rustfs/.github/workflows

Workflow runners: what is billed and where a job belongs

Use this when: adding a job, changing a runs-on, moving a lane between runner pools, or deciding whether a new check is worth its runner cost. Source of truth: runs-on in each workflow file for current placement; .github/actionlint.yaml for the declared self-hosted labels; the organisation's Settings → Billing → Usage page for what is actually charged; docs/testing/ci-gates.md for which checks block a merge (that does not change when a runner changes).

Billing facts

This repository is public. For a public repository, GitHub's standard hosted runners (ubuntu-latest, windows-latest, macos-latest) cost nothing and have no minute cap, whatever plan the organisation is on. GitHub bills only two things: larger hosted runners, which have custom labels and are not used here, and standard runners in private repositories.

Every other label in this repository is capacity RustFS pays for by the hour whether or not a job is running well:

Label	Paid by	What it is	Use it for
ubuntu-latest	nobody	GitHub-hosted, Ubuntu 24.04, 4 vCPU, 16 GB RAM, about 14 GB of free disk. Ships a C toolchain, docker, gh, curl, wget, jq, Python. Can mount tmpfs and loop devices; io_uring works	the default for every job
windows-latest, macos-latest	nobody	GitHub-hosted standard runners	Windows and macOS targets
sm-standard-2	RustFS	ARC pod, Ubuntu 24.04, minimal image: no gh, no C toolchain; Docker only on the dind- label	only a job that a hosted runner cannot run (see the placement rule)
sm-standard-4	RustFS	ARC pod, Ubuntu 24.04, 14 CPUs and 28 GB (the label is not the core count), large disk	workspace-scale Cargo builds
sm-standard-4-arm	RustFS	ARC pod, aarch64; reached through the build.yml matrix, so actionlint.yaml does not list it	native aarch64 release builds
dind-sm-standard-2	RustFS	ARC pod with Docker-in-Docker	image builds that need buildx and a registry push
smoke-testing, pf-testing	RustFS	long-lived lab machines	the packaged functional chain and performance suites

The self-hosted pods and the hosted image are both Ubuntu 24.04, so a binary built on one runs on the other; ci.yml builds the debug binary on sm-standard-4 and runs it on both pools.

Placement rule

A job runs on ubuntu-latest unless it has one of these reasons, and the reason goes in a comment next to its runs-on:

1. Disk. It restores or produces the workspace target/: cargo build or cargo test with --all-targets, cargo nextest run --all, or any reader of the ci-dev / ci-feat-* caches. The workspace test build leaves about 64 GB in target/; a hosted runner has about 14 GB.
2. Critical-path CPU. It is a build that several downstream lanes wait on and would blow its timeout at 4 vCPU (build-rustfs-debug-binary gates the e2e and s3-tests lanes).
3. Hardware. Native aarch64, Docker-in-Docker, or the lab machines.
4. Cache ownership. It reads a rust-cache key that a self-hosted job writes (see the cache rule below).

Jobs that do only the following have no reason to be self-hosted: shell or Python scripts, cargo fmt, cargo deny, typos, actionlint, API calls (gh, dependency review, issue and stale bots, CLA checks), downloading an artifact and running a prebuilt binary, or a cargo build -p rustfs with its own cache key. e2e-distributed.yml and e2e-upgrade.yml build the server and the e2e_test harness on ubuntu-latest inside their budgets, so "it compiles something" alone is not a reason.

A hosted runner is also the only choice for a few things the pods cannot do: mount -o loop and mount -t tmpfs fail inside the ARC pods, and a container runtime cannot guarantee that io_uring_setup is allowed. uring-integration and e2e-distributed are on ubuntu-latest for that reason, not for cost.

Cache rule

Swatinem/rust-cache builds its key from the OS, architecture, toolchain and lockfile. It does not include the runner label or image, so a cache written on an sm-standard-4 pod and one written on ubuntu-latest would overwrite each other under the same shared-key.

• Every shared-key has exactly one writer. cache-warm.yml owns ci-dev, ci-feat-rio, ci-feat-proto and ci-uring; every other ./.github/actions/setup call states cache-save-if explicitly, and scripts/security/check_cache_save_if.sh fails the build when one does not.
• All readers of a key run on the same image as its writer. Keys that live on hosted runners say so in their name (ci-uring is warmed on ubuntu-latest; ci-e2e-distributed-hosted, e2e-upgrade-server-hosted, e2e-upgrade-tests-hosted).
• Moving a job between pools therefore means renaming its key. The new key is empty until a run from main (a scheduled run, or a manual dispatch of that workflow from main) saves it; until then that lane does a cold build.
• CARGO_BUILD_JOBS and every other CARGO*, CC*, CFLAGS*, CXX*, CMAKE* and RUST* variable is hashed into the key. ci.yml sets CARGO_BUILD_JOBS at step level for that reason; promoting it to job level rotates the key for every lane that shares it.

Where self-hosted minutes leak

These are the patterns that have cost real money here without validating anything more:

• An if: always() summary or alert job on a self-hosted label inside a workflow_run-triggered workflow. The upstream workflow completes many times a day, the real jobs skip, and the summary still starts a pod each time. Gate it on the upstream job having run, and keep it on ubuntu-latest.
• Per-push workflows on main. A merge triggers the full ci.yml matrix, cache-warm.yml and the build.yml development build; with tens of merges a day that is as much self-hosted time as all pull requests together. Anything that does not verify the merged tree itself belongs on a schedule or behind a paths filter.
• apt-get install of tools the hosted image already ships. It is only needed on the minimal pod images.
• A throttled CARGO_BUILD_JOBS on a 14-CPU pod. The limit exists for link-storm reasons documented in ci.yml; measure before raising it, and measure before lowering it further.
• Tiny jobs on ARC pods. Each one pays roughly a minute of pod start-up before its first step; a compile-free job that takes ten seconds costs more to schedule than to run.

Measuring a run

To see which pool each job of a run used and for how long:

gh api "repos/rustfs/rustfs/actions/runs/<run_id>/jobs?per_page=100" \
  --jq '.jobs[] | "\(.conclusion)\t\(.labels | join(","))\t\(.started_at)\t\(.completed_at)\t\(.name)"'

Only rows whose label starts with sm-, dind-, smoke- or pf- cost anything. At the October 2026 review, a full pull-request run of ci.yml spent about 150 self-hosted minutes, a third of it in jobs that never compiled; treat that as the scale of what a placement mistake costs, not as a current figure.

Checklist for a new or moved job

• runs-on is a literal label. A new self-hosted label is declared in .github/actionlint.yaml in the same change (.github/AGENTS.md).
• The job declares timeout-minutes (scripts/security/check_job_timeouts.sh).
• actionlint reports nothing.
• A self-hosted runs-on carries a comment naming its reason from the placement rule.
• Every ./.github/actions/setup call states cache-save-if, and a key read from one pool is not written from the other.
• Moving a job does not change its check name, so the main ruleset and docs/testing/ci-gates.md stay as they are; renaming it does, and then that document's change checklist applies.