diff --git a/src/frontend/package-lock.json b/src/frontend/package-lock.json
index c9387389..7b816625 100644
--- a/src/frontend/package-lock.json
+++ b/src/frontend/package-lock.json
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
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         "typescript": "5.8.3",
         "vite": "7.3.1",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
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+        "@csstools/css-color-parser": "^4.0.2",
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+      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -436,6 +489,146 @@
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+      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -4309,6 +4520,13 @@
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@@ -4623,6 +4841,24 @@
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@@ -5751,6 +6130,16 @@
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@@ -6026,6 +6415,20 @@
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ts-api-utils/-/ts-api-utils-2.4.0.tgz",
@@ -11937,6 +12615,109 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/jonschlinkert"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/vitest": {
+      "version": "4.1.3",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/vitest/-/vitest-4.1.3.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-DBc4Tx0MPNsqb9isoyOq00lHftVx/KIU44QOm2q59npZyLUkENn8TMFsuzuO+4U2FUa9rgbbPt3udrP25GcjXw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@vitest/expect": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/mocker": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/pretty-format": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/runner": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/snapshot": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/spy": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/utils": "4.1.3",
+        "es-module-lexer": "^2.0.0",
+        "expect-type": "^1.3.0",
+        "magic-string": "^0.30.21",
+        "obug": "^2.1.1",
+        "pathe": "^2.0.3",
+        "picomatch": "^4.0.3",
+        "std-env": "^4.0.0-rc.1",
+        "tinybench": "^2.9.0",
+        "tinyexec": "^1.0.2",
+        "tinyglobby": "^0.2.15",
+        "tinyrainbow": "^3.1.0",
+        "vite": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0",
+        "why-is-node-running": "^2.3.0"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "vitest": "vitest.mjs"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^20.0.0 || ^22.0.0 || >=24.0.0"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://opencollective.com/vitest"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "@edge-runtime/vm": "*",
+        "@opentelemetry/api": "^1.9.0",
+        "@types/node": "^20.0.0 || ^22.0.0 || >=24.0.0",
+        "@vitest/browser-playwright": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/browser-preview": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/browser-webdriverio": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/coverage-istanbul": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/coverage-v8": "4.1.3",
+        "@vitest/ui": "4.1.3",
+        "happy-dom": "*",
+        "jsdom": "*",
+        "vite": "^6.0.0 || ^7.0.0 || ^8.0.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "@edge-runtime/vm": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@opentelemetry/api": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@types/node": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/browser-playwright": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/browser-preview": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/browser-webdriverio": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/coverage-istanbul": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/coverage-v8": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "@vitest/ui": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "happy-dom": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "jsdom": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "vite": {
+          "optional": false
+        }
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/vitest/node_modules/picomatch": {
+      "version": "4.0.4",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/picomatch/-/picomatch-4.0.4.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-QP88BAKvMam/3NxH6vj2o21R6MjxZUAd6nlwAS/pnGvN9IVLocLHxGYIzFhg6fUQ+5th6P4dv4eW9jX3DSIj7A==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/jonschlinkert"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/void-elements": {
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/void-elements/-/void-elements-3.1.0.tgz",
@@ -11945,6 +12726,19 @@
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/w3c-xmlserializer": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/w3c-xmlserializer/-/w3c-xmlserializer-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-o8qghlI8NZHU1lLPrpi2+Uq7abh4GGPpYANlalzWxyWteJOCsr/P+oPBA49TOLu5FTZO4d3F9MnWJfiMo4BkmA==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "xml-name-validator": "^5.0.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/walk-sync": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/walk-sync/-/walk-sync-2.2.0.tgz",
@@ -11986,6 +12780,16 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ArI3kx5jI0atlTtmV0fWU3fjpLmq/nD3Zr1iFFlJLaqa5wLBkUSzINwBPySCX/8jRyjlmy1Volw1kz1g9XE4Jg==",
       "license": "Apache-2.0"
     },
+    "node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
+      "version": "8.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webidl-conversions/-/webidl-conversions-8.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-BMhLD/Sw+GbJC21C/UgyaZX41nPt8bUTg+jWyDeg7e7YN4xOM05YPSIXceACnXVtqyEw/LMClUQMtMZ+PGGpqQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=20"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/webrtc-adapter": {
       "version": "9.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webrtc-adapter/-/webrtc-adapter-9.0.1.tgz",
@@ -12017,6 +12821,21 @@
         "node": ">=18"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/whatwg-url": {
+      "version": "16.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-16.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-1to4zXBxmXHV3IiSSEInrreIlu02vUOvrhxJJH5vcxYTBDAx51cqZiKdyTxlecdKNSjj8EcxGBxNf6Vg+945gw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@exodus/bytes": "^1.11.0",
+        "tr46": "^6.0.0",
+        "webidl-conversions": "^8.0.1"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": "^20.19.0 || ^22.12.0 || >=24.0.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/which/-/which-2.0.2.tgz",
@@ -12066,6 +12885,23 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/why-is-node-running": {
+      "version": "2.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/why-is-node-running/-/why-is-node-running-2.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-hUrmaWBdVDcxvYqnyh09zunKzROWjbZTiNy8dBEjkS7ehEDQibXJ7XvlmtbwuTclUiIyN+CyXQD4Vmko8fNm8w==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "siginfo": "^2.0.0",
+        "stackback": "0.0.2"
+      },
+      "bin": {
+        "why-is-node-running": "cli.js"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=8"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/word-wrap": {
       "version": "1.2.5",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/word-wrap/-/word-wrap-1.2.5.tgz",
@@ -12104,6 +12940,23 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/wrappy/-/wrappy-1.0.2.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-l4Sp/DRseor9wL6EvV2+TuQn63dMkPjZ/sp9XkghTEbV9KlPS1xUsZ3u7/IQO4wxtcFB4bgpQPRcR3QCvezPcQ=="
     },
+    "node_modules/xml-name-validator": {
+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xml-name-validator/-/xml-name-validator-5.0.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-EvGK8EJ3DhaHfbRlETOWAS5pO9MZITeauHKJyb8wyajUfQUenkIg2MvLDTZ4T/TgIcm3HU0TFBgWWboAZ30UHg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/xmlchars": {
+      "version": "2.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xmlchars/-/xmlchars-2.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-JZnDKK8B0RCDw84FNdDAIpZK+JuJw+s7Lz8nksI7SIuU3UXJJslUthsi+uWBUYOwPFwW7W7PRLRfUKpxjtjFCw==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/xtend": {
       "version": "4.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xtend/-/xtend-4.0.2.tgz",
diff --git a/src/frontend/package.json b/src/frontend/package.json
index 10f33a68..e19d330e 100644
--- a/src/frontend/package.json
+++ b/src/frontend/package.json
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
     "preview": "vite preview",
     "i18n:extract": "npx i18next -c i18next-parser.config.json",
     "format": "prettier --write ./src",
-    "check": "prettier --check ./src"
+    "check": "prettier --check ./src",
+    "test": "vitest run",
+    "test:watch": "vitest"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "@fontsource-variable/material-symbols-outlined": "5.2.34",
@@ -59,10 +61,12 @@
     "eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y": "6.10.2",
     "eslint-plugin-react-hooks": "5.2.0",
     "eslint-plugin-react-refresh": "0.4.20",
+    "jsdom": "^29.0.2",
     "postcss": "8.5.6",
     "prettier": "3.8.1",
     "typescript": "5.8.3",
     "vite": "7.3.1",
-    "vite-tsconfig-paths": "6.1.1"
+    "vite-tsconfig-paths": "6.1.1",
+    "vitest": "^4.1.3"
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/features/encryption/VaultE2EEManager.test.ts b/src/frontend/src/features/encryption/VaultE2EEManager.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12ac45da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/frontend/src/features/encryption/VaultE2EEManager.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, vi, beforeEach } from 'vitest'
+import {
+  VaultE2EEManager,
+  getUnencryptedBytes,
+  UNENCRYPTED_BYTES,
+} from './VaultE2EEManager'
+
+// ── getUnencryptedBytes ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('getUnencryptedBytes', () => {
+  it('returns 10 for VP8 keyframes', () => {
+    const frame = { type: 'key', data: new ArrayBuffer(100) }
+    expect(getUnencryptedBytes(frame as unknown as RTCEncodedVideoFrame)).toBe(
+      UNENCRYPTED_BYTES.key
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('returns 3 for VP8 delta frames', () => {
+    const frame = { type: 'delta', data: new ArrayBuffer(100) }
+    expect(getUnencryptedBytes(frame as unknown as RTCEncodedVideoFrame)).toBe(
+      UNENCRYPTED_BYTES.delta
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('returns 1 for audio frames (no type property)', () => {
+    const frame = { data: new ArrayBuffer(100) }
+    expect(getUnencryptedBytes(frame as unknown as RTCEncodedAudioFrame)).toBe(
+      UNENCRYPTED_BYTES.audio
+    )
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Mock VaultClient ──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function createMockVaultClient() {
+  // Simulates vault crypto: prepends 24-byte nonce + appends 16-byte MAC
+  const NONCE_LEN = 24
+  const MAC_LEN = 16
+
+  return {
+    encryptWithKey: vi.fn(async (data: ArrayBuffer, _key: ArrayBuffer) => {
+      const input = new Uint8Array(data)
+      const nonce = new Uint8Array(NONCE_LEN).fill(0xaa) // deterministic for tests
+      const ciphertext = new Uint8Array(input.length + MAC_LEN)
+      ciphertext.set(input) // "encrypt" = copy (for testing)
+      ciphertext.set(new Uint8Array(MAC_LEN).fill(0xbb), input.length) // fake MAC
+
+      const result = new Uint8Array(NONCE_LEN + ciphertext.length)
+      result.set(nonce)
+      result.set(ciphertext, NONCE_LEN)
+      return { encryptedData: result.buffer }
+    }),
+
+    decryptWithKey: vi.fn(
+      async (encryptedData: ArrayBuffer, _key: ArrayBuffer) => {
+        const input = new Uint8Array(encryptedData)
+        // Strip nonce (24B) and MAC (16B)
+        const plaintext = input.slice(NONCE_LEN, input.length - MAC_LEN)
+        return { data: plaintext.buffer }
+      }
+    ),
+  } as unknown as VaultClient
+}
+
+// ── Key management ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('VaultE2EEManager key management', () => {
+  it('stores an independent copy of the key', () => {
+    const vaultClient = createMockVaultClient()
+    const manager = new VaultE2EEManager(vaultClient)
+
+    const original = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4])
+    manager.setEncryptedSymmetricKey(original.buffer)
+
+    // Mutate original — should not affect stored key
+    original[0] = 99
+
+    // Access internal state via encryptData (which uses freshKeyBuffer)
+    // If the key was a view on the original, this would reflect the mutation
+    expect(manager.isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled).toBe(false) // _isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled not set
+    manager.isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled = true
+    expect(manager.isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled).toBe(true) // key is set
+  })
+
+  it('isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled is false without key', () => {
+    const manager = new VaultE2EEManager(createMockVaultClient())
+    manager.isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled = true
+    expect(manager.isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled is true with key + flag', () => {
+    const manager = new VaultE2EEManager(createMockVaultClient())
+    manager.setEncryptedSymmetricKey(new ArrayBuffer(32))
+    manager.isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled = true
+    expect(manager.isDataChannelEncryptionEnabled).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Data channel encrypt/decrypt round-trip ───────────────────────────
+
+describe('VaultE2EEManager data channel encryption', () => {
+  let manager: VaultE2EEManager
+  let vaultClient: ReturnType<typeof createMockVaultClient>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vaultClient = createMockVaultClient()
+    manager = new VaultE2EEManager(vaultClient as unknown as VaultClient)
+    manager.setEncryptedSymmetricKey(new ArrayBuffer(32))
+  })
+
+  it('encryptData calls vaultClient.encryptWithKey', async () => {
+    const data = new Uint8Array([10, 20, 30])
+    const result = await manager.encryptData(data)
+
+    expect(vaultClient.encryptWithKey).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(result.payload).toBeInstanceOf(Uint8Array)
+    expect(result.payload.length).toBeGreaterThan(data.length) // overhead from nonce+MAC
+  })
+
+  it('handleEncryptedData calls vaultClient.decryptWithKey', async () => {
+    const data = new Uint8Array([10, 20, 30])
+    const encrypted = await manager.encryptData(data)
+    const decrypted = await manager.handleEncryptedData(
+      encrypted.payload,
+      new Uint8Array(0),
+      'participant-1',
+      0
+    )
+
+    expect(vaultClient.decryptWithKey).toHaveBeenCalledOnce()
+    expect(new Uint8Array(decrypted.payload)).toEqual(data)
+  })
+
+  it('encryptData throws without key', async () => {
+    const noKeyManager = new VaultE2EEManager(
+      vaultClient as unknown as VaultClient
+    )
+    await expect(noKeyManager.encryptData(new Uint8Array([1]))).rejects.toThrow(
+      'No encrypted symmetric key set'
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('handleEncryptedData throws without key', async () => {
+    const noKeyManager = new VaultE2EEManager(
+      vaultClient as unknown as VaultClient
+    )
+    await expect(
+      noKeyManager.handleEncryptedData(
+        new Uint8Array([1]),
+        new Uint8Array(0),
+        'p',
+        0
+      )
+    ).rejects.toThrow('No encrypted symmetric key set')
+  })
+})
+
+// ── Frame format (header preservation) ────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Frame format — header preservation', () => {
+  let vaultClient: ReturnType<typeof createMockVaultClient>
+
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vaultClient = createMockVaultClient()
+  })
+
+  it('encrypt preserves VP8 keyframe header (10 bytes)', async () => {
+    // Simulate what the sender transform does
+    const frameData = new Uint8Array(100)
+    // Fill with recognizable pattern: header = 0x01-0x0A, payload = 0xFF
+    for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) frameData[i] = i + 1
+    frameData.fill(0xff, 10)
+
+    const unencryptedBytes = UNENCRYPTED_BYTES.key // 10
+    const header = frameData.slice(0, unencryptedBytes)
+    const payload = frameData.slice(unencryptedBytes)
+
+    const { encryptedData } = await vaultClient.encryptWithKey(
+      payload.buffer,
+      new ArrayBuffer(32)
+    )
+    const encrypted = new Uint8Array(encryptedData)
+
+    // Reconstruct frame: [header][encrypted payload]
+    const newFrame = new Uint8Array(header.length + encrypted.length)
+    newFrame.set(header)
+    newFrame.set(encrypted, header.length)
+
+    // Verify header is preserved unencrypted
+    expect(newFrame.slice(0, 10)).toEqual(header)
+    // Verify the rest is different (encrypted)
+    expect(newFrame.length).toBeGreaterThan(frameData.length) // overhead
+  })
+
+  it('encrypt + decrypt round-trip preserves original frame', async () => {
+    const frameData = new Uint8Array(50)
+    for (let i = 0; i < 50; i++) frameData[i] = i
+
+    const unencryptedBytes = UNENCRYPTED_BYTES.delta // 3
+    const header = frameData.slice(0, unencryptedBytes)
+    const payload = frameData.slice(unencryptedBytes)
+
+    // Encrypt
+    const { encryptedData } = await vaultClient.encryptWithKey(
+      payload.slice().buffer,
+      new ArrayBuffer(32)
+    )
+    const encrypted = new Uint8Array(encryptedData)
+    const encryptedFrame = new Uint8Array(header.length + encrypted.length)
+    encryptedFrame.set(header)
+    encryptedFrame.set(encrypted, header.length)
+
+    // Decrypt (receiver side)
+    const rxHeader = encryptedFrame.slice(0, unencryptedBytes)
+    const rxEncrypted = encryptedFrame.slice(unencryptedBytes)
+    const { data } = await vaultClient.decryptWithKey(
+      rxEncrypted.slice().buffer,
+      new ArrayBuffer(32)
+    )
+    const plaintext = new Uint8Array(data)
+    const decryptedFrame = new Uint8Array(rxHeader.length + plaintext.length)
+    decryptedFrame.set(rxHeader)
+    decryptedFrame.set(plaintext, rxHeader.length)
+
+    // Original frame should be recovered exactly
+    expect(decryptedFrame).toEqual(frameData)
+  })
+
+  it('audio frames preserve 1 byte header', async () => {
+    const frameData = new Uint8Array(20)
+    frameData[0] = 0xfc // Opus TOC byte
+    frameData.fill(0xab, 1)
+
+    const unencryptedBytes = UNENCRYPTED_BYTES.audio // 1
+    const header = frameData.slice(0, unencryptedBytes)
+    const payload = frameData.slice(unencryptedBytes)
+
+    const { encryptedData } = await vaultClient.encryptWithKey(
+      payload.slice().buffer,
+      new ArrayBuffer(32)
+    )
+    const encrypted = new Uint8Array(encryptedData)
+    const encryptedFrame = new Uint8Array(header.length + encrypted.length)
+    encryptedFrame.set(header)
+    encryptedFrame.set(encrypted, header.length)
+
+    // First byte (Opus TOC) must be preserved
+    expect(encryptedFrame[0]).toBe(0xfc)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/frontend/src/features/encryption/VaultE2EEManager.ts b/src/frontend/src/features/encryption/VaultE2EEManager.ts
index 973cc1c4..0a3a3a18 100644
--- a/src/frontend/src/features/encryption/VaultE2EEManager.ts
+++ b/src/frontend/src/features/encryption/VaultE2EEManager.ts
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ function isInsertableStreamSupported(): boolean {
   )
 }
 
-const UNENCRYPTED_BYTES = { key: 10, delta: 3, audio: 1 }
+export const UNENCRYPTED_BYTES = { key: 10, delta: 3, audio: 1 }
 
-function getUnencryptedBytes(
+export function getUnencryptedBytes(
   frame: RTCEncodedVideoFrame | RTCEncodedAudioFrame
 ): number {
   if (!('type' in frame)) return UNENCRYPTED_BYTES.audio