployments).
+We apply MagLev three times consecutively, one for each replica selection.
+The first time is pretty much the same as normal MagLev, but for the following times, when a node runs through its preference
+list to select a partition to replicate, we skip partitions for which adding this node would not bring datacenter-diversity.
+More precisely, we skip a partition in the preference list if:
+
+- the node already replicates the partition (from one of the previous rounds of MagLev)
+- the node is in a datacenter where a node already replicates the partition and there are other datacenters available
+
+Refer to `method4` in the simulation script for a formal definition.
+
+```
+##### Multi-DC aware MagLev #####
+
+#partitions per node:
+- datura (8) :  268                 <-- NODES WITH THE SAME CAPACITY
+- digitale (8) :  267                   HAVE THE SAME NUM OF PARTITIONS
+- drosera (8) :  267                    (+- 1)
+- geant (16) :  470
+- gipsie (16) :  472
+- io (16) :  516
+- isou (8) :  268
+- mini (4) :  136
+- mixi (4) :  136
+- modi (4) :  136
+- moxi (4) :  136
+
+Variance of load distribution: 0.06%                <-- CAN'T DO BETTER THAN THIS
+
+Disruption when removing nodes (partitions moved on 0/1/2/3 nodes):
+removing atuin digitale : 65.72% 33.01% 1.27% 0.00%
+removing atuin drosera : 64.65% 33.89% 1.37% 0.10%
+removing atuin datura : 66.11% 32.62% 1.27% 0.00%
+removing jupiter io : 42.97% 53.42% 3.61% 0.00%
+removing jupiter isou : 66.11% 32.32% 1.56% 0.00%
+removing grog mini : 80.47% 18.85% 0.68% 0.00%
+removing grog mixi : 80.27% 18.85% 0.88% 0.00%
+removing grog moxi : 80.18% 19.04% 0.78% 0.00%
+removing grog modi : 79.69% 19.92% 0.39% 0.00%
+removing grisou geant : 44.63% 52.15% 3.22% 0.00%
+removing grisou gipsie : 43.55% 52.54% 3.91% 0.00%
+on average:  64.94% 33.33% 1.72% 0.01%                  <-- VERY GOOD (VERY LOW VALUES FOR 2 AND 3 NODES)
+```

doc/book/src/working_documents/migration_04.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Migrating from 0.3 to 0.4
+
+**Migrating from 0.3 to 0.4 is unsupported. This document is only intended to
+document the process internally for the Deuxfleurs cluster where we have to do
+it. Do not try it yourself, you will lose your data and we will not help you.**
+
+**Migrating from 0.2 to 0.4 will break everything for sure. Never try it.**
+
+The internal data format of Garage hasn't changed much between 0.3 and 0.4.
+The Sled database is still the same, and the data directory as well.
+
+The following has changed, all in the meta directory:
+
+- `node_id` in 0.3 contains the identifier of the current node. In 0.4, this
+  file does nothing and should be deleted. It is replaced by `node_key` (the
+  secret key) and `node_key.pub` (the associated public key). A node's
+  identifier on the ring is its public key.
+
+- `peer_info` in 0.3 contains the list of peers saved automatically by Garage.
+  The format has changed and it is now stored in `peer_list` (`peer_info`
+  should be deleted).
+
+When migrating, all node identifiers will change. This also means that the
+affectation of data partitions on the ring will change, and lots of data will
+have to be rebalanced.
+
+- If your cluster has only 3 nodes, all nodes store everything, therefore nothing has to be rebalanced.
+
+- If your cluster has only 4 nodes, for any partition there will always be at
+  least 2 nodes that stored data before that still store it after. Therefore
+  the migration should in theory be transparent and Garage should continue to
+  work during the rebalance.
+
+- If your cluster has 5 or more nodes, data will disappear during the
+  migration. Do not migrate (fortunately we don't have this scenario at
+  Deuxfleurs), or if you do, make Garage unavailable until things stabilize
+  (disable web and api access).
+
+
+The migration steps are as follows:
+
+1. Prepare a new configuration file for 0.4. For each node, point to the same
+   meta and data directories as Garage 0.3. Basically, the things that change
+   are the following:
+
+  - No more `rpc_tls` section
+  - You have to generate a shared `rpc_secret` and put it in all config files
+  - `bootstrap_peers` has a different syntax as it has to contain node keys.
+    Leave it empty and use `garage node-id` and `garage node connect` instead (new features of 0.4)
+  - put the publicly accessible RPC address of your node in `rpc_public_addr` if possible (its optional but recommended)
+  - If you are using Consul, change the `consul_service_name` to NOT be the name advertised by Nomad.
+    Now Garage is responsible for advertising its own service itself.
+
+2. Disable api and web access for some time (Garage does not support disabling
+   these endpoints but you can change the port number or stop your reverse
+   proxy for instance).
+
+3. Do `garage repair -a --yes tables` and `garage repair -a --yes blocks`,
+   check the logs and check that all data seems to be synced correctly between
+   nodes.
+
+4. Save somewhere the output of `garage status`. We will need this to remember
+   how to reconfigure nodes in 0.4.
+
+5. Turn off Garage 0.3
+
+6. Backup metadata folders if you can (i.e. if you have space to do it
+   somewhere). Backuping data folders could also be usefull but that's much
+   harder to do. If your filesystem supports snapshots, this could be a good
+   time to use them.
+
+7. Turn on Garage 0.4
+
+8. At this point, running `garage status` should indicate that all nodes of the
+   previous cluster are "unavailable". The nodes have new identifiers that
+   should appear in healthy nodes once they can talk to one another (use
+   `garage node connect` if necessary`). They should have NO ROLE ASSIGNED at
+   the moment.
+
+9. Prepare a script with several `garage node configure` commands that replace
+   each of the v0.3 node ID with the corresponding v0.4 node ID, with the same
+   zone/tag/capacity. For example if your node `drosera` had identifier `c24e`
+   before and now has identifier `789a`, and it was configured with capacity
+   `2` in zone `dc1`, put the following command in your script:
+
+```bash
+garage node configure 789a -z dc1 -c 2 -t drosera --replace c24e
+```
+
+10. Run your reconfiguration script. Check that the new output of `garage
+	status` contains the correct node IDs with the correct values for capacity
+	and zone. Old nodes should no longer be mentioned.
+
+11. If your cluster has 4 nodes or less, and you are feeling adventurous, you
+	can reenable Web and API access now. Things will probably work.
+
+12. Garage might already be resyncing stuff. Issue a `garage repair -a --yes
+	tables` and `garage repair -a --yes blocks` to force it to do so.
+
+13. Wait for resyncing activity to stop in the logs. Do steps 12 and 13 two or
+	three times, until you see that when you issue the repair commands, nothing
+	gets resynced any longer.
+
+14. Your upgraded cluster should be in a working state. Re-enable API and Web
+	access and check that everything went well.

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doc/talks/2020-12-02_wide-team/.gitignore

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+*
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doc/talks/2020-12-02_wide-team/Makefile

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+	pdflatex talk.tex
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+         style="font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:bold;font-stretch:normal;font-size:5.64444px;font-family:'Liberation Mono';-inkscape-font-specification:'Liberation Mono Bold';stroke-width:0.264583">Blocks table</tspan></text>
+  </g>
+</svg>

doc/talks/2020-12-02_wide-team/talk.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+%\nonstopmode
+\documentclass[aspectratio=169]{beamer}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+% \usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{mathtools}
+\usepackage{breqn}
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\usetheme{Luebeck}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+%\useoutertheme[footline=authortitle,subsection=false]{miniframes}
+
+\beamertemplatenavigationsymbolsempty
+\setbeamertemplate{footline}
+{%
+  \leavevmode%
+  \hbox{\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.15\paperwidth,ht=2.5ex,dp=1.125ex,leftskip=.3cm,rightskip=.3cm plus1fill]{author in head/foot}%
+    \usebeamerfont{author in head/foot} \insertframenumber{} / \inserttotalframenumber
+  \end{beamercolorbox}%
+  \begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.2\paperwidth,ht=2.5ex,dp=1.125ex,leftskip=.3cm plus1fill,rightskip=.3cm]{author in head/foot}%
+    \usebeamerfont{author in head/foot}\insertshortauthor
+  \end{beamercolorbox}%
+  \begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=.65\paperwidth,ht=2.5ex,dp=1.125ex,leftskip=.3cm,rightskip=.3cm plus1fil]{title in head/foot}%
+    \usebeamerfont{title in head/foot}\insertshorttitle~--~\insertshortdate
+  \end{beamercolorbox}}%
+  \vskip0pt%
+}
+
+\usepackage{tabu}
+\usepackage{multicol}
+\usepackage{vwcol}
+\usepackage{stmaryrd}
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+
+\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
+
+\title[Garage : jouer dans la cour des grands quand on est un hébergeur associatif]{Garage : jouer dans la cour des grands \\quand on est un hébergeur associatif}
+\subtitle{(ou pourquoi on a décidé de réinventer la roue)}
+\author[Q. Dufour \& A. Auvolat]{Quentin Dufour \& Alex Auvolat}
+\date[02/12/2020]{Mercredi 2 décembre 2020}
+
+\begin{document}
+
+\begin{frame}
+	\titlepage
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+	\frametitle{La question qui tue}
+	
+	\begin{center}
+		\includegraphics[scale=3]{img/sync.png} \\
+		\Huge Pourquoi vous n'hébergez pas vos fichiers chez vous ? \\
+	\end{center}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[t]
+	\frametitle{La cour des grands}
+
+	\begin{columns}[t]
+	\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+		{\huge Le modèle du cloud...}
+	 
+	\begin{center}
+		\includegraphics[scale=0.08]{img/cloud.png}
+	\end{center}
+	
+		+ \underline{intégrité} : plus de perte de données
+	
+		+ \underline{disponibilité} : tout le temps accessible
+		
+		+ \underline{service} : rien à gérer
+	
+		\vspace{0.15cm}
+		\textbf{changement des comportements}
+	\end{column}
+	\pause
+	\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+		{\huge ...et son prix}
+	 
+	\begin{center}
+		\includegraphics[scale=0.07]{img/dc.jpg}
+	\end{center}
+	
+		- matériel couteux et polluant
+	
+		- logiciels secrets
+	
+		- gestion opaque
+	
+		\vspace{0.2cm}
+		\textbf{prisonnier de l'écosystème}
+	\end{column}
+	\end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}[t]
+	\frametitle{Garage l'imposteur}
+
+	\begin{columns}[t]
+	\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+		{\huge Ressemble à du cloud...}
+	 
+	\begin{center}
+		\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{img/shh.jpg}
+	\end{center}
+	
+	+ \underline{compatible} avec les apps existantes
+	
+	+ \underline{fonctionne} avec le mobile
+	
+	+ \underline{s'adapte} aux habitudes prises
+	
+	
+	\end{column}
+	
+	\pause
+	\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+		{\huge ...fait du P2P}
+	
+	\begin{center}
+		\includegraphics[scale=1]{img/death.jpg}
+	\end{center}
+	
+	\vspace{0.4cm}
+	
+	+ \underline{contrôle} de l'infrastructure
+	
+	+ \underline{transparent} code libre 
+	
+	+ \underline{sobre} fonctionne avec de vieilles machines à la maison
+	\end{column}
+	\end{columns}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\graphicspath{{img/}}
+
+\begin{frame}
+	\frametitle{Mais donc, c'est quoi Garage ?}
+
+	\begin{columns}[t]
+	\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+		\centering
+		\textbf{Un système de stockage distribué}
+		\vspace{1em}
+
+			\includegraphics[width=.7\columnwidth]{img/garage_distributed.pdf}
+	\end{column}
+	\pause
+
+	\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
+		\centering
+		\textbf{qui implémente l'API S3}
+		\vspace{2em}
+
+		\includegraphics[width=.7\columnwidth]{img/Amazon-S3.jpg}
+	\end{column}
+	\end{columns}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+	\frametitle{Consistent Hashing (DynamoDB)}
+	\textbf{Comment répartir les fichiers sur les différentes machines ?}
+	\vspace{1em}
+
+	\centering
+
+	\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.55\columnwidth]{img/consistent_hashing_1.pdf}}%
+	\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.55\columnwidth]{img/consistent_hashing_2.pdf}}%
+	\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.55\columnwidth]{img/consistent_hashing_3.pdf}}%
+	\only<4>{\includegraphics[width=.55\columnwidth]{img/consistent_hashing_4.pdf}}%
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+	\frametitle{Garage Internals : 3 niveaux de consistent hashing}
+	\centering
+	\includegraphics[width=.85\columnwidth]{img/garage_tables.pdf}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+	\frametitle{Modèles de cohérence}
+	Garage utilise un modèle de cohérence relativement faible :
+	\vspace{1em}
+
+	\begin{itemize}
+		\item Objets répliqués 3 fois, quorum de 2 pour les lectures et les écritures\\
+			$\to$ cohérence \textbf{``read your writes''}
+			\vspace{1em}
+		\item<2-> Types de donnée CRDT + mécanisme d'anti-entropie\\
+			$\to$ cohérence \textbf{à terme} (eventual consistency)
+			\vspace{1em}
+		\item<3-> Cela s'applique pour chaque fichier individuellement :\\
+			pas de linéarisabilté ou de cohérence causale entre les opérations\\
+			sur des fichiers différents
+			\vspace{1em}
+		\item<4-> \textbf{Avantage :} convient bien à un déploiement géodistribué (multi-datacenter)
+	\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}
+
+\begin{frame}
+	\frametitle{Rust : retour d'expérience}
+
+	\begin{columns}
+	\begin{column}{0.55\textwidth}
+		Garage est entièrement écrit en Rust !
+		\vspace{2em}
+
+		\textbf{Points forts :}
+		\vspace{.5em}
+		\begin{itemize}
+			\item Langage compilé, très rapide
+				\vspace{.5em}
+			\item Typage fort, beaucoup de sécurités
+				\vspace{.5em}
+			\item Le meilleur de plusieurs paradigmes:
+				fonctionnel, orienté objet, impératif
+				\vspace{.5em}
+			\item Un écosytème de librairies très complet:
+				serialisation, async/await, http, ...
+		\end{itemize}
+	\end{column}
+	
+	\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
+		\begin{centering}
+			\hspace{2em}\includegraphics[width=0.55\columnwidth]{img/rustacean-flat-happy.png}
+		\end{centering}
+
+		\vspace{2em}
+		\textbf{Points faibles :}
+		\vspace{.5em}
+		\begin{itemize}
+			\item Les temps de compilation...
+				\vspace{.5em}
+			\item Compliqué à apprendre
+		\end{itemize}
+		\vspace{2em}
+	\end{column}
+	\end{columns}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+\end{document}
+
+%% vim: set ts=4 sw=4 tw=0 noet spelllang=fr :

doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+*.bbl
+*.aux
+*.bcf
+*.blg
+*.log
+*.run.xml
+*.synctex.gz
+build/
+main.pdf
+figures/crdt.pdf

doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+.PHONY: all viewpdf pdf clean
+
+TARGET       = main
+SOURCE_FILES = $(shell find . -type f -name "*.tex" -print)
+CLASS_FILES  = $(shell find . -type f -name "*.cls" -print)
+BIB_FILES    = $(shell find . -type f -name "*.bib" -print)
+FIGURES      = $(shell find . -path "./figures/*" -type f -print)
+BUILD_PATH   = build
+BUILD_FILES  = $(shell find $(BUILD_PATH) -type f -print)
+
+BIB_PROCESSOR := biber
+
+.PHONY: all pdf clean figures
+
+all: pdf
+
+pdf: $(TARGET).pdf
+
+clean:
+	@rm $(TARGET).pdf $(BUILD_FILES) > /dev/null 2>&1 || exit 0
+
+figures: figures/crdt.pdf
+
+$(TARGET).pdf: figures $(FIGURES) $(SOURCE_FILES) $(BIB_FILES) $(CLASS_FILES)
+	@mkdir -p $(BUILD_PATH) > /dev/null 2>&1 || exit 0
+	@pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -jobname=$(TARGET) -output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET).tex
+	@$(BIB_PROCESSOR) --output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET)
+	@pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -jobname=$(TARGET) -output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET).tex # For biber
+	@pdflatex -interaction=nonstopmode -jobname=$(TARGET) -output-directory $(BUILD_PATH) $(TARGET).tex # For biber
+	@ln -fs $(BUILD_PATH)/$(TARGET).pdf $(TARGET).pdf
+
+figures/crdt.pdf: figures/svg/crdt.svg
+	@inkscape -C --file=$< --export-pdf=$@

doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Presentation of Garage by Adrien on April, 28th 2021, for his research team [Spirals](https://team.inria.fr/spirals/).

doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/bibliography.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+
+@inproceedings{brewer_towards_2000,
+  title = {Towards {{Robust Distributed Systems}}},
+  booktitle = {{{ACM PODC}}},
+  author = {Brewer, Eric},
+  year = {2000}
+}
+
+
+
+@incollection{defago_conflict-free_2011,
+  title = {Conflict-{{Free Replicated Data Types}}},
+  booktitle = {Stabilization, {{Safety}}, and {{Security}} of {{Distributed Systems}}},
+  author = {Shapiro, Marc and Pregui{\c c}a, Nuno and Baquero, Carlos and Zawirski, Marek},
+  year = {2011},
+  address = {{Berlin, Heidelberg}},
+}
+
+
+@inproceedings{decandia_dynamo:_2007,
+  title = {Dynamo: {{Amazon}}'s {{Highly Available Key}}-Value {{Store}}},
+  booktitle = {{ACM SOSP}},
+  author = {DeCandia, Giuseppe and Hastorun, Deniz and Jampani, Madan and Kakulapati, Gunavardhan and Lakshman, Avinash and Pilchin, Alex and Sivasubramanian, Swaminathan and Vosshall, Peter and Vogels, Werner},
+  year = {2007},
+  address = {{New York, USA}},
+}
+

doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/conclusion.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+\section{Conclusion}
+
+\begin{frame}{The future is cooler when we bend it our way}
+
+Contributions welcome! :D
+
+\end{frame}

doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/escaping_the_cloud.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+\section{Escaping the cloud}
+
+% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% \begin{frame}{Down to Earth with home-hosting}
+
+
+% \todo{Stanley Parabole reference?}
+
+% \end{frame}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{Why?}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item \textbf{Privacy}: no prying eyes besides your ISP
+	\item \textbf{Control} of your infrastructure
+	\item \textbf{Ecology}: reuse old hardware
+\end{itemize}
+
+\vfill
+\begin{block}{\emph{Tim Berners-Lee} (1994)}
+``Now, if someone tries to monopolize the Web, for example pushes proprietary variations on network protocols, then that would make me unhappy.''
+\end{block}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Make Tim Berners-Lee happy
+\end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{What?}
+
+\centering\Large
+A data store for commodity hardware on heterogenous household connections. 
+
+
+\vfill\raggedright\normalsize
+
+
+\begin{block}{Targetting user-facing services}
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Static sites 
+	\item E-mails
+	\item Instant communication
+	%\item Video streaming % No need for a data store
+	\item Collaboration 
+\end{itemize}
+\end{block}
+\vfill
+
+Nothing fancy like sensors data streams, AI or IoT.
+
+\end{frame}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{What?}
+
+
+\begin{block}{Requirements}
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item \textbf{No single point of failure} / flat hierarchy: 
+
+	Any node can die for extended periods of time.
+	\item \textbf{Multi-site}: cluster spans regions/countries.
+	\item \textbf{Acceptable performance}.
+	\item \textbf{Lightweight}: targets legacy hardware.
+	\item \textbf{Conceptually simple}: built for low-tech organisations.
+
+	Adding/maintaining cluster nodes should be easy.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{block}
+\vfill 
+
+\begin{block}{Non-goals}
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item \textbf{Super badass performance}.
+	\item \textbf{NAT traversal} etc.: we require full-mesh connectivity.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{block}
+\end{frame}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{How?}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Theoretically possible with object storage \& CRDTs.
+	\vfill
+	\item Household uplinks are getting decent (optical fibers).
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+
+\end{frame}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{Research Questions}
+
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Decent performance despite bad inter-node connectivity.
+	\vfill
+
+	\item Tailoring workloads as a function of nodes' capabilities:
+
+	\begin{itemize}
+		\item Make use of low-end nodes (e.g. Raspberry Pis),
+		\item Avoid impeding global performance because of low-end nodes.
+	\end{itemize}
+	\vfill
+
+	\item Building CRDTs for target use-cases:
+
+	\begin{itemize}
+		\item Software engineering: DSL or native code?
+		\item Provide APIs to data store users? Risky?
+	\end{itemize}
+	\vfill
+
+	\item Cluster management: effortless UX, low perf. overhead.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{frame}

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doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/garage.tex

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+\section{Introducing Garage}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{Brought to you by the Deuxfleurs association}
+
+\begin{block}{\textbf{deuxfleurs.fr} -- a libre hosting association with a vision}
+``Shifting the current structure of the Internet from a world of a few very large service providers, to a world where services are hosted by a variety of smaller organisations.''	
+\end{block}
+
+
+\begin{block}{Our goals}
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item To propose performant \& reliable libre services for the masses
+	\item To host and administer our infrastructure ourselves
+	\item To allow members to contribute storage/compute nodes
+	\item Resilience: for availability \& the sysadmins' sleep 
+	\item Conceptual simplicity to ease onboarding \& demistify hosting
+\end{itemize}
+\end{block}
+
+
+\end{frame}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{The lacking state of the practice}
+
+\begin{block}{Object storage fitted our needs}
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Distributed by design
+	\item Objects are replicated
+	\item Conceptually simple
+\end{itemize}
+\end{block}
+\vfill 
+
+\begin{block}{Existing object stores did not}
+	\begin{itemize}
+		\item Too specific / complex 
+		\item Resource hungry 
+		\item Hidden constraints 
+	\end{itemize}
+\end{block}
+\vfill
+
+We developed Garage, an object store with minimal functionality.
+
+It works, and serves our static sites and media.
+
+\end{frame}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{Introducing Garage}
+
+\centering
+\url{garagehq.deuxfleurs.fr}
+
+\url{git.deuxfleurs.fr/Deuxfleurs/garage}
+
+\includegraphics[width=.4\columnwidth]{figures/garage_distributed.png}
+\vfill
+
+\raggedright
+\begin{itemize}
+	\item Distributed data store
+	\item Based on DynamoDB object store (P2P!)
+	\item Modular data types/protocols with CRDTs:
+	\begin{itemize}
+		\item Done: objects (media, static sites, backups...) via S3 API 
+		\item To do: e-mails via IMAP protocol, and more
+	\end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\end{frame}
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}[t]{The \textbf{RING}}
+
+\centering
+\fullcite{decandia_dynamo:_2007}
+\vspace{3ex}
+
+\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c1.pdf}}%
+\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c2.pdf}}%
+\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c3.pdf}}%
+\only<4>{\includegraphics[width=.5\columnwidth]{figures/c4.pdf}}%
+\vspace{5ex}
+
+%\raggedright
+\only<1>{Each node is assigned a unique ID on the circular address space.}%
+\only<2-3>{When a new object is added to the store...}%
+\only<3>{\\ It is assigned a unique ID (its \emph{key}) on the address space.}%
+\only<4>{The $R$ nodes after the object are in charge of replicating it.}%
+
+\end{frame}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{Distributed metadata}
+
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.8\columnwidth]{figures/garage_tables.pdf}
+\vfill
+
+The objects, versions and blocks are all stored in the ring.
+
+\end{frame}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\begin{frame}{Written in Rust}
+
+\begin{columns}
+\column{.65\columnwidth}
+Entirely written in Rust!
+\column{.35\columnwidth}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[width=.85\columnwidth]{figures/rustacean-flat-happy.png}
+\end{columns}
+\vfill
+
+\begin{columns}
+\column[t]{.6\columnwidth}
+	\textbf{Pros:}
+	\begin{itemize}
+		\item Compiled and fast
+		\item Features prevent usual mistakes:
+
+		strongly typed, immutable by default, ownership instead of GC...
+
+		\item Best of several paradigms:
+
+		imperative, OO, functional
+
+		\item Good libraries for network programmings:
+
+		serialization, http, async/await...
+	\end{itemize}
+\column[t]{.4\columnwidth}
+	\textbf{Cons}:
+	\begin{itemize}
+		\item Steep learning curve
+		\item Long compilation times
+		\item Compiler rage
+	\end{itemize}
+\end{columns}
+
+\end{frame}

doc/talks/2021-04-28_spirals-team/header.tex

@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+%% Imports %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\usepackage{graphicx}
+\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
+\usepackage{csquotes} % Elegant quotes (must be loaded before babel)
+\usepackage[english]{babel}
+\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
+% \usepackage{amsfonts}
+% \usepackage{amssymb}
+%\usepackage{lmodern}
+\usepackage{iwona}
+\usepackage{color}
+\usepackage{xspace}
+\usepackage{amsmath}
+\usepackage{hanging}
+\usepackage{listings}
+\lstset{basicstyle=\scriptsize}
+\usepackage{tikz}
+\usepackage{tikzsymbols} % For emojis
+%\usepackage{setspace} % Activation disables footnoes
+\usepackage{perpage} % Reset footnote counter every page
+\MakePerPage{footnote}
+\usepackage{nameref} % For printing the sections' name
+\usepackage{hyperref}
+
+%% Biblio %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\usepackage[style=alphabetic,giveninits=true,sorting=none,hyperref,backend=biber,maxnames=3]{biblatex}
+\addbibresource{bibliography.bib}
+
+%% Templating %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\usepackage{pgf}
+\usepackage{xifthen, tikz}
+
+\usetheme{default} 
+
+\makeatletter
+
+
+%%% colors
+\definecolor{bleuroi}{RGB}{0, 8, 88}
+\definecolor{vertemeraude}{RGB}{0, 64, 44}
+\definecolor{lightgray}{RGB}{245,245,245}
+\definecolor{encre_de_chine}{RGB}{9,36,53}
+\definecolor{im_lost_in_your_eyes}{RGB}{110,138,159}
+\definecolor{metallic_grey}{RGB}{209,219,221}
+\definecolor{metallic_white}{RGB}{229,239,241}
+\definecolor{boss}{RGB}{229,72,27}
+\definecolor{toon_eyes}{RGB}{3,4,6}
+
+\setbeamercolor{frametitle}{bg=bleuroi,fg=white}
+\setbeamercolor*{normal text}{fg=toon_eyes,bg=white} 
+\setbeamercolor*{block title}{fg=white,bg=vertemeraude}
+\setbeamercolor*{block body}{fg=toon_eyes,bg=vertemeraude!5}
+\setbeamercolor{alerted text}{fg=vertemeraude}
+\setbeamercolor*{example text}{fg=toon_eyes,bg=white} 
+\setbeamercolor*{structure}{fg=bleuroi,bg=white}
+% sectionnavigation:
+\setbeamercolor*{section in head/foot}{fg=bleuroi,bg=white}
+
+% \let\oldtextbf\textbf
+% \renewcommand{\textbf}[1]{\textcolor{bleuroi}{\oldtextbf{#1}}}
+
+%%% Rounded boxes with no shading
+\pgfdeclareverticalshading[lower.bg,upper.bg]{bmb@transition}{200cm}{%
+  color(0pt)=(upper.bg); color(2pt)=(upper.bg); color(4pt)=(upper.bg)}
+\setbeamertemplate{blocks}[rounded][shadow=false]
+
+%%% Who on Earth uses navigation bars?
+\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{}
+
+
+%%% Headline with sections
+\setbeamertemplate{headline}
+{%
+  \begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=\paperwidth,dp=.5ex,ht=2ex]{section in head/foot}
+    \insertsectionnavigationhorizontal{\paperwidth}{\hskip0pt plus1fill}{\hskip0pt plus1fill}\par % Centered
+    %\insertsectionnavigationhorizontal{\paperwidth}{}{\hfill\hfill} % Left aligned
+  \end{beamercolorbox}%
+}
+% Set the colors of the section bar
+\usesectionheadtemplate
+  {\colorbox{fg}{\color{bg} \insertsectionhead}}
+  {\color{fg!40!bg} \insertsectionhead}
+
+% \newlength\lpg@linewd
+% \setbox0=\hbox{\strut}
+% \newlength\strutht \strutht\ht0
+% \newlength\strutdp \strutdp\dp0
+
+\setbeamertemplate{frametitle}
+{
+  \begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=\paperwidth,dp=1ex,ht=2.6ex,leftskip=.7cm,rightskip=.7cm]{frametitle}
+    %\vskip-1ex
+    %[wd=\lpg@linewd, ht=\strutht, dp=\strutdp]{frametitle}
+    %\vskip-.8ex\hskip0.7cm
+    %\vskip-.8ex
+    \usebeamerfont{frametitle}\strut\insertframetitle
+    \ifx\insertframesubtitle\@empty
+    \else
+    \hfill \usebeamerfont{framesubtitle}\strut\insertframesubtitle
+    \fi%
+  \end{beamercolorbox}
+}
+
+
+%%% Page numbering in footline
+\setbeamertemplate{footline}{
+\hbox{\begin{beamercolorbox}[wd=1\paperwidth,ht=2.5ex,dp=1ex,right]{framenumber in head/foot}%
+    \usebeamerfont{framenumber in head/foot}%
+    %\insertframenumber\space/\space\inserttotalframenumber\hspace{0.3em}
+    \insertframenumber\hspace{0.5em}
+\end{beamercolorbox}}}
+
+%%% Reduce foot citation size
+\renewcommand{\footnotesize}{\tiny}
+
+%%% Display footnotes (not working, still no footnotes)
+% \setbeamertemplate{footnote}{%
+%   \hangpara{2em}{1}%
+%   \makebox[2em][l]{\insertfootnotemark}\footnotesize\insertfootnotetext\par%
+% }
+
+
+\makeatother
+
+%% Commentaires %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\newcommand{\annote}[3]{{
+    \colorbox{#3}{\bfseries\sffamily\footnotesize\textcolor{white}{#2}}
+    \color{#3}
+    $\blacktriangleright$\textit{#1}$\blacktriangleleft$}
+}
+%% Uncomment for final version (removes notes)
+%\renewcommand{\annote}[3]{}
+
+\newcommand{\todo}[1]{\annote{#1}{TODO}{green}}