diff --git a/crates/ecstore/src/api/mod.rs b/crates/ecstore/src/api/mod.rs
index 93ce3f832..a4fd436ac 100644
--- a/crates/ecstore/src/api/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/ecstore/src/api/mod.rs
@@ -199,16 +199,16 @@ pub mod bucket {
         pub use crate::bucket::metadata_sys::{
             BucketMetadataMutationGuard, BucketMetadataSys, ObjectLockConfigState, acquire_bucket_metadata_transaction_lock,
             acquire_bucket_metadata_transaction_lock_for_incarnation, acquire_scanner_bucket_incarnation_fence,
-            capture_bucket_metadata_incarnation, delete, delete_if_incarnation, delete_under_transaction_lock, get,
-            get_accelerate_config, get_bucket_policy, get_bucket_policy_raw, get_bucket_targets_config, get_config_from_disk,
-            get_cors_config, get_durability_config, get_global_bucket_metadata_sys, get_lifecycle_config, get_logging_config,
-            get_notification_config, get_object_lock_config, get_object_lock_config_state, get_on_demand_migration_config,
-            get_public_access_block_config, get_quota_config, get_replication_config, get_request_payment_config, get_sse_config,
-            get_tagging_config, get_versioning_config, get_website_config, init_bucket_metadata_sys, list_bucket_targets,
-            reload_bucket_metadata, remove_bucket_metadata, set_bucket_metadata, update,
-            update_bucket_targets_under_transaction_lock, update_config_with, update_if_incarnation, update_if_incarnation_at,
-            update_quota_if_incarnation, update_quota_if_incarnation_at, update_under_transaction_lock,
-            update_under_transaction_lock_at,
+            capture_bucket_metadata_incarnation, delete, delete_if_incarnation, delete_if_incarnation_at,
+            delete_under_transaction_lock, get, get_accelerate_config, get_bucket_policy, get_bucket_policy_raw,
+            get_bucket_targets_config, get_config_from_disk, get_cors_config, get_durability_config,
+            get_global_bucket_metadata_sys, get_lifecycle_config, get_logging_config, get_notification_config,
+            get_object_lock_config, get_object_lock_config_state, get_on_demand_migration_config, get_public_access_block_config,
+            get_quota_config, get_replication_config, get_request_payment_config, get_sse_config, get_tagging_config,
+            get_versioning_config, get_website_config, init_bucket_metadata_sys, list_bucket_targets, reload_bucket_metadata,
+            remove_bucket_metadata, set_bucket_metadata, update, update_bucket_targets_under_transaction_lock,
+            update_config_with, update_if_incarnation, update_if_incarnation_at, update_quota_if_incarnation,
+            update_quota_if_incarnation_at, update_under_transaction_lock, update_under_transaction_lock_at,
         };
     }
 
diff --git a/crates/ecstore/src/bucket/metadata_sys.rs b/crates/ecstore/src/bucket/metadata_sys.rs
index b04dd9989..91f51414e 100644
--- a/crates/ecstore/src/bucket/metadata_sys.rs
+++ b/crates/ecstore/src/bucket/metadata_sys.rs
@@ -617,6 +617,30 @@ pub async fn delete_if_incarnation(bucket: &str, config_file: &str, expected_inc
         bucket,
         config_file,
         Some(expected_incarnation_id),
+        None,
+    ))
+    .await
+}
+
+/// [`delete_if_incarnation`] stamping the cleared config with `updated_at`
+/// (a replicated deletion's source time) instead of the local clock.
+///
+/// The stamp survives the deletion as the config's `*_config_updated_at`, and
+/// that is what the next incoming item is judged against: a local stamp on
+/// the delete would reject a newer source re-create that was merely delivered
+/// later (backlog#2292). See [`update_if_incarnation_at`].
+pub async fn delete_if_incarnation_at(
+    bucket: &str,
+    config_file: &str,
+    expected_incarnation_id: Uuid,
+    updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+    Box::pin(delete_with_sys_expected(
+        get_bucket_metadata_sys()?,
+        bucket,
+        config_file,
+        Some(expected_incarnation_id),
+        Some(updated_at),
     ))
     .await
 }
@@ -659,17 +683,20 @@ async fn update_with_sys_expected(
 /// [`delete`] against an explicitly supplied metadata system. See
 /// [`update_with_sys`].
 async fn delete_with_sys(sys: Arc<RwLock<BucketMetadataSys>>, bucket: &str, config_file: &str) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
-    delete_with_sys_expected(sys, bucket, config_file, None).await
+    delete_with_sys_expected(sys, bucket, config_file, None, None).await
 }
 
+/// `updated_at`: `None` stamps the local clock; `Some` persists a replicated
+/// deletion's source time (backlog#2292).
 async fn delete_with_sys_expected(
     sys: Arc<RwLock<BucketMetadataSys>>,
     bucket: &str,
     config_file: &str,
     expected_incarnation_id: Option<Uuid>,
+    updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
 ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
     let guard = acquire_config_write_guard_for_incarnation(sys.clone(), bucket, expected_incarnation_id).await?;
-    delete_under_config_write_guard(sys, &guard, config_file).await
+    delete_under_config_write_guard(sys, &guard, config_file, updated_at).await
 }
 
 /// Owns the complete bucket-config mutation fence.
@@ -840,7 +867,7 @@ pub async fn delete_under_transaction_lock(
     config_file: &str,
 ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
     guard.ensure_valid(bucket)?;
-    delete_under_config_write_guard(get_bucket_metadata_sys()?, guard, config_file).await
+    delete_under_config_write_guard(get_bucket_metadata_sys()?, guard, config_file, None).await
 }
 
 pub async fn update_quota_if_incarnation(
@@ -928,6 +955,7 @@ async fn delete_under_config_write_guard(
     sys: Arc<RwLock<BucketMetadataSys>>,
     guard: &BucketMetadataMutationGuard,
     config_file: &str,
+    updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
 ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
     guard.ensure_valid(&guard.bucket)?;
     let metadata_sys = sys.read().await.clone();
@@ -939,7 +967,7 @@ async fn delete_under_config_write_guard(
             Some(&guard.transaction_guard),
             &guard.bucket,
             "bucket config deletion transaction",
-            metadata_sys.update_checked(&guard.bucket, config_file, Vec::new(), false, guard.incarnation_id, None),
+            metadata_sys.update_checked(&guard.bucket, config_file, Vec::new(), false, guard.incarnation_id, updated_at),
         ),
     )
     .await?;
@@ -3890,6 +3918,55 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// backlog#2292: a replicated delete persists the source time as the
+    /// cleared config's `*_config_updated_at`, so the receive-side gate
+    /// (source time against stored stamp) lets a newer source re-create land
+    /// even when the delete was applied later than the re-create's source
+    /// time; the plain delete keeps stamping the local clock.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn explicit_updated_at_is_persisted_by_a_delete() {
+        let (dirs, ecstore) = isolated_store_over_temp_disks().await;
+        let bucket = "source-stamped-delete";
+        for dir in &dirs {
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(dir.path().join(bucket)).expect("bucket volume should be created");
+        }
+        let sys = Arc::new(RwLock::new(BucketMetadataSys::new(ecstore)));
+        let policy = br#"{"Version":"2012-10-17","Statement":[]}"#.to_vec();
+        let created_at = OffsetDateTime::now_utc() - Duration::from_secs(3 * 3600);
+        let deleted_at = created_at + Duration::from_secs(60);
+        let recreated_at = deleted_at + Duration::from_secs(60);
+
+        update_with_sys_expected(sys.clone(), bucket, BUCKET_POLICY_CONFIG, policy.clone(), None, Some(created_at))
+            .await
+            .expect("source-stamped policy write should persist");
+        let stamped = delete_with_sys_expected(sys.clone(), bucket, BUCKET_POLICY_CONFIG, None, Some(deleted_at))
+            .await
+            .expect("source-stamped policy delete should persist");
+        assert_eq!(stamped, deleted_at);
+
+        let metadata_sys = sys.read().await.clone();
+        metadata_sys.metadata_map.write().await.clear();
+        let reloaded = metadata_sys.get_config_from_disk(bucket).await.expect("reload from disk");
+        assert!(reloaded.policy_config_json.is_empty(), "the delete cleared the payload");
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.policy_config_updated_at, deleted_at, "the delete kept the source stamp");
+        assert!(
+            recreated_at >= reloaded.policy_config_updated_at,
+            "a re-create newer than the delete's source time is not stale against the stored stamp"
+        );
+
+        // The plain delete path is unchanged: stamped with the local clock.
+        update_with_sys_expected(sys.clone(), bucket, BUCKET_POLICY_CONFIG, policy, None, Some(recreated_at))
+            .await
+            .expect("re-create should persist");
+        let before = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+        let stamped = delete_with_sys_expected(sys.clone(), bucket, BUCKET_POLICY_CONFIG, None, None)
+            .await
+            .expect("locally stamped delete should persist");
+        assert!(stamped >= before, "the plain delete path must keep stamping the local clock");
+        let reloaded = metadata_sys.get_config_from_disk(bucket).await.expect("reload from disk");
+        assert_eq!(reloaded.policy_config_updated_at, stamped);
+    }
+
     /// The load and the persisted write share one write guard, so concurrent
     /// rewrites of the same config compose instead of clobbering each other.
     /// Moving the load outside that guard loses all but the last tag.
diff --git a/crates/iam/src/manager.rs b/crates/iam/src/manager.rs
index 105254456..8b295059e 100644
--- a/crates/iam/src/manager.rs
+++ b/crates/iam/src/manager.rs
@@ -555,6 +555,17 @@ where
     }
 
     pub async fn set_policy(&self, name: &str, policy: Policy) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.set_policy_at(name, policy, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::set_policy`] stamping the document with `updated_at` instead
+    /// of the local clock.
+    ///
+    /// A site-replication receiver passes the edit's source time: the next
+    /// incoming revision is judged against the stored `UpdateDate`, so a
+    /// local stamp would reject a newer source edit that was merely delivered
+    /// later (backlog#2291). The returned stamp is the one persisted.
+    pub async fn set_policy_at(&self, name: &str, policy: Policy, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if name.is_empty() || policy.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgument);
         }
@@ -565,18 +576,17 @@ where
             .get(name)
             .map(|v| {
                 let mut p = v.clone();
-                p.update(policy.clone());
+                p.update_at(policy.clone(), updated_at);
                 p
             })
-            .unwrap_or_else(|| PolicyDoc::new(policy));
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| PolicyDoc::new_at(policy, updated_at));
 
         self.api.save_policy_doc(name, policy_doc.clone()).await?;
 
-        let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+        self.cache
+            .add_or_update_policy_doc(name, &policy_doc, OffsetDateTime::now_utc());
 
-        self.cache.add_or_update_policy_doc(name, &policy_doc, now);
-
-        Ok(now)
+        Ok(updated_at)
     }
 
     pub async fn list_policies(&self, bucket_name: &str) -> Result<HashMap<String, Policy>> {
@@ -810,6 +820,12 @@ where
 
     /// create a service account and update cache
     pub async fn add_service_account(&self, cred: Credentials) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.add_service_account_at(cred, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::add_service_account`] stamping the identity with `updated_at`
+    /// instead of the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`] (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn add_service_account_at(&self, cred: Credentials, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if cred.access_key.is_empty() || cred.parent_user.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgument);
         }
@@ -821,7 +837,8 @@ where
         }
         drop(cache);
 
-        let u = UserIdentity::new(cred);
+        let mut u = UserIdentity::new(cred);
+        u.update_at = Some(updated_at);
 
         self.api
             .save_user_identity(&u.credentials.access_key, UserType::Svc, u.clone(), None)
@@ -829,10 +846,22 @@ where
 
         self.update_user_with_claims(&u.credentials.access_key, u.clone())?;
 
-        Ok(OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+        Ok(updated_at)
     }
 
     pub async fn update_service_account(&self, name: &str, opts: UpdateServiceAccountOpts) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.update_service_account_at(name, opts, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::update_service_account`] stamping the identity with
+    /// `updated_at` instead of the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`]
+    /// (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn update_service_account_at(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        opts: UpdateServiceAccountOpts,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         let _mutation_guard = self.cache.service_account_mutation_lock().lock().await;
         let cache = self.cache.snapshot();
         let Some(ui) = cache.users.get(name).cloned() else {
@@ -879,13 +908,7 @@ where
         }
 
         if let Some(status) = opts.status {
-            match status.as_str() {
-                val if val == AccountStatus::Enabled.as_ref() => cr.status = auth::ACCOUNT_ON.to_owned(),
-                val if val == AccountStatus::Disabled.as_ref() => cr.status = auth::ACCOUNT_OFF.to_owned(),
-                auth::ACCOUNT_ON => cr.status = auth::ACCOUNT_ON.to_owned(),
-                auth::ACCOUNT_OFF => cr.status = auth::ACCOUNT_OFF.to_owned(),
-                _ => cr.status = auth::ACCOUNT_OFF.to_owned(),
-            }
+            cr.status = account_status_flag(&status).to_owned();
         }
 
         let mut m: HashMap<String, Value> = if token_without_expiration {
@@ -937,8 +960,8 @@ where
 
         cr.session_token = jwt_sign(&m, &cr.secret_key)?;
 
-        let u = UserIdentity::new(cr);
-        let updated_at = u.update_at.unwrap_or_else(OffsetDateTime::now_utc);
+        let mut u = UserIdentity::new(cr);
+        u.update_at = Some(updated_at);
         self.api
             .save_user_identity(&u.credentials.access_key, UserType::Svc, u.clone(), None)
             .await?;
@@ -1170,6 +1193,20 @@ where
         Ok((policies.into_iter().collect(), update_at))
     }
     pub async fn policy_db_set(&self, name: &str, user_type: UserType, is_group: bool, policy: &str) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.policy_db_set_at(name, user_type, is_group, policy, OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::policy_db_set`] stamping the mapping with `updated_at` instead
+    /// of the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`] (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn policy_db_set_at(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        user_type: UserType,
+        is_group: bool,
+        policy: &str,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if name.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgument);
         }
@@ -1189,10 +1226,11 @@ where
                 self.cache.delete_user_policy(name, OffsetDateTime::now_utc());
             }
 
-            return Ok(OffsetDateTime::now_utc());
+            return Ok(updated_at);
         }
 
-        let mp = MappedPolicy::new(policy);
+        let mut mp = MappedPolicy::new(policy);
+        mp.update_at = updated_at;
 
         let cache = self.cache.snapshot();
         let policy_docs_cache = Arc::clone(&cache.policy_docs);
@@ -1215,7 +1253,7 @@ where
             self.cache.add_or_update_user_policy(name, &mp, OffsetDateTime::now_utc());
         }
 
-        Ok(OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+        Ok(updated_at)
     }
 
     pub async fn set_temp_user(&self, access_key: &str, cred: &Credentials, policy_name: Option<&str>) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
@@ -1412,6 +1450,17 @@ where
     }
 
     pub async fn add_user(&self, access_key: &str, args: &AddOrUpdateUserReq) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.add_user_at(access_key, args, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::add_user`] stamping the identity with `updated_at` instead of
+    /// the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`] (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn add_user_at(
+        &self,
+        access_key: &str,
+        args: &AddOrUpdateUserReq,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         let cache = self.cache.snapshot();
         let users = Arc::clone(&cache.users);
         if let Some(x) = users.get(access_key) {
@@ -1429,12 +1478,13 @@ where
                 _ => auth::ACCOUNT_OFF,
             }
         };
-        let user_entry = UserIdentity::from(Credentials {
+        let mut user_entry = UserIdentity::from(Credentials {
             access_key: access_key.to_string(),
             secret_key: args.secret_key.to_string(),
             status: status.to_owned(),
             ..Default::default()
         });
+        user_entry.update_at = Some(updated_at);
 
         self.api
             .save_user_identity(access_key, UserType::Reg, user_entry.clone(), None)
@@ -1442,7 +1492,7 @@ where
 
         self.update_user_with_claims(access_key, user_entry)?;
 
-        Ok(OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+        Ok(updated_at)
     }
 
     pub async fn delete_user(&self, access_key: &str, utype: UserType) -> Result<()> {
@@ -1620,6 +1670,17 @@ where
     }
 
     pub async fn set_user_status(&self, access_key: &str, status: AccountStatus) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.set_user_status_at(access_key, status, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::set_user_status`] stamping the identity with `updated_at`
+    /// instead of the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`] (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn set_user_status_at(
+        &self,
+        access_key: &str,
+        status: AccountStatus,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if access_key.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgument);
         }
@@ -1646,12 +1707,13 @@ where
             }
         };
 
-        let user_entry = UserIdentity::from(Credentials {
+        let mut user_entry = UserIdentity::from(Credentials {
             access_key: access_key.to_string(),
             secret_key: u.credentials.secret_key.clone(),
             status: status.to_owned(),
             ..Default::default()
         });
+        user_entry.update_at = Some(updated_at);
         drop(cache);
         drop(users);
 
@@ -1661,7 +1723,7 @@ where
 
         self.update_user_with_claims(access_key, user_entry)?;
 
-        Ok(OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+        Ok(updated_at)
     }
 
     fn update_user_with_claims(&self, k: &str, u: UserIdentity) -> Result<()> {
@@ -1697,6 +1759,17 @@ where
     }
 
     pub async fn add_users_to_group(&self, group: &str, members: Vec<String>) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.add_users_to_group_at(group, members, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::add_users_to_group`] stamping the group with `updated_at`
+    /// instead of the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`] (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn add_users_to_group_at(
+        &self,
+        group: &str,
+        members: Vec<String>,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if group.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgument);
         }
@@ -1717,7 +1790,7 @@ where
         // The group's own timestamp moves with every membership or status
         // change: site replication judges an incoming group item against it
         // (backlog#2291), so it must reflect the last change, not creation.
-        let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+        let now = updated_at;
         let gi = match cache.groups.get(group) {
             Some(res) => {
                 let mut gi = res.clone();
@@ -1729,7 +1802,11 @@ where
                 gi.update_at = Some(now);
                 gi
             }
-            None => GroupInfo::new(members.clone()),
+            None => {
+                let mut gi = GroupInfo::new(members.clone());
+                gi.update_at = Some(now);
+                gi
+            }
         };
         drop(cache);
 
@@ -1750,6 +1827,12 @@ where
     }
 
     pub async fn set_group_status(&self, name: &str, enable: bool) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.set_group_status_at(name, enable, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::set_group_status`] stamping the group with `updated_at` instead
+    /// of the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`] (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn set_group_status_at(&self, name: &str, enable: bool, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if name.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgument);
         }
@@ -1767,7 +1850,7 @@ where
         } else {
             gi.status = STATUS_DISABLED.to_owned();
         }
-        let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+        let now = updated_at;
         gi.update_at = Some(now);
 
         self.api.save_group_info(name, gi.clone()).await?;
@@ -1844,6 +1927,20 @@ where
         name: &str,
         members: Vec<String>,
         update_cache_only: bool,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.remove_members_from_group_at(name, members, update_cache_only, OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::remove_members_from_group`] stamping the group with
+    /// `updated_at` instead of the local clock; see [`Self::set_policy_at`]
+    /// (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn remove_members_from_group_at(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        members: Vec<String>,
+        update_cache_only: bool,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
     ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         let cache = self.cache.snapshot();
         let mut gi = cache
@@ -1856,7 +1953,7 @@ where
         let s: HashSet<&String> = HashSet::from_iter(gi.members.iter());
         let d: HashSet<&String> = HashSet::from_iter(members.iter());
         gi.members = s.difference(&d).map(|v| v.to_string()).collect::<Vec<String>>();
-        let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
+        let now = updated_at;
         gi.update_at = Some(now);
 
         if !update_cache_only {
@@ -1880,6 +1977,19 @@ where
     }
 
     pub async fn remove_users_from_group(&self, group: &str, members: Vec<String>) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.remove_users_from_group_at(group, members, OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::remove_users_from_group`] stamping the group with `updated_at`
+    /// instead of the local clock; a group delete (no members) leaves no
+    /// record and returns the stamp unchanged (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn remove_users_from_group_at(
+        &self,
+        group: &str,
+        members: Vec<String>,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if group.is_empty() {
             return Err(Error::InvalidArgument);
         }
@@ -1928,18 +2038,17 @@ where
                 return Err(err);
             }
 
-            let now = self.cache.with_write_lock(|cache| {
+            self.cache.with_write_lock(|cache| {
                 let now = OffsetDateTime::now_utc();
                 self.remove_group_from_memberships_map_unlocked(cache, group, now);
                 cache.delete_group(group, now);
                 cache.delete_group_policy(group, now);
-                now
             });
 
-            return Ok(now);
+            return Ok(updated_at);
         }
 
-        self.remove_members_from_group(group, members, false).await
+        self.remove_members_from_group_at(group, members, false, updated_at).await
     }
 
     fn remove_group_from_memberships_map_unlocked(&self, cache: &mut LockedCache, group: &str, now: OffsetDateTime) {
@@ -2261,6 +2370,19 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+/// The stored `status` flag for a service-account status given on the admin
+/// or replication wire: the madmin `enabled` / `disabled` words and the stored
+/// `on` / `off` flags are both accepted; anything else disables the account.
+pub(crate) fn account_status_flag(status: &str) -> &'static str {
+    match status {
+        val if val == AccountStatus::Enabled.as_ref() => auth::ACCOUNT_ON,
+        val if val == AccountStatus::Disabled.as_ref() => auth::ACCOUNT_OFF,
+        auth::ACCOUNT_ON => auth::ACCOUNT_ON,
+        auth::ACCOUNT_OFF => auth::ACCOUNT_OFF,
+        _ => auth::ACCOUNT_OFF,
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn get_default_policies() -> HashMap<String, PolicyDoc> {
     let default_policies = &DEFAULT_POLICIES;
     default_policies
diff --git a/crates/iam/src/sys.rs b/crates/iam/src/sys.rs
index 58ccbeb9a..037eb3d4f 100644
--- a/crates/iam/src/sys.rs
+++ b/crates/iam/src/sys.rs
@@ -385,7 +385,14 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn set_policy(&self, name: &str, policy: Policy) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
-        let updated_at = self.store.set_policy(name, policy).await?;
+        self.set_policy_at(name, policy, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::set_policy`] stamping the document with `updated_at` (a
+    /// replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock; see
+    /// `IamCache::set_policy_at` (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn set_policy_at(&self, name: &str, policy: Policy, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        let updated_at = self.store.set_policy_at(name, policy, updated_at).await?;
 
         if !self.has_watcher() {
             for r in notify_iam_load_policy(name).await {
@@ -643,7 +650,18 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn set_user_status(&self, name: &str, status: rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
-        let updated_at = self.store.set_user_status(name, status).await?;
+        self.set_user_status_at(name, status, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::set_user_status`] stamping the identity with `updated_at` (a
+    /// replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn set_user_status_at(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        status: rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        let updated_at = self.store.set_user_status_at(name, status, updated_at).await?;
 
         self.notify_for_user(name, false).await;
 
@@ -655,6 +673,20 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
         parent_user: &str,
         groups: Option<Vec<String>>,
         opts: NewServiceAccountOpts,
+    ) -> Result<(Credentials, OffsetDateTime)> {
+        self.new_service_account_at(parent_user, groups, opts, OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::new_service_account`] stamping the identity with `updated_at`
+    /// (a replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock
+    /// (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn new_service_account_at(
+        &self,
+        parent_user: &str,
+        groups: Option<Vec<String>>,
+        opts: NewServiceAccountOpts,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
     ) -> Result<(Credentials, OffsetDateTime)> {
         if parent_user.is_empty() {
             return Err(IamError::InvalidArgument);
@@ -724,11 +756,18 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
         let mut cred = create_new_credentials_with_metadata(&access_key, &secret_key, &m, &secret_key)?;
         cred.parent_user = parent_user.to_owned();
         cred.groups = groups;
-        cred.status = ACCOUNT_ON.to_owned();
+        // The status is part of the created identity: a replicated disabled
+        // account must never exist enabled, not even between a create and a
+        // follow-up status write (backlog#2289).
+        cred.status = opts
+            .status
+            .as_deref()
+            .map_or(ACCOUNT_ON, crate::manager::account_status_flag)
+            .to_owned();
         cred.name = opts.name;
         cred.description = opts.description;
 
-        let create_at = self.store.add_service_account(cred.clone()).await?;
+        let create_at = self.store.add_service_account_at(cred.clone(), updated_at).await?;
 
         self.notify_for_service_account(&cred.access_key).await;
 
@@ -736,11 +775,23 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn update_service_account(&self, name: &str, opts: UpdateServiceAccountOpts) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.update_service_account_at(name, opts, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::update_service_account`] stamping the identity with
+    /// `updated_at` (a replicated edit's source time) instead of the local
+    /// clock (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn update_service_account_at(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        opts: UpdateServiceAccountOpts,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if name == SITE_REPLICATOR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT && !opts.allow_site_replicator_account {
             return Err(IamError::IAMActionNotAllowed);
         }
 
-        let updated_at = self.store.update_service_account(name, opts).await?;
+        let updated_at = self.store.update_service_account_at(name, opts, updated_at).await?;
 
         self.notify_for_service_account(name).await;
 
@@ -940,6 +991,17 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn create_user(&self, access_key: &str, args: &AddOrUpdateUserReq) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.create_user_at(access_key, args, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::create_user`] stamping the identity with `updated_at` (a
+    /// replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn create_user_at(
+        &self,
+        access_key: &str,
+        args: &AddOrUpdateUserReq,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if !is_access_key_valid(access_key) {
             return Err(IamError::InvalidAccessKeyLength);
         }
@@ -952,7 +1014,7 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
             return Err(IamError::InvalidSecretKeyLength);
         }
 
-        let updated_at = self.store.add_user(access_key, args).await?;
+        let updated_at = self.store.add_user_at(access_key, args, updated_at).await?;
         self.load_user(access_key, UserType::Reg).await?;
 
         self.notify_for_user(access_key, false).await;
@@ -1026,10 +1088,21 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn add_users_to_group(&self, group: &str, users: Vec<String>) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        self.add_users_to_group_at(group, users, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::add_users_to_group`] stamping the group with `updated_at` (a
+    /// replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn add_users_to_group_at(
+        &self,
+        group: &str,
+        users: Vec<String>,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
         if contains_reserved_chars(group) {
             return Err(IamError::GroupNameContainsReservedChars);
         }
-        let updated_at = self.store.add_users_to_group(group, users).await?;
+        let updated_at = self.store.add_users_to_group_at(group, users, updated_at).await?;
 
         self.notify_for_group(group).await;
 
@@ -1037,7 +1110,19 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn remove_users_from_group(&self, group: &str, users: Vec<String>) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
-        let updated_at = self.store.remove_users_from_group(group, users).await?;
+        self.remove_users_from_group_at(group, users, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::remove_users_from_group`] stamping the group with `updated_at`
+    /// (a replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock
+    /// (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn remove_users_from_group_at(
+        &self,
+        group: &str,
+        users: Vec<String>,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        let updated_at = self.store.remove_users_from_group_at(group, users, updated_at).await?;
 
         self.notify_for_group(group).await;
 
@@ -1045,7 +1130,13 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn set_group_status(&self, group: &str, enable: bool) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
-        let updated_at = self.store.set_group_status(group, enable).await?;
+        self.set_group_status_at(group, enable, OffsetDateTime::now_utc()).await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::set_group_status`] stamping the group with `updated_at` (a
+    /// replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn set_group_status_at(&self, group: &str, enable: bool, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        let updated_at = self.store.set_group_status_at(group, enable, updated_at).await?;
 
         self.notify_for_group(group).await;
 
@@ -1080,7 +1171,24 @@ impl<T: Store> IamSys<T> {
     }
 
     pub async fn policy_db_set(&self, name: &str, user_type: UserType, is_group: bool, policy: &str) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
-        let updated_at = self.store.policy_db_set(name, user_type, is_group, policy).await?;
+        self.policy_db_set_at(name, user_type, is_group, policy, OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+            .await
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::policy_db_set`] stamping the mapping with `updated_at` (a
+    /// replicated edit's source time) instead of the local clock (backlog#2291).
+    pub async fn policy_db_set_at(
+        &self,
+        name: &str,
+        user_type: UserType,
+        is_group: bool,
+        policy: &str,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        let updated_at = self
+            .store
+            .policy_db_set_at(name, user_type, is_group, policy, updated_at)
+            .await?;
 
         if !self.has_watcher() {
             for r in notify_iam_load_policy_mapping(name, user_type.to_u64(), is_group).await {
@@ -1862,6 +1970,11 @@ pub struct NewServiceAccountOpts {
     pub expiration: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
     pub allow_site_replicator_account: bool,
     pub claims: Option<HashMap<String, Value>>,
+    /// Status the account is created with (`enabled` / `disabled` or the
+    /// stored `on` / `off` flags); `None` creates it enabled. Site
+    /// replication passes the source account's status so a disabled account
+    /// is never enabled on the peer, not even transiently (backlog#2289).
+    pub status: Option<String>,
 }
 
 pub struct UpdateServiceAccountOpts {
diff --git a/crates/policy/src/policy/doc.rs b/crates/policy/src/policy/doc.rs
index dc2b83fa9..30ef4ca03 100644
--- a/crates/policy/src/policy/doc.rs
+++ b/crates/policy/src/policy/doc.rs
@@ -45,18 +45,33 @@ pub struct PolicyDoc {
 
 impl PolicyDoc {
     pub fn new(policy: Policy) -> Self {
+        Self::new_at(policy, OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::new`] with an explicit `UpdateDate` (and `CreateDate`).
+    ///
+    /// A replicated document keeps the edit's source time: the receiver
+    /// judges the next incoming revision against the stored stamp, so a
+    /// local stamp would reject a newer source edit that was merely
+    /// delivered later.
+    pub fn new_at(policy: Policy, at: OffsetDateTime) -> Self {
         Self {
             version: 1,
             policy,
-            create_date: Some(OffsetDateTime::now_utc()),
-            update_date: Some(OffsetDateTime::now_utc()),
+            create_date: Some(at),
+            update_date: Some(at),
         }
     }
 
     pub fn update(&mut self, policy: Policy) {
+        self.update_at(policy, OffsetDateTime::now_utc());
+    }
+
+    /// [`Self::update`] with an explicit `UpdateDate`; see [`Self::new_at`].
+    pub fn update_at(&mut self, policy: Policy, at: OffsetDateTime) {
         self.version += 1;
         self.policy = policy;
-        self.update_date = Some(OffsetDateTime::now_utc());
+        self.update_date = Some(at);
 
         if self.create_date.is_none() {
             self.create_date = self.update_date;
diff --git a/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/site_replication.rs b/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/site_replication.rs
index df667513c..318c8a093 100644
--- a/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/site_replication.rs
+++ b/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/site_replication.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ use std::sync::{LazyLock, Mutex as StdMutex};
 use std::time::Duration;
 use time::OffsetDateTime;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
-use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
+use tracing::{info, warn};
 use url::Url;
 use url::form_urlencoded;
 use uuid::Uuid;
@@ -1478,6 +1478,7 @@ async fn set_site_replicator_service_account_secret(parent_user: &str, secret_ke
                     expiration: None,
                     allow_site_replicator_account: true,
                     claims: None,
+                    status: None,
                 },
             )
             .await
@@ -1720,6 +1721,7 @@ async fn reconcile_site_replicator_service_account() -> S3Result<()> {
                         expiration: None,
                         allow_site_replicator_account: true,
                         claims: None,
+                        status: None,
                     },
                 )
                 .await
@@ -5620,10 +5622,11 @@ async fn apply_bucket_meta_item(item: SRBucketMeta) -> S3Result<()> {
     };
 
     // Persist the SOURCE `updated_at` as the stored `*_config_updated_at`
-    // stamp (backlog#2292). The staleness gate above compares the next item's
-    // source time against that stamp, so stamping the local apply time would
-    // reject a newer source edit that was merely delivered after this write
-    // (two quick edits under delivery delay, or a peer clock ahead of ours).
+    // stamp, on writes and on deletes alike (backlog#2292). The staleness
+    // gate above compares the next item's source time against that stamp, so
+    // stamping the local apply time would reject a newer source edit that was
+    // merely delivered after this write or delete (two quick edits under
+    // delivery delay, or a peer clock ahead of ours).
     // Items without a source time keep the local stamp; lc-config keeps it
     // too: its staleness axis is the in-document `expiry_updated_at` the merge
     // above records, and the whole-config time is only its deletion / legacy
@@ -5684,9 +5687,23 @@ async fn apply_bucket_meta_item(item: SRBucketMeta) -> S3Result<()> {
                     .await
                     .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
             } else {
-                metadata_sys::delete_if_incarnation(&item.bucket, config_file, expected_incarnation_id)
-                    .await
-                    .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
+                // A delete is stamped like a write: the source time survives
+                // as the config's `*_config_updated_at`, so a newer source
+                // re-create delivered later is not judged stale against the
+                // local time this delete landed (backlog#2292).
+                match source_updated_at {
+                    Some(source_updated_at) => {
+                        metadata_sys::delete_if_incarnation_at(
+                            &item.bucket,
+                            config_file,
+                            expected_incarnation_id,
+                            source_updated_at,
+                        )
+                        .await
+                    }
+                    None => metadata_sys::delete_if_incarnation(&item.bucket, config_file, expected_incarnation_id).await,
+                }
+                .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -5801,26 +5818,18 @@ async fn apply_iam_item(item: SRIAMItem) -> S3Result<()> {
     let Some(iam_sys) = current_iam_handle() else {
         return Err(s3_error!(InvalidRequest, "iam not init"));
     };
-    let incoming_updated_at = item.updated_at;
-    let deletion_mark_entities = iam_item_deletion_mark_entities(&item);
-
-    let verdict = match item.r#type.as_str() {
-        "policy" => apply_iam_policy_item(&iam_sys, &item.name, item.policy, incoming_updated_at).await?,
-        "policy-mapping" => apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(&iam_sys, item.policy_mapping, incoming_updated_at).await?,
-        "group-info" => apply_iam_group_info_item(&iam_sys, item.group_info, incoming_updated_at).await?,
+    match item.r#type.as_str() {
         // MinIO madmin-go sends `SRIAMItemSTSAcc = "sts-account"`. The legacy alias
         // `sts-credential` (emitted by older RustFS releases) stays accepted permanently
         // so mixed-version RustFS sites keep replicating STS credentials during rolling
         // upgrades; it is a compatibility layer, not temporary code.
+        //
+        // STS credentials carry no source revision and leave no deletion mark,
+        // so they stay outside the ordered transaction below.
         SR_IAM_ITEM_STS_ACC | SR_IAM_ITEM_STS_ACC_LEGACY => {
-            apply_iam_sts_account_item(&iam_sys, item.sts_credential).await?;
-            IamItemVerdict::Apply
-        }
-        "iam-user" => apply_iam_user_item(&iam_sys, item.iam_user, incoming_updated_at).await?,
-        "service-account" => {
-            apply_iam_service_account_item(&iam_sys, item.svc_acc_change, incoming_updated_at).await?;
-            IamItemVerdict::Apply
+            return apply_iam_sts_account_item(&iam_sys, item.sts_credential).await;
         }
+        "policy" | "policy-mapping" | "group-info" | "iam-user" | "service-account" => {}
         _ => {
             return Err(s3_error!(
                 NotImplemented,
@@ -5828,55 +5837,64 @@ async fn apply_iam_item(item: SRIAMItem) -> S3Result<()> {
                 item.r#type
             ));
         }
-    };
-    // A committed deletion leaves no record for the gate to judge later items
-    // against, so its source timestamp is kept as a mark (backlog#2291). The
-    // mark is part of applying the deletion: failing here makes the sender
-    // retry the (idempotent) deletion rather than leave a revoke that a stale
-    // grant could still undo.
-    if verdict == IamItemVerdict::Apply
-        && let Some(deleted_at) = incoming_updated_at.filter(|_| !deletion_mark_entities.is_empty())
-    {
-        commit_iam_deletion_marks(deletion_mark_entities, deleted_at).await?;
     }
-    Ok(())
+
+    // One transaction per item (backlog#2291). The staleness verdict, the IAM
+    // write and the deletion-mark commit run under the distributed
+    // state-object lock, so an older grant and a newer revoke delivered
+    // concurrently — to this node or to a sibling node of this site — are
+    // applied one after the other, each judged against what the other left
+    // behind. The write stamps the record with the item's source
+    // `updated_at`, which is what the next item is judged against: stamping
+    // the local apply time would reject a newer source edit that was merely
+    // delivered later. A committed deletion leaves no record, so its source
+    // timestamp is kept as a mark in the same commit; failing to persist the
+    // mark fails the item, and the sender retries the (idempotent) deletion
+    // rather than leaving a revoke that a stale grant could still undo.
+    with_site_replication_state_transaction(move |mut state| async move {
+        let incoming_updated_at = item.updated_at;
+        let deletion_mark_entities = iam_item_deletion_mark_entities(&item);
+        let verdict = match item.r#type.as_str() {
+            "policy" => apply_iam_policy_item(&iam_sys, &state, &item.name, item.policy, incoming_updated_at).await?,
+            "policy-mapping" => apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(&iam_sys, &state, item.policy_mapping, incoming_updated_at).await?,
+            "group-info" => apply_iam_group_info_item(&iam_sys, &state, item.group_info, incoming_updated_at).await?,
+            "iam-user" => apply_iam_user_item(&iam_sys, &state, item.iam_user, incoming_updated_at).await?,
+            "service-account" => {
+                apply_iam_service_account_item(&iam_sys, &state, item.svc_acc_change, incoming_updated_at).await?
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!("unsupported IAM item types are rejected before the transaction"),
+        };
+        let changed = verdict == IamItemVerdict::Apply
+            && incoming_updated_at
+                .filter(|_| !deletion_mark_entities.is_empty())
+                .is_some_and(|deleted_at| record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, &deletion_mark_entities, deleted_at));
+        Ok(((), changed.then_some(state)))
+    })
+    .await
 }
 
-/// The deletion mark consulted by the staleness gate when the targeted record
-/// is absent: the newest recorded deletion of any of `entities`. An
-/// unreadable state falls back to today's behaviour (no mark, the item is
-/// applied) — the gate must not turn a state-object outage into rejected
-/// IAM replication.
-async fn local_iam_deletion_mark(entities: &[String]) -> Option<OffsetDateTime> {
-    match load_site_replication_state().await {
-        Ok(state) => iam_deletion_mark(&state, entities),
-        Err(err) => {
-            debug!(
-                component = LOG_COMPONENT_ADMIN,
-                subsystem = LOG_SUBSYSTEM_SITE_REPLICATION,
-                event = EVENT_ADMIN_SITE_REPLICATION_STATE,
-                result = "iam_deletion_mark_unavailable",
-                error = ?err,
-                "site replication state unreadable; applying IAM item without a deletion mark"
-            );
-            None
-        }
-    }
+/// The stamp a replicated write persists on the record: the item's source
+/// `updated_at`, or the local clock for an item from a peer that predates
+/// timestamps (those keep last-writer-wins, see [`judge_iam_item_staleness`]).
+fn replicated_write_stamp(incoming_updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>) -> OffsetDateTime {
+    incoming_updated_at.unwrap_or_else(OffsetDateTime::now_utc)
 }
 
 async fn apply_iam_policy_item(
     iam_sys: &IamSys<ObjectStore>,
+    marks: &SiteReplicationState,
     name: &str,
     policy: Option<Value>,
     incoming_updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
 ) -> S3Result<IamItemVerdict> {
-    // Judge the item against the local document's own timestamp so a delayed
-    // older body (or delete) cannot overwrite a newer edit; once the document
-    // is deleted, its deletion mark stands in for it (backlog#2291).
+    // Judge the item against the local document's own timestamp — the source
+    // time of the edit that wrote it — so a delayed older body (or delete)
+    // cannot overwrite a newer edit; once the document is deleted, its
+    // deletion mark stands in for it (backlog#2291).
     let local_updated_at = match iam_sys.get_policy_doc(name).await {
         Ok(doc) => Some(doc.update_date.unwrap_or(OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH)),
         Err(err) if rustfs_iam::error::is_err_no_such_policy(&err) => {
-            local_iam_deletion_mark(&[iam_policy_deletion_mark_entity(name)]).await
+            iam_deletion_mark(marks, &[iam_policy_deletion_mark_entity(name)])
         }
         Err(err) => return Err(ApiError::from(err).into()),
     };
@@ -5886,7 +5904,10 @@ async fn apply_iam_policy_item(
     if let Some(policy) = policy {
         let policy: Policy =
             serde_json::from_value(policy).map_err(|e| s3_error!(InvalidRequest, "invalid policy body: {}", e))?;
-        iam_sys.set_policy(name, policy).await.map_err(ApiError::from)?;
+        iam_sys
+            .set_policy_at(name, policy, replicated_write_stamp(incoming_updated_at))
+            .await
+            .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
     } else {
         // Idempotent delete: the retry drain replays recorded deletions, and
         // an entity already absent here IS the converged outcome — erroring
@@ -5902,6 +5923,7 @@ async fn apply_iam_policy_item(
 
 async fn apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(
     iam_sys: &IamSys<ObjectStore>,
+    marks: &SiteReplicationState,
     policy_mapping: Option<SRPolicyMapping>,
     incoming_updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
 ) -> S3Result<IamItemVerdict> {
@@ -5918,20 +5940,26 @@ async fn apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(
         .await
     {
         Some(record) => Some(record.update_at),
-        None => {
-            local_iam_deletion_mark(&[iam_policy_mapping_deletion_mark_entity(
+        None => iam_deletion_mark(
+            marks,
+            &[iam_policy_mapping_deletion_mark_entity(
                 &mapping.user_or_group,
                 mapping.user_type,
                 mapping.is_group,
-            )])
-            .await
-        }
+            )],
+        ),
     };
     if judge_iam_item_staleness(local_updated_at, incoming_updated_at) == IamItemVerdict::SkipStale {
         return Ok(IamItemVerdict::SkipStale);
     }
     iam_sys
-        .policy_db_set(&mapping.user_or_group, user_type, mapping.is_group, &mapping.policy)
+        .policy_db_set_at(
+            &mapping.user_or_group,
+            user_type,
+            mapping.is_group,
+            &mapping.policy,
+            replicated_write_stamp(incoming_updated_at),
+        )
         .await
         .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
     Ok(IamItemVerdict::Apply)
@@ -5939,6 +5967,7 @@ async fn apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(
 
 async fn apply_iam_group_info_item(
     iam_sys: &IamSys<ObjectStore>,
+    marks: &SiteReplicationState,
     group_info: Option<SRGroupInfo>,
     incoming_updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
 ) -> S3Result<IamItemVerdict> {
@@ -5963,12 +5992,13 @@ async fn apply_iam_group_info_item(
                         .map(|member| iam_group_member_deletion_mark_entity(&update.group, member)),
                 )
                 .collect();
-            local_iam_deletion_mark(&entities).await
+            iam_deletion_mark(marks, &entities)
         }
     };
     if judge_iam_item_staleness(local_updated_at, incoming_updated_at) == IamItemVerdict::SkipStale {
         return Ok(IamItemVerdict::SkipStale);
     }
+    let stamp = replicated_write_stamp(incoming_updated_at);
     if !group_info_requires_upsert(&update) {
         // Idempotent removal: a replayed deletion may find the group or a
         // member already gone (deleted here earlier, or the user tombstone
@@ -5985,7 +6015,7 @@ async fn apply_iam_group_info_item(
         if members.is_empty() && !update.members.is_empty() {
             return Ok(IamItemVerdict::Apply);
         }
-        match iam_sys.remove_users_from_group(&update.group, members).await {
+        match iam_sys.remove_users_from_group_at(&update.group, members, stamp).await {
             Ok(_) => {}
             Err(err) if rustfs_iam::error::is_err_no_such_group(&err) => {}
             Err(err) => return Err(ApiError::from(err).into()),
@@ -5994,11 +6024,11 @@ async fn apply_iam_group_info_item(
     }
 
     iam_sys
-        .add_users_to_group(&update.group, update.members)
+        .add_users_to_group_at(&update.group, update.members, stamp)
         .await
         .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
     iam_sys
-        .set_group_status(&update.group, matches!(update.status, GroupStatus::Enabled))
+        .set_group_status_at(&update.group, matches!(update.status, GroupStatus::Enabled), stamp)
         .await
         .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
     Ok(IamItemVerdict::Apply)
@@ -6041,6 +6071,7 @@ async fn apply_iam_sts_account_item(iam_sys: &IamSys<ObjectStore>, sts_credentia
 
 async fn apply_iam_user_item(
     iam_sys: &IamSys<ObjectStore>,
+    marks: &SiteReplicationState,
     iam_user: Option<SRIAMUser>,
     incoming_updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
 ) -> S3Result<IamItemVerdict> {
@@ -6051,11 +6082,12 @@ async fn apply_iam_user_item(
     // record so a stale re-create cannot resurrect it (backlog#2291).
     let local_updated_at = match iam_sys.get_user(&user.access_key).await {
         Some(local) => Some(local.update_at.unwrap_or(OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH)),
-        None => local_iam_deletion_mark(&[iam_user_deletion_mark_entity(&user.access_key)]).await,
+        None => iam_deletion_mark(marks, &[iam_user_deletion_mark_entity(&user.access_key)]),
     };
     if judge_iam_item_staleness(local_updated_at, incoming_updated_at) == IamItemVerdict::SkipStale {
         return Ok(IamItemVerdict::SkipStale);
     }
+    let stamp = replicated_write_stamp(incoming_updated_at);
     if user.is_delete_req {
         iam_sys.delete_user(&user.access_key, true).await.map_err(ApiError::from)?;
     } else {
@@ -6065,12 +6097,12 @@ async fn apply_iam_user_item(
         let is_status_only_update = user_req.secret_key.is_empty() && user_req.policy.is_none();
         if is_status_only_update {
             iam_sys
-                .set_user_status(&user.access_key, user_req.status)
+                .set_user_status_at(&user.access_key, user_req.status, stamp)
                 .await
                 .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
         } else {
             iam_sys
-                .create_user(&user.access_key, &user_req)
+                .create_user_at(&user.access_key, &user_req, stamp)
                 .await
                 .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
         }
@@ -6080,13 +6112,15 @@ async fn apply_iam_user_item(
 
 async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
     iam_sys: &IamSys<ObjectStore>,
+    marks: &SiteReplicationState,
     svc_acc_change: Option<SRSvcAccChange>,
     incoming_updated_at: Option<OffsetDateTime>,
-) -> S3Result<()> {
+) -> S3Result<IamItemVerdict> {
     let Some(change) = svc_acc_change else {
         return Err(s3_error!(InvalidRequest, "serviceAccountChange is required"));
     };
     let envelope = change.oidc_service_account_envelope;
+    let stamp = replicated_write_stamp(incoming_updated_at);
     if let Some(create) = change.create {
         // Like the user path: with the account already deleted here, the
         // recorded deletion mark is the timestamp a stale create/update
@@ -6094,11 +6128,11 @@ async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
         let local_updated_at = match iam_sys.get_user(&create.access_key).await {
             Some(local) => Some(local.update_at.unwrap_or(OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH)),
             None if create.access_key == SITE_REPLICATOR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT => None,
-            None => local_iam_deletion_mark(&[format!("svc-acc:{}", create.access_key)]).await,
+            None => iam_deletion_mark(marks, &[format!("svc-acc:{}", create.access_key)]),
         };
         let replicated_policy = if create.access_key == SITE_REPLICATOR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT {
             if local_updated_at.is_some_and(|local_updated_at| is_stale_update(local_updated_at, incoming_updated_at)) {
-                return Ok(());
+                return Ok(IamItemVerdict::SkipStale);
             }
             ReplicatedServiceAccountPolicy {
                 policy: Some(site_replicator_service_account_policy()?),
@@ -6108,7 +6142,7 @@ async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
             let Some(replicated_policy) =
                 decode_service_account_replication_policy(&create, envelope.as_ref(), incoming_updated_at, local_updated_at)?
             else {
-                return Ok(());
+                return Ok(IamItemVerdict::SkipStale);
             };
             replicated_policy
         };
@@ -6122,7 +6156,7 @@ async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
                     ));
                 }
                 iam_sys
-                    .update_service_account(
+                    .update_service_account_at(
                         &create.access_key,
                         UpdateServiceAccountOpts {
                             name: replicated_policy.metadata_for_existing_account(create.name),
@@ -6134,15 +6168,19 @@ async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
                             parent_user: None,
                             allow_site_replicator_account: create.access_key == SITE_REPLICATOR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT,
                         },
+                        stamp,
                     )
                     .await
                     .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
             }
             Err(err) if is_err_no_such_service_account(&err) => {
-                let access_key = create.access_key.clone();
-                let status = create.status.clone();
+                // A snapshot (bootstrap / repair / retry resend) carries the
+                // account's current status, and the account is created with
+                // it in the same write: a disabled account must never exist
+                // enabled here, not even between a create and a follow-up
+                // status write that might fail (backlog#2289).
                 iam_sys
-                    .new_service_account(
+                    .new_service_account_at(
                         &create.parent,
                         Some(create.groups),
                         NewServiceAccountOpts {
@@ -6154,43 +6192,23 @@ async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
                             expiration: create.expiration,
                             allow_site_replicator_account: true,
                             claims: Some(create.claims),
+                            status: (!create.status.is_empty()).then_some(create.status),
                         },
+                        stamp,
                     )
                     .await
                     .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
-                // A snapshot (bootstrap / repair / retry resend) carries the
-                // account's current status; creation always enables, so a
-                // disabled account must be switched off in a second step or
-                // the peer keeps accepting credentials the source rejects.
-                if !status.is_empty() && status != "on" {
-                    iam_sys
-                        .update_service_account(
-                            &access_key,
-                            UpdateServiceAccountOpts {
-                                session_policy: None,
-                                secret_key: None,
-                                name: None,
-                                description: None,
-                                expiration: None,
-                                status: Some(status),
-                                parent_user: None,
-                                allow_site_replicator_account: false,
-                            },
-                        )
-                        .await
-                        .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
-                }
             }
             Err(err) => return Err(ApiError::from(err).into()),
         }
-        return Ok(());
+        return Ok(IamItemVerdict::Apply);
     }
 
     if let Some(update) = change.update {
         if let Some(local) = iam_sys.get_user(&update.access_key).await
             && is_stale_update(local.update_at.unwrap_or(OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH), incoming_updated_at)
         {
-            return Ok(());
+            return Ok(IamItemVerdict::SkipStale);
         }
         let allow_site_replicator_account = update.access_key == SITE_REPLICATOR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT;
         let session_policy = if allow_site_replicator_account {
@@ -6199,7 +6217,7 @@ async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
             update.session_policy.as_str().and_then(|raw| serde_json::from_str(raw).ok())
         };
         iam_sys
-            .update_service_account(
+            .update_service_account_at(
                 &update.access_key,
                 UpdateServiceAccountOpts {
                     session_policy,
@@ -6213,23 +6231,24 @@ async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(
                     parent_user: None,
                     allow_site_replicator_account,
                 },
+                stamp,
             )
             .await
             .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
-        return Ok(());
+        return Ok(IamItemVerdict::Apply);
     }
 
     if let Some(delete) = change.delete {
         if let Some(local) = iam_sys.get_user(&delete.access_key).await
             && is_stale_update(local.update_at.unwrap_or(OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH), incoming_updated_at)
         {
-            return Ok(());
+            return Ok(IamItemVerdict::SkipStale);
         }
         iam_sys
             .delete_service_account(&delete.access_key, true)
             .await
             .map_err(ApiError::from)?;
-        return Ok(());
+        return Ok(IamItemVerdict::Apply);
     }
 
     Err(s3_error!(InvalidRequest, "serviceAccountChange is empty"))
@@ -6892,6 +6911,7 @@ async fn apply_peer_join_service_account(join_req: SRPeerJoinReq) -> S3Result<()
                     expiration: None,
                     allow_site_replicator_account: join_req.svc_acct_access_key == SITE_REPLICATOR_SERVICE_ACCOUNT,
                     claims: None,
+                    status: None,
                 },
             )
             .await
@@ -8225,6 +8245,343 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
+    // --- Review regressions on rustfs#7195 (backlog#2289 / #2291 / #2292):
+    // delivery order and concurrency through the real receiver.
+
+    /// Two-peer state so the apply transaction's persist keeps the state
+    /// object (a single-peer state is cleared on write) and the deletion
+    /// marks it records survive between items.
+    async fn seed_two_peer_state_for_iam_apply() {
+        let seed = SiteReplicationState {
+            peers: BTreeMap::from([
+                (
+                    "site-a".to_string(),
+                    PeerInfo {
+                        deployment_id: "site-a".to_string(),
+                        ..peer("site-a", "https://a.example:9000")
+                    },
+                ),
+                (
+                    "site-b".to_string(),
+                    PeerInfo {
+                        deployment_id: "site-b".to_string(),
+                        ..peer("site-b", "https://b.example:9000")
+                    },
+                ),
+            ]),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        save_site_replication_state(&seed).await.expect("seed state");
+    }
+
+    async fn clear_seeded_state() {
+        save_site_replication_state(&SiteReplicationState::default())
+            .await
+            .expect("clear state");
+    }
+
+    fn sr_item(item_type: &str, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> SRIAMItem {
+        SRIAMItem {
+            r#type: item_type.to_string(),
+            updated_at: Some(updated_at),
+            api_version: Some(SITE_REPL_API_VERSION.to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn allow_actions_policy(actions: &[&str]) -> serde_json::Value {
+        serde_json::json!({
+            "Version": "2012-10-17",
+            "Statement": [{"Effect": "Allow", "Action": actions, "Resource": ["arn:aws:s3:::*"]}]
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn sr_policy_item(name: &str, body: serde_json::Value, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> SRIAMItem {
+        let mut item = sr_item("policy", updated_at);
+        item.name = name.to_string();
+        item.policy = Some(body);
+        item
+    }
+
+    fn sr_mapping_item(user: &str, policy: &str, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> SRIAMItem {
+        let mut item = sr_item("policy-mapping", updated_at);
+        item.policy_mapping = Some(SRPolicyMapping {
+            user_or_group: user.to_string(),
+            user_type: 0,
+            is_group: false,
+            policy: policy.to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        item
+    }
+
+    fn sr_group_item(group: &str, members: &[&str], is_remove: bool, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> SRIAMItem {
+        let mut item = sr_item("group-info", updated_at);
+        item.group_info = Some(SRGroupInfo {
+            update_req: rustfs_madmin::GroupAddRemove {
+                group: group.to_string(),
+                members: members.iter().map(|member| member.to_string()).collect(),
+                status: rustfs_madmin::GroupStatus::Enabled,
+                is_remove,
+            },
+            api_version: Some(SITE_REPL_API_VERSION.to_string()),
+        });
+        item
+    }
+
+    fn sr_user_item(
+        access_key: &str,
+        user_req: Option<rustfs_madmin::AddOrUpdateUserReq>,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> SRIAMItem {
+        let mut item = sr_item("iam-user", updated_at);
+        item.iam_user = Some(SRIAMUser {
+            access_key: access_key.to_string(),
+            is_delete_req: user_req.is_none(),
+            user_req,
+            api_version: Some(SITE_REPL_API_VERSION.to_string()),
+        });
+        item
+    }
+
+    fn user_req(secret_key: &str, status: rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus) -> rustfs_madmin::AddOrUpdateUserReq {
+        rustfs_madmin::AddOrUpdateUserReq {
+            secret_key: secret_key.to_string(),
+            policy: None,
+            status,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sr_service_account_create_item(parent: &str, access_key: &str, status: &str, updated_at: OffsetDateTime) -> SRIAMItem {
+        let mut item = sr_item("service-account", updated_at);
+        item.svc_acc_change = Some(SRSvcAccChange {
+            create: Some(SRSvcAccCreate {
+                parent: parent.to_string(),
+                access_key: access_key.to_string(),
+                secret_key: "replicated-svc-secret-123".to_string(),
+                groups: Vec::new(),
+                claims: HashMap::new(),
+                session_policy: rustfs_madmin::SRSessionPolicy::default(),
+                status: status.to_string(),
+                name: String::new(),
+                description: String::new(),
+                expiration: None,
+                api_version: Some(SITE_REPL_API_VERSION.to_string()),
+            }),
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        item
+    }
+
+    async fn stored_policy_json(name: &str) -> (String, Option<OffsetDateTime>) {
+        let iam = current_iam_handle().expect("test IAM");
+        let doc = iam.get_policy_doc(name).await.expect("policy doc");
+        (serde_json::to_string(&doc.policy).expect("serialize policy"), doc.update_date)
+    }
+
+    /// Review finding on rustfs#7195 (P1): two source edits T1 < T2 that both
+    /// predate their delivery. The record T1 writes must carry T1 — not the
+    /// later receive time — or T2 is judged stale against it and the newer
+    /// revoke is silently dropped. Exercised through the real receiver for
+    /// every gated item type.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn apply_iam_item_applies_delayed_in_order_updates_through_the_receiver() {
+        publish_ready_iam_context().await;
+        seed_two_peer_state_for_iam_apply().await;
+        let iam = current_iam_handle().expect("test IAM");
+        let t1 = OffsetDateTime::now_utc() - time::Duration::hours(2);
+        let t2 = t1 + time::Duration::minutes(5);
+
+        // policy: the grant, then the narrower revision.
+        let policy = "sr-delayed-order-policy";
+        apply_iam_item(sr_policy_item(policy, allow_actions_policy(&["s3:GetObject", "s3:PutObject"]), t1))
+            .await
+            .expect("T1 grant");
+        apply_iam_item(sr_policy_item(policy, allow_actions_policy(&["s3:GetObject"]), t2))
+            .await
+            .expect("T2 narrowed body");
+        let (stored, stamp) = stored_policy_json(policy).await;
+        assert_eq!(stamp, Some(t2), "the stored stamp is the source time of the last applied edit");
+        assert!(
+            !stored.contains("s3:PutObject"),
+            "the narrower T2 body must replace the T1 grant: {stored}"
+        );
+
+        // policy-mapping: attach the wide policy, then the narrow one.
+        for (name, actions) in [
+            ("sr-delayed-order-wide", &["s3:*"][..]),
+            ("sr-delayed-order-narrow", &["s3:GetObject"][..]),
+        ] {
+            let body: rustfs_policy::policy::Policy = serde_json::from_value(allow_actions_policy(actions)).expect("policy body");
+            iam.set_policy(name, body).await.expect("local policy");
+        }
+        let user = "sr-delayed-order-user";
+        apply_iam_item(sr_mapping_item(user, "sr-delayed-order-wide", t1))
+            .await
+            .expect("T1 attach");
+        apply_iam_item(sr_mapping_item(user, "sr-delayed-order-narrow", t2))
+            .await
+            .expect("T2 attach");
+        let mapping = iam
+            .get_mapped_policy_record(user, rustfs_iam::store::UserType::Reg, false)
+            .await
+            .expect("mapping");
+        assert_eq!(mapping.policies, "sr-delayed-order-narrow");
+        assert_eq!(mapping.update_at, t2);
+
+        // group: add the member, then remove it.
+        let member = "sr-delayed-order-member";
+        iam.create_user(member, &user_req("member-secret-key-123", rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus::Enabled))
+            .await
+            .expect("member");
+        let group = "sr-delayed-order-group";
+        apply_iam_item(sr_group_item(group, &[member], false, t1))
+            .await
+            .expect("T1 add");
+        apply_iam_item(sr_group_item(group, &[member], true, t2))
+            .await
+            .expect("T2 remove");
+        let info = iam.get_group_info(group).await.expect("group");
+        assert!(info.members.is_empty(), "the T2 removal must land after the delayed T1 add");
+        assert_eq!(info.update_at, Some(t2));
+
+        // iam-user: create enabled, then the status-only disable.
+        let access_key = "sr-delayed-order-account";
+        apply_iam_item(sr_user_item(
+            access_key,
+            Some(user_req("account-secret-key-123", rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus::Enabled)),
+            t1,
+        ))
+        .await
+        .expect("T1 create");
+        apply_iam_item(sr_user_item(access_key, Some(user_req("", rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus::Disabled)), t2))
+            .await
+            .expect("T2 disable");
+        let identity = iam.get_user(access_key).await.expect("user");
+        assert_eq!(identity.credentials.status, "off", "the T2 disable must land after the delayed T1 create");
+        assert_eq!(identity.update_at, Some(t2));
+
+        clear_seeded_state().await;
+    }
+
+    /// Review finding on rustfs#7195: an older grant and a newer revoke for
+    /// the same record delivered concurrently must always leave the revoke,
+    /// whichever request reaches the transaction first — the verdict and
+    /// the write of one cannot interleave with the other's.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn apply_iam_item_serializes_a_concurrent_older_grant_and_newer_revoke() {
+        publish_ready_iam_context().await;
+        seed_two_peer_state_for_iam_apply().await;
+        let t1 = OffsetDateTime::now_utc() - time::Duration::hours(2);
+        let t2 = t1 + time::Duration::minutes(5);
+
+        for round in 0..6u32 {
+            let policy = format!("sr-race-policy-{round}");
+            let grant = tokio::spawn(apply_iam_item(sr_policy_item(
+                &policy,
+                allow_actions_policy(&["s3:GetObject", "s3:PutObject"]),
+                t1,
+            )));
+            let revoke = tokio::spawn(apply_iam_item(sr_policy_item(&policy, allow_actions_policy(&["s3:GetObject"]), t2)));
+            let (grant, revoke) = if round % 2 == 0 {
+                tokio::join!(grant, revoke)
+            } else {
+                let (revoke, grant) = tokio::join!(revoke, grant);
+                (grant, revoke)
+            };
+            grant.expect("join grant").expect("grant delivery is acknowledged");
+            revoke.expect("join revoke").expect("revoke delivery is acknowledged");
+            let (stored, stamp) = stored_policy_json(&policy).await;
+            assert!(
+                !stored.contains("s3:PutObject"),
+                "round {round}: the grant won over the newer revoke: {stored}"
+            );
+            assert_eq!(stamp, Some(t2), "round {round}");
+        }
+
+        clear_seeded_state().await;
+    }
+
+    /// Review finding on rustfs#7195: a replicated delete followed by the
+    /// delayed delivery of the older create must not resurrect the entity,
+    /// and the mark that fences it is committed by the same transaction that
+    /// applied the delete; a genuinely newer create still lands.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn apply_iam_item_rejects_a_stale_recreate_after_a_replicated_delete() {
+        publish_ready_iam_context().await;
+        seed_two_peer_state_for_iam_apply().await;
+        let iam = current_iam_handle().expect("test IAM");
+        let t1 = OffsetDateTime::now_utc() - time::Duration::hours(2);
+        let t3 = t1 + time::Duration::minutes(10);
+        let t4 = t3 + time::Duration::minutes(10);
+        let access_key = "sr-recreate-account";
+        let create = |at| {
+            sr_user_item(
+                access_key,
+                Some(user_req("recreate-secret-key-123", rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus::Enabled)),
+                at,
+            )
+        };
+
+        apply_iam_item(create(t1)).await.expect("T1 create");
+        assert!(iam.get_user(access_key).await.is_some());
+        apply_iam_item(sr_user_item(access_key, None, t3)).await.expect("T3 delete");
+        assert!(iam.get_user(access_key).await.is_none());
+        let state = load_site_replication_state().await.expect("state");
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.iam_deletion_marks.get(&iam_user_deletion_mark_entity(access_key)),
+            Some(&t3),
+            "the delete's mark is committed with the delete"
+        );
+
+        apply_iam_item(create(t1)).await.expect("the stale replay is acknowledged");
+        assert!(
+            iam.get_user(access_key).await.is_none(),
+            "a create older than the recorded deletion must not re-create the user"
+        );
+
+        apply_iam_item(create(t4)).await.expect("T4 create");
+        let identity = iam.get_user(access_key).await.expect("a newer create lands");
+        assert_eq!(identity.update_at, Some(t4));
+
+        clear_seeded_state().await;
+    }
+
+    /// Review finding on rustfs#7195 (backlog#2289): a replicated disabled
+    /// service account is created disabled in one write, never enabled and
+    /// then switched off, and carries the source stamp.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    #[serial]
+    async fn apply_iam_item_creates_a_replicated_service_account_with_its_status() {
+        publish_ready_iam_context().await;
+        seed_two_peer_state_for_iam_apply().await;
+        let iam = current_iam_handle().expect("test IAM");
+        let t1 = OffsetDateTime::now_utc() - time::Duration::hours(2);
+        let parent = "sr-svc-parent";
+        iam.create_user(parent, &user_req("parent-secret-key-123", rustfs_madmin::AccountStatus::Enabled))
+            .await
+            .expect("parent");
+
+        for (access_key, status, expected) in [
+            ("sr-svc-disabled", "off", "off"),
+            ("sr-svc-enabled", "on", "on"),
+            ("sr-svc-default", "", "on"),
+        ] {
+            apply_iam_item(sr_service_account_create_item(parent, access_key, status, t1))
+                .await
+                .expect("service account create");
+            let (credentials, _) = iam.get_service_account(access_key).await.expect("service account");
+            assert_eq!(credentials.status, expected, "{access_key}");
+            let identity = iam.get_user(access_key).await.expect("identity");
+            assert_eq!(identity.update_at, Some(t1), "{access_key} carries the source stamp");
+        }
+
+        clear_seeded_state().await;
+    }
+
     #[tokio::test]
     #[serial]
     async fn apply_iam_item_accepts_minio_sts_account_item_type() {
@@ -12501,7 +12858,8 @@ mod tests {
             && incoming_is_delete
             && let Some(deleted_at) = incoming_updated_at
         {
-            record_iam_deletion_marks(marks, &entities, deleted_at);
+            // Pruning is judged from the deletion's own clock in the model.
+            record_iam_deletion_marks_at(marks, &entities, deleted_at, deleted_at);
         }
         verdict
     }
@@ -12593,8 +12951,8 @@ mod tests {
         let mut marks = SiteReplicationState::default();
         let bob = iam_group_member_deletion_mark_entity("devs", "bob");
         let group = iam_group_deletion_mark_entity("devs");
-        record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut marks, std::slice::from_ref(&bob), at(20));
-        record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut marks, std::slice::from_ref(&group), at(30));
+        record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut marks, std::slice::from_ref(&bob), at(20), at(20));
+        record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut marks, std::slice::from_ref(&group), at(30), at(30));
 
         // The gate for an add of `bob` to the (deleted) group.
         let add_bob = [group.clone(), bob.clone()];
@@ -12625,43 +12983,98 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// Cheap wiring guard for backlog#2291: every one of the `policy`,
-    /// `policy-mapping`, `group-info` and `iam-user` apply paths must route
-    /// through the shared staleness verdict before it writes or deletes
-    /// anything, and must fall back to the deletion mark when the record is
-    /// absent; `apply_iam_item` must record the mark of a committed deletion.
-    /// The ordering rule itself is covered by the `test_iam_item_*` behaviour
-    /// tests above; this only pins that no path bypasses it again.
+    /// `policy-mapping`, `group-info`, `iam-user` and `service-account` apply
+    /// paths must judge the item against the local record (falling back to
+    /// the deletion marks of the transaction's state when the record is
+    /// absent) before it writes or deletes anything, must stamp every write
+    /// with the item's source time, and `apply_iam_item` must run verdict,
+    /// write and mark commit inside one state transaction. The ordering rule
+    /// itself is covered by the `test_iam_item_*` model tests above and the
+    /// `apply_iam_item_*` receiver tests; this only pins that no path bypasses
+    /// it again.
     #[test]
     fn test_iam_policy_mapping_and_group_items_gate_on_incoming_updated_at() {
         let source = include_str!("site_replication.rs");
-        for (start, end) in [
-            ("async fn apply_iam_policy_item(", "async fn apply_iam_policy_mapping_item("),
-            ("async fn apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(", "async fn apply_iam_group_info_item("),
-            ("async fn apply_iam_group_info_item(", "async fn apply_iam_sts_account_item("),
-            ("async fn apply_iam_user_item(", "async fn apply_iam_service_account_item("),
+        let locally_stamped_writes = [
+            ".set_policy(",
+            ".policy_db_set(",
+            ".add_users_to_group(",
+            ".remove_users_from_group(",
+            ".set_group_status(",
+            ".create_user(",
+            ".set_user_status(",
+            ".new_service_account(",
+            ".update_service_account(",
+        ];
+        for (start, end, judged_by_shared_verdict) in [
+            ("async fn apply_iam_policy_item(", "async fn apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(", true),
+            ("async fn apply_iam_policy_mapping_item(", "async fn apply_iam_group_info_item(", true),
+            ("async fn apply_iam_group_info_item(", "async fn apply_iam_sts_account_item(", true),
+            ("async fn apply_iam_user_item(", "async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(", true),
+            ("async fn apply_iam_service_account_item(", "fn claims_unix_timestamp(", false),
         ] {
             let body = source
                 .split(start)
                 .nth(1)
                 .and_then(|rest| rest.split(end).next())
                 .expect(start);
+            if judged_by_shared_verdict {
+                assert!(
+                    body.contains("judge_iam_item_staleness(local_updated_at, incoming_updated_at)"),
+                    "{start} must judge the item against the local record before applying it"
+                );
+            } else {
+                assert!(
+                    body.contains("is_stale_update(local_updated_at, incoming_updated_at)"),
+                    "{start} must judge the item against the local record before applying it"
+                );
+            }
             assert!(
-                body.contains("judge_iam_item_staleness(local_updated_at, incoming_updated_at)"),
-                "{start} must judge the item against the local record before applying it"
+                body.contains("iam_deletion_mark("),
+                "{start} must fall back to the deletion marks of the transaction's state when the record is absent"
             );
             assert!(
-                body.contains("local_iam_deletion_mark("),
-                "{start} must fall back to the deletion mark when the record is absent"
+                body.contains("replicated_write_stamp(incoming_updated_at)"),
+                "{start} must stamp its writes with the item's source time"
             );
+            for write in locally_stamped_writes {
+                assert!(
+                    !body.contains(write),
+                    "{start} must not stamp a replicated write with the local clock ({write})"
+                );
+            }
         }
         let dispatch = source
             .split("async fn apply_iam_item(")
             .nth(1)
-            .and_then(|rest| rest.split("async fn local_iam_deletion_mark(").next())
+            .and_then(|rest| rest.split("fn replicated_write_stamp(").next())
             .expect("apply_iam_item");
         assert!(
-            dispatch.contains("commit_iam_deletion_marks(deletion_mark_entities, deleted_at)"),
-            "apply_iam_item must record the mark of a deletion it committed"
+            dispatch.contains("with_site_replication_state_transaction(move |mut state| async move {"),
+            "apply_iam_item must run verdict, write and mark commit in one state transaction"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            dispatch.contains("record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, &deletion_mark_entities, deleted_at)"),
+            "apply_iam_item must record the mark of a deletion it committed in the same transaction"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !dispatch.contains("commit_iam_deletion_marks("),
+            "the mark must not be committed in a second transaction"
+        );
+        // backlog#2289: a replicated service account is created with its
+        // status; a second status write could fail and leave it enabled.
+        let create_branch = source
+            .split("Err(err) if is_err_no_such_service_account(&err) => {")
+            .nth(1)
+            .and_then(|rest| rest.split("Err(err) => return Err(ApiError::from(err).into()),").next())
+            .expect("service account create branch");
+        assert!(
+            create_branch.contains("status: (!create.status.is_empty()).then_some(create.status),"),
+            "the service account must be created with the source status"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            !create_branch.contains("update_service_account"),
+            "the created service account's status must not depend on a second write"
         );
     }
 
@@ -14259,6 +14672,10 @@ mod tests {
             "durable quota must carry the source stamp"
         );
         assert!(apply.contains("update_if_incarnation_at("), "bucket configs must carry the source stamp");
+        assert!(
+            apply.contains("delete_if_incarnation_at("),
+            "bucket config deletes must carry the source stamp too, or a newer re-create is judged stale"
+        );
         assert!(
             !apply.contains("metadata_sys::update_if_incarnation(&item.bucket"),
             "no replicated config write may bypass the source stamp"
diff --git a/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/user.rs b/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/user.rs
index a9d4ee4f0..04d28290f 100644
--- a/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/user.rs
+++ b/rustfs/src/admin/handlers/user.rs
@@ -1131,6 +1131,7 @@ impl Operation for ImportIam {
                         expiration: req.expiration,
                         allow_site_replicator_account: false,
                         claims: Some(req.claims),
+                        status: None,
                     };
 
                     let groups = if req.groups.is_empty() { None } else { Some(req.groups) };
diff --git a/rustfs/src/admin/storage_api.rs b/rustfs/src/admin/storage_api.rs
index 809c46589..4377e7ea0 100644
--- a/rustfs/src/admin/storage_api.rs
+++ b/rustfs/src/admin/storage_api.rs
@@ -455,6 +455,18 @@ pub(crate) mod metadata_sys {
         super::ecstore_bucket::metadata_sys::delete_if_incarnation(bucket, config_file, expected_incarnation_id).await
     }
 
+    /// [`delete_if_incarnation`] stamping the cleared config with a replicated
+    /// deletion's source `updated_at` instead of the local clock (backlog#2292).
+    pub(crate) async fn delete_if_incarnation_at(
+        bucket: &str,
+        config_file: &str,
+        expected_incarnation_id: uuid::Uuid,
+        updated_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    ) -> Result<OffsetDateTime> {
+        super::ecstore_bucket::metadata_sys::delete_if_incarnation_at(bucket, config_file, expected_incarnation_id, updated_at)
+            .await
+    }
+
     pub(crate) async fn get_bucket_policy(bucket: &str) -> Result<(BucketPolicy, OffsetDateTime)> {
         super::ecstore_bucket::metadata_sys::get_bucket_policy(bucket).await
     }
diff --git a/rustfs/src/site_replication/state.rs b/rustfs/src/site_replication/state.rs
index 0d9bf5f6e..efc8b16e5 100644
--- a/rustfs/src/site_replication/state.rs
+++ b/rustfs/src/site_replication/state.rs
@@ -68,23 +68,49 @@ pub(crate) struct SiteReplicationState {
     /// keyed by the deleted entity (`iam_item_deletion_mark_entities`). A
     /// deletion leaves no local record to judge a later item against, so this
     /// is what lets the receive-side staleness gate reject a grant that is
-    /// older than the revoke it would otherwise undo (backlog#2291). Bounded
-    /// by [`SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_LIMIT`]; the oldest mark is
-    /// evicted first.
+    /// older than the revoke it would otherwise undo (backlog#2291). Marks
+    /// are kept for [`SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_RETENTION`] and never
+    /// evicted by count: see that constant for why a count bound would open
+    /// exactly the window the marks exist to close.
     #[serde(default, with = "rfc3339_map", skip_serializing_if = "BTreeMap::is_empty")]
     pub(crate) iam_deletion_marks: BTreeMap<String, OffsetDateTime>,
 }
 
-/// Upper bound on [`SiteReplicationState::iam_deletion_marks`].
-pub(crate) const SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_LIMIT: usize = 1024;
+/// How long an IAM deletion mark outlives the deletion it records.
+///
+/// A mark fences the delivery paths that can still carry an older grant for
+/// the deleted entity: a live delivery delayed in transit, the same grant
+/// arriving on a sibling node while the revoke is being applied, and a
+/// snapshot (bootstrap / repair / resend) built by a peer that has not yet
+/// received the deletion — which is bounded by this site's own retry queue
+/// towards that peer, whose backoff tops out at one day
+/// (`SITE_REPLICATION_RETRY_DRAIN_MAX_BACKOFF_SECS`). The retry drain itself
+/// never replays a stale grant: it resends snapshots of the current records
+/// and the recorded deletion bodies. Thirty days is an order of magnitude
+/// beyond every one of those windows. Marks are pruned by age only — a count
+/// bound would drop a mark that is still inside the delivery window as soon
+/// as enough newer deletions happen, letting the delayed grant re-create the
+/// entity, which is the very hole the marks close.
+pub(crate) const SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_RETENTION: time::Duration = time::Duration::days(30);
 
 /// Record that deletions of `entities` with source timestamp `deleted_at`
 /// were committed here. Newest wins per entity: an older deletion never
-/// lowers a mark. Returns whether the state changed.
+/// lowers a mark. Marks older than the retention are pruned in the same
+/// pass. Returns whether the state changed.
 pub(crate) fn record_iam_deletion_marks(
     state: &mut SiteReplicationState,
     entities: &[String],
     deleted_at: OffsetDateTime,
+) -> bool {
+    record_iam_deletion_marks_at(state, entities, deleted_at, OffsetDateTime::now_utc())
+}
+
+/// [`record_iam_deletion_marks`] pruning against an explicit `now`.
+pub(crate) fn record_iam_deletion_marks_at(
+    state: &mut SiteReplicationState,
+    entities: &[String],
+    deleted_at: OffsetDateTime,
+    now: OffsetDateTime,
 ) -> bool {
     let mut changed = false;
     for entity in entities {
@@ -98,18 +124,10 @@ pub(crate) fn record_iam_deletion_marks(
         state.iam_deletion_marks.insert(entity.clone(), deleted_at);
         changed = true;
     }
-    while state.iam_deletion_marks.len() > SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_LIMIT {
-        let Some(oldest) = state
-            .iam_deletion_marks
-            .iter()
-            .min_by_key(|(_, deleted_at)| **deleted_at)
-            .map(|(entity, _)| entity.clone())
-        else {
-            break;
-        };
-        state.iam_deletion_marks.remove(&oldest);
-    }
-    changed
+    let expired_before = now - SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_RETENTION;
+    let before = state.iam_deletion_marks.len();
+    state.iam_deletion_marks.retain(|_, deleted_at| *deleted_at >= expired_before);
+    changed || state.iam_deletion_marks.len() != before
 }
 
 /// Newest deletion mark among `entities`, or `None` when no deletion of any
@@ -403,6 +421,33 @@ where
     update_site_replication_state_when_changed(move |state| update(state).map(StateCommit::Changed)).await
 }
 
+/// The state transaction for work that has to await inside it: an IAM write
+/// that must be ordered with the staleness verdict taken before it and the
+/// deletion mark committed after it (backlog#2291). Same boundary as
+/// [`update_site_replication_state`] — load and persist under the
+/// distributed state-object write lock, so two nodes of this site cannot
+/// interleave their verdicts and writes — and the same rules inside: no peer
+/// network calls and no other config locks. The closure hands the state back
+/// as `Some` when it changed it; `None` skips the write.
+pub(crate) async fn with_site_replication_state_transaction<T, F, Fut>(transaction: F) -> S3Result<T>
+where
+    T: Send + 'static,
+    F: FnOnce(SiteReplicationState) -> Fut + Send + 'static,
+    Fut: std::future::Future<Output = S3Result<(T, Option<SiteReplicationState>)>> + Send + 'static,
+{
+    with_site_replication_state_lock(move || async move {
+        let store = current_object_store_handle()
+            .ok_or_else(|| S3Error::with_message(S3ErrorCode::InternalError, "Not init".to_string()))?;
+        let state = load_site_replication_state_no_lock(store.clone()).await?;
+        let (result, changed) = transaction(state).await?;
+        if let Some(state) = changed {
+            persist_site_replication_state_no_lock(store, state).await?;
+        }
+        Ok(result)
+    })
+    .await
+}
+
 /// [`update_site_replication_state`] for closures that may find nothing to
 /// do — see [`StateCommit`].
 pub(crate) async fn update_site_replication_state_when_changed<T, F>(update: F) -> S3Result<T>
diff --git a/rustfs/src/site_replication/tests.rs b/rustfs/src/site_replication/tests.rs
index a91d95d35..f1c06131f 100644
--- a/rustfs/src/site_replication/tests.rs
+++ b/rustfs/src/site_replication/tests.rs
@@ -622,40 +622,64 @@ fn test_iam_item_deletion_mark_entities_shapes() {
     assert!(iam_item_deletion_mark_entities(&user_create).is_empty());
 }
 
-/// Newest wins per entity, the map stays bounded by evicting the oldest
-/// mark, and the timestamps survive the state object as RFC 3339.
+/// Newest wins per entity, marks are pruned by age only (never by count: a
+/// count bound would drop a mark still inside the delivery window as soon as
+/// enough newer deletions happen), and the timestamps survive the state
+/// object as RFC 3339.
 #[test]
-fn test_record_iam_deletion_marks_newest_wins_and_stays_bounded() {
+fn test_record_iam_deletion_marks_newest_wins_and_expires_by_age_only() {
     let at = |seconds: i64| OffsetDateTime::UNIX_EPOCH + time::Duration::seconds(seconds);
+    let now = at(1_000_000);
     let mut state = SiteReplicationState::default();
     let alice = vec!["iam-user:alice".to_string()];
 
-    assert!(record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, &alice, at(20)));
+    assert!(record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &alice, at(20), now));
     assert!(
-        !record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, &alice, at(10)),
+        !record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &alice, at(10), now),
         "an older deletion does not move the mark"
     );
     assert!(
-        !record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, &alice, at(20)),
+        !record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &alice, at(20), now),
         "a replayed deletion is not a change"
     );
     assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &alice), Some(at(20)));
-    assert!(record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, &alice, at(30)));
+    assert!(record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &alice, at(30), now));
     assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &alice), Some(at(30)));
     assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &["iam-user:bob".to_string()]), None);
-    assert!(!record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, &[], at(40)));
+    assert!(!record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &[], at(40), now));
 
-    // Fill past the bound with marks older than alice's; the oldest go first.
-    let members: Vec<String> = (0..SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_LIMIT)
-        .map(|index| format!("group-member:devs:user-{index:04}"))
-        .collect();
+    // Many newer deletions never evict an older mark that is still within the retention.
+    let members: Vec<String> = (0..4096).map(|index| format!("group-member:devs:user-{index:04}")).collect();
     for (index, member) in members.iter().enumerate() {
-        record_iam_deletion_marks(&mut state, std::slice::from_ref(member), at(index as i64 - 2000));
+        record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, std::slice::from_ref(member), at(100 + index as i64), now);
     }
-    assert_eq!(state.iam_deletion_marks.len(), SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_LIMIT);
-    assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &alice), Some(at(30)), "the newest mark survives eviction");
-    assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &members[..1]), None, "the oldest mark is evicted first");
-    assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &members[1..2]), Some(at(-1999)));
+    assert_eq!(state.iam_deletion_marks.len(), members.len() + 1);
+    assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &alice), Some(at(30)), "no count-based eviction");
+
+    // Marks older than the retention are pruned, on the pass that records a
+    // newer one and on a pass that changes nothing else; younger ones stay.
+    let later = at(100) + SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_RETENTION;
+    assert!(
+        record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &["iam-user:carol".to_string()], at(200_000), later),
+        "pruning alone is a change"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &alice), None, "alice's mark aged out");
+    assert_eq!(
+        iam_deletion_mark(&state, &members[..1]),
+        Some(at(100)),
+        "a mark exactly at the retention edge stays, and so do the younger ones"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(state.iam_deletion_marks.len(), members.len() + 1);
+    assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &["iam-user:carol".to_string()]), Some(at(200_000)));
+    let mut state = SiteReplicationState::default();
+    record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &alice, at(30), now);
+    let past_edge = at(30) + SITE_REPLICATION_IAM_DELETION_MARK_RETENTION + time::Duration::seconds(1);
+    assert!(
+        record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &[], at(0), past_edge),
+        "a pass that only prunes reports the change"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(iam_deletion_mark(&state, &alice), None);
+    record_iam_deletion_marks_at(&mut state, &alice, at(30), now);
 
     let json = serde_json::to_value(&state).expect("serialize state");
     assert_eq!(json["iam_deletion_marks"]["iam-user:alice"], serde_json::json!("1970-01-01T00:00:30Z"));