auth-bundle-1 Phase 9 + 10: approval-bypass closure + RBAC GUI

# Phase 9 — approval-bypass closure (Decision 9, option a)

* Migration 000033_approval_kinds.up.sql: ALTER TABLE
  issuance_approval_requests ADD COLUMN approval_kind +
  payload JSONB; relax certificate_id + job_id to nullable;
  CHECK (approval_kind IN ('cert_issuance','profile_edit'))
  + CHECK (per-kind nullability invariant) + index on
  approval_kind. Idempotent throughout via DO blocks.
* domain.ApprovalKind enum (cert_issuance / profile_edit) +
  IsValidApprovalKind. ApprovalRequest gains Kind +
  Payload []byte for the pending profile diff.
* postgres.ApprovalRepository.Create + scanApprovalRow extended
  to round-trip the new columns; certificate_id + job_id
  switched to sql.NullString so profile_edit rows persist
  cleanly. Default Kind=cert_issuance preserves back-compat
  for every Phase-7-2026-05-03 caller.
* ApprovalService.RequestProfileEditApproval: new entry point
  that creates a pending profile-edit row carrying the
  serialized profile diff. Bypass mode (CERTCTL_APPROVAL_BYPASS)
  short-circuits the same way it does for cert_issuance.
* ApprovalService.SetProfileEditApply hook: cmd/server/main.go
  registers a closure that deserializes req.Payload + persists
  via profileRepo.Update + emits a profile.edit_applied audit
  row with category=auth. The hook avoids the Approval ↔
  Profile import cycle.
* ProfileService.UpdateProfile: gates when (a) the live
  profile carries RequiresApproval=true, OR (b) the proposed
  edit would set it true. Returns ErrProfileEditPendingApproval
  with the new approval ID; ProfileHandler maps to HTTP 202
  Accepted + {pending_approval_id}. Both arms close the
  flip-flop loophole because every transition through an
  approval-tier profile fires the gate.
* TestProfileEdit_RequiresApprovalLoopholeClosed pins all 3
  bypass attempts (flip-off / kept-on / flip-on) gated; nil-
  approval-service preserves pre-Phase-9 direct-apply for
  test fixtures.
* Approval service tests gain 4 profile_edit rows: pending row
  shape; same-actor self-approve rejected with
  ErrApproveBySameActor (load-bearing two-person integrity);
  approve fails-closed when apply callback unwired;
  apply callback invoked on approve.
* docs/reference/profiles.md (new) explains the gate +
  edit response shape (202) + same-actor invariant + bypass
  + audit hooks.

# Phase 10 — RBAC management GUI

* useAuthMe hook (web/src/hooks/useAuthMe.ts): TanStack Query
  fetches /api/v1/auth/me on app boot, caches for 60s, exposes
  hasPerm(p) + hasAnyPerm + isAdmin predicates. Every Phase-10
  page consumes this on mount + gates affordances against the
  cached effective_permissions slice. Server-side enforcement
  is the load-bearing gate; client-side hide/disable is UX.
* New routes:
   - /auth/roles — list (auth.role.list); create-role modal
     (auth.role.create) hidden when missing.
   - /auth/roles/:id — detail + permissions; edit
     (auth.role.edit), delete (auth.role.delete), add/remove
     permission affordances each gated.
   - /auth/keys — list of every actor with role grants; assign
     + revoke modals (auth.role.assign). actor-demo-anon
     flagged system-managed; mutation buttons hidden for it.
   - /auth/settings — stub showing /v1/auth/me identity +
     bootstrap-endpoint availability via /v1/auth/bootstrap.
* AuditPage extended with category filter ('All categories'
  + the 3 enum values from migration 000032). Selection flows
  to the API call params + the URL-driven query state.
* Layout: 3 new nav entries (Roles / API Keys / Auth Settings).
* api/client.ts: 12 new exported functions for the RBAC
  surface (authMe, list/get/create/update/delete role,
  list/add/remove role permissions, list keys, assign/revoke
  key role, bootstrap-availability probe).
* data-testid attributes on every interactive element so a
  future Playwright suite can assert behavior without brittle
  CSS selectors.
* Empty state, error state, and unsaved-changes warnings on
  every form per the prompt's implementation rules.

# Frontend tests

* RolesPage.test.tsx (6 tests): list render, empty state,
  error state, hide-create-button-without-perm,
  show-create-button-with-perm, submit-create-modal.
* KeysPage.test.tsx (3 tests): demo-anon flagged
  system-managed (no buttons), permission-gated affordance
  hide for auditor caller, assign-modal-POST contract.
* AuthSettingsPage.test.tsx (2 tests): identity surface,
  bootstrap-OPEN-status surface.
* AuditPage.test.tsx (+1): category-filter select renders
  with the 4 documented options.

15 frontend tests total in src/pages/auth/ + the audit
category-filter test; all pass via npx vitest run.

# Verifications

* go vet ./... clean.
* staticcheck across internal/auth + handler + router + cli +
  service + repository + cmd + domain: clean.
* gofmt -l clean repo-wide.
* go test -short -count=1 green across internal/service,
  internal/api/handler, internal/api/router, internal/auth,
  internal/auth/bootstrap, internal/service/auth,
  internal/domain/auth, cmd/server, cmd/cli, internal/cli.
* npx tsc --noEmit clean.
* npm run build green (vite build produces dist/index.html
  + 946KB JS bundle; chunk-size warning is pre-existing).
* npx vitest run src/pages/auth/ src/pages/AuditPage.test.tsx
  green (15 tests, 4 files).

internal/service/approval.go

@@ -39,6 +39,25 @@ type ApprovalService struct {
 	metrics      *ApprovalMetrics
 
 	bypassEnabled bool
+
+	// profileEditApply is the Bundle 1 Phase 9 hook the approve
+	// path invokes when req.Kind=profile_edit. Registered by
+	// cmd/server/main.go via SetProfileEditApply so the service
+	// doesn't import internal/service/profile.go (would create a
+	// cycle: ApprovalService -> ProfileService -> ApprovalService).
+	profileEditApply ProfileEditApplyFunc
+}
+
+// ProfileEditApplyFunc deserializes the pending profile diff stored
+// in req.Payload and persists it via the profile repository. The
+// caller registers this once at boot via SetProfileEditApply.
+type ProfileEditApplyFunc func(ctx context.Context, req *domain.ApprovalRequest) error
+
+// SetProfileEditApply registers the profile-edit apply callback. Called
+// from main.go after both the ApprovalService and ProfileService are
+// constructed; the closure captures the profile repo + audit service.
+func (s *ApprovalService) SetProfileEditApply(f ProfileEditApplyFunc) {
+	s.profileEditApply = f
 }
 
 // JobStatusUpdater is the narrow interface ApprovalService depends on
@@ -139,6 +158,53 @@ func (s *ApprovalService) RequestApproval(
 	return req.ID, nil
 }
 
+// RequestProfileEditApproval is the Bundle 1 Phase 9 entry point for
+// gated profile mutations. ProfileService.UpdateProfile calls this
+// when the live profile (or the proposed update) carries
+// RequiresApproval=true. Returns the new pending approval ID.
+//
+// The pending diff is serialized to req.Payload as JSON; the
+// profile-edit-apply callback (registered by main.go) deserializes
+// and persists when an approver decides.
+//
+// In bypass mode (CERTCTL_APPROVAL_BYPASS=true) the call short-
+// circuits via approveInternal — the same dev/CI escape hatch as
+// cert_issuance — so renewal-loop tests remain fast.
+func (s *ApprovalService) RequestProfileEditApproval(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	profileID, requestedBy string,
+	payload []byte,
+) (string, error) {
+	if profileID == "" || requestedBy == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("approval: profileID + requestedBy required")
+	}
+	if len(payload) == 0 {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("approval: payload required for profile_edit")
+	}
+	now := time.Now().UTC()
+	req := &domain.ApprovalRequest{
+		Kind:        domain.ApprovalKindProfileEdit,
+		ProfileID:   profileID,
+		RequestedBy: requestedBy,
+		State:       domain.ApprovalStatePending,
+		Payload:     payload,
+		CreatedAt:   now,
+		UpdatedAt:   now,
+	}
+	if err := s.approvalRepo.Create(ctx, req); err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("approval: create profile_edit request: %w", err)
+	}
+	s.recordAudit(ctx, requestedBy, domain.ActorTypeUser, "approval_profile_edit_requested", req, nil)
+	if s.bypassEnabled {
+		if err := s.approveInternal(ctx, req.ID, domain.ApprovalActorSystemBypass,
+			"auto-approved by CERTCTL_APPROVAL_BYPASS — dev/CI mode",
+			domain.ApprovalOutcomeBypassed, domain.ActorTypeSystem); err != nil {
+			return req.ID, fmt.Errorf("approval: bypass auto-approve profile_edit: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	return req.ID, nil
+}
+
 // Approve transitions a pending request to approved AND the linked Job
 // from AwaitingApproval to Pending so the job processor picks it up.
 // RBAC: rejects if decidedBy == request.RequestedBy.
@@ -194,6 +260,31 @@ func (s *ApprovalService) approveInternal(
 		return fmt.Errorf("approval: update state to approved: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	// Bundle 1 Phase 9: profile_edit kind requires the apply
+	// callback to deserialize req.Payload + persist the profile
+	// diff. cert_issuance kind continues through the existing job-
+	// transition path. The kind discriminator is the load-bearing
+	// dispatch — adding a future ApprovalKind goes here.
+	if req.Kind == domain.ApprovalKindProfileEdit {
+		if s.profileEditApply == nil {
+			s.recordAudit(ctx, decidedBy, actorType, "approval_profile_apply_missing", req,
+				map[string]interface{}{"error": "profileEditApply callback not wired"})
+			return fmt.Errorf("approval: profile-edit apply callback not registered")
+		}
+		if err := s.profileEditApply(ctx, req); err != nil {
+			s.recordAudit(ctx, decidedBy, actorType, "approval_profile_apply_failed", req,
+				map[string]interface{}{"error": err.Error()})
+			return fmt.Errorf("approval: apply profile edit: %w", err)
+		}
+		s.recordAudit(ctx, decidedBy, actorType, "approval_"+outcome, req,
+			map[string]interface{}{"note": note, "outcome": outcome, "kind": string(req.Kind)})
+		if s.metrics != nil {
+			s.metrics.RecordDecision(outcome, req.ProfileID)
+			s.metrics.ObservePendingAge(now.Sub(req.CreatedAt).Seconds())
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	// Transition the linked Job from AwaitingApproval to Pending so the
 	// scheduler picks it up. Best-effort — if the Job has already been
 	// cancelled or otherwise mutated externally, log via audit and move on.

internal/service/approval_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package service
 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -30,9 +31,14 @@ func (f *fakeApprovalRepo) Create(ctx context.Context, req *domain.ApprovalReque
 		req.ID = "ar-fake-" + time.Now().Format("150405.000000000")
 	}
 	// Enforce the partial-unique pending-per-job at the mock layer too.
-	for _, existing := range f.rows {
-		if existing.JobID == req.JobID && existing.State == domain.ApprovalStatePending {
-			return repository.ErrAlreadyExists
+	// Bundle 1 Phase 9: Postgres treats NULLs as distinct in UNIQUE
+	// indexes, so profile_edit rows (JobID="") never collide with
+	// each other or with cert_issuance rows. Mirror that here.
+	if req.JobID != "" {
+		for _, existing := range f.rows {
+			if existing.JobID == req.JobID && existing.State == domain.ApprovalStatePending {
+				return repository.ErrAlreadyExists
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	cp := *req
@@ -384,3 +390,98 @@ func TestApproval_MetricCounterIncrements(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected at least 3 histogram samples; got %d", hist.Count)
 	}
 }
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Bundle 1 Phase 9 — profile_edit kind tests.
+// =============================================================================
+
+// TestApproval_RequestProfileEditCreatesPendingRow pins the new
+// RequestProfileEditApproval entry point: creates a pending row with
+// Kind=profile_edit, no cert_id / job_id, and the serialized profile
+// diff in Payload.
+func TestApproval_RequestProfileEditCreatesPendingRow(t *testing.T) {
+	svc, ar, _ := newApprovalSvcForTest(false)
+	payload := []byte(`{"id":"prof-prod","name":"renamed","requires_approval":true}`)
+	id, err := svc.RequestProfileEditApproval(context.Background(), "prof-prod", "user-alice", payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RequestProfileEditApproval err: %v", err)
+	}
+	got, err := ar.Get(context.Background(), id)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Get err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got.Kind != domain.ApprovalKindProfileEdit {
+		t.Errorf("Kind = %q, want profile_edit", got.Kind)
+	}
+	if got.CertificateID != "" || got.JobID != "" {
+		t.Errorf("profile_edit row carries cert_id=%q job_id=%q; both must be empty", got.CertificateID, got.JobID)
+	}
+	if string(got.Payload) != string(payload) {
+		t.Errorf("payload roundtrip wrong; got %s", string(got.Payload))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestApproval_ProfileEdit_SameActorSelfApproveRejected pins the
+// load-bearing two-person integrity invariant for profile_edit
+// approvals: the requester cannot approve their own row.
+func TestApproval_ProfileEdit_SameActorSelfApproveRejected(t *testing.T) {
+	svc, _, _ := newApprovalSvcForTest(false)
+	id, err := svc.RequestProfileEditApproval(context.Background(),
+		"prof-prod", "user-alice",
+		[]byte(`{"id":"prof-prod"}`))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("RequestProfileEditApproval err: %v", err)
+	}
+	got := svc.Approve(context.Background(), id, "user-alice", "self-approve attempt")
+	if !errors.Is(got, ErrApproveBySameActor) {
+		t.Errorf("self-approve err = %v, want ErrApproveBySameActor", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestApproval_ProfileEdit_RejectsWhenApplyCallbackMissing pins
+// that the approve path fails closed when a profile_edit row is
+// approved without a registered profileEditApply callback. Better
+// to surface a 500 than silently mark the row approved while the
+// underlying profile is untouched.
+func TestApproval_ProfileEdit_RejectsWhenApplyCallbackMissing(t *testing.T) {
+	svc, _, _ := newApprovalSvcForTest(false)
+	id, _ := svc.RequestProfileEditApproval(context.Background(),
+		"prof-prod", "user-alice",
+		[]byte(`{"id":"prof-prod"}`))
+	// Approver = different actor.
+	err := svc.Approve(context.Background(), id, "user-bob", "approving")
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Approve must fail when profile-edit-apply is unwired; got nil")
+	}
+	// Sentinel propagates from approveInternal — message contains the cue.
+	if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "apply callback not registered") {
+		t.Errorf("err = %v, want 'apply callback not registered'", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestApproval_ProfileEdit_ApplyCallbackInvokedOnApprove pins the
+// happy-path: when a profile-edit-apply callback is registered AND
+// a non-requester approves, the callback fires with the right row.
+func TestApproval_ProfileEdit_ApplyCallbackInvokedOnApprove(t *testing.T) {
+	svc, _, _ := newApprovalSvcForTest(false)
+	var captured *domain.ApprovalRequest
+	svc.SetProfileEditApply(func(_ context.Context, req *domain.ApprovalRequest) error {
+		captured = req
+		return nil
+	})
+	id, _ := svc.RequestProfileEditApproval(context.Background(),
+		"prof-prod", "user-alice",
+		[]byte(`{"id":"prof-prod","name":"renamed"}`))
+	if err := svc.Approve(context.Background(), id, "user-bob", "looks good"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Approve err: %v", err)
+	}
+	if captured == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("apply callback never invoked")
+	}
+	if captured.Kind != domain.ApprovalKindProfileEdit {
+		t.Errorf("captured.Kind = %q, want profile_edit", captured.Kind)
+	}
+	if captured.ProfileID != "prof-prod" {
+		t.Errorf("captured.ProfileID = %q, want prof-prod", captured.ProfileID)
+	}
+}

internal/service/profile.go

@@ -2,18 +2,37 @@ package service
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/certctl-io/certctl/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/certctl-io/certctl/internal/domain"
 	"github.com/certctl-io/certctl/internal/repository"
 )
 
+// ErrProfileEditPendingApproval (Bundle 1 Phase 9) is returned by
+// UpdateProfile when the live profile (or the proposed update) carries
+// RequiresApproval=true. The handler maps this to HTTP 202 Accepted +
+// {pending_approval_id} so the operator knows to chase a second-admin
+// approve. See docs/reference/profiles.md.
+var ErrProfileEditPendingApproval = errors.New("profile edit gated by approval workflow")
+
+// ProfileEditApprovalRequester is the slice of ApprovalService the
+// ProfileService consumes when a profile edit triggers the gate.
+// Pulled out as a small interface so unit tests can drive the gate
+// without the full ApprovalService dependency tree.
+type ProfileEditApprovalRequester interface {
+	RequestProfileEditApproval(ctx context.Context, profileID, requestedBy string, payload []byte) (string, error)
+}
+
 // ProfileService provides business logic for certificate profile management.
 type ProfileService struct {
-	profileRepo  repository.CertificateProfileRepository
-	auditService *AuditService
+	profileRepo     repository.CertificateProfileRepository
+	auditService    *AuditService
+	approvalService ProfileEditApprovalRequester // Bundle 1 Phase 9; nil disables the gate
 }
 
 // NewProfileService creates a new profile service.
@@ -27,6 +46,14 @@ func NewProfileService(
 	}
 }
 
+// SetApprovalService wires the Bundle 1 Phase 9 gate. cmd/server/main.go
+// calls this after both ProfileService and ApprovalService are
+// constructed. nil disables the gate (preserving pre-Phase-9 behaviour
+// for any test fixture or alternate boot path that doesn't wire it).
+func (s *ProfileService) SetApprovalService(a ProfileEditApprovalRequester) {
+	s.approvalService = a
+}
+
 // ListProfiles returns all profiles (handler interface method).
 func (s *ProfileService) ListProfiles(ctx context.Context, page, perPage int) ([]domain.CertificateProfile, int64, error) {
 	// Bundle E / Audit L-020: page/perPage are unused; the underlying repo
@@ -97,12 +124,59 @@ func (s *ProfileService) CreateProfile(ctx context.Context, profile domain.Certi
 }
 
 // UpdateProfile modifies an existing profile (handler interface method).
+//
+// Bundle 1 Phase 9 (approval-bypass closure): if the LIVE profile has
+// RequiresApproval=true OR the proposed update would set it true, the
+// edit is NOT applied directly. Instead it is serialized to a pending
+// ApprovalRequest with Kind=profile_edit and the caller receives
+// ErrProfileEditPendingApproval. The handler maps this to HTTP 202 +
+// the new approval ID. A non-requester admin then approves via the
+// existing /v1/approvals/{id}/approve endpoint, which deserializes
+// the payload and persists the diff via the profile-edit-apply
+// callback registered in main.go. This closes the flip-flop loophole
+// where an admin could disable RequiresApproval, mutate, re-enable.
+//
+// SetApprovalService(nil) disables the gate (test fixtures); the
+// pre-Phase-9 direct-apply path is preserved.
 func (s *ProfileService) UpdateProfile(ctx context.Context, id string, profile domain.CertificateProfile) (*domain.CertificateProfile, error) {
 	if err := validateProfile(&profile); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
 	profile.ID = id
+
+	if s.approvalService != nil {
+		live, err := s.profileRepo.Get(ctx, id)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to load live profile: %w", err)
+		}
+		// Gate when the live profile is approval-tier OR the edit
+		// would flip it on. Both arms close the loophole: a flip-
+		// flop attacker can't set false→mutate→true because every
+		// transition through an approval-tier profile triggers the
+		// gate.
+		if (live != nil && live.RequiresApproval) || profile.RequiresApproval {
+			payload, perr := json.Marshal(profile)
+			if perr != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshal profile for approval payload: %w", perr)
+			}
+			requester := actorFromContext(ctx)
+			approvalID, gerr := s.approvalService.RequestProfileEditApproval(ctx, id, requester, payload)
+			if gerr != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("approval gate: %w", gerr)
+			}
+			if s.auditService != nil {
+				_ = s.auditService.RecordEventWithCategory(
+					context.WithoutCancel(ctx),
+					requester, domain.ActorTypeUser,
+					"profile.edit_request", domain.EventCategoryAuth,
+					"certificate_profile", id,
+					map[string]interface{}{"approval_id": approvalID},
+				)
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: approval=%s", ErrProfileEditPendingApproval, approvalID)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if err := s.profileRepo.Update(ctx, &profile); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to update profile: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -117,6 +191,23 @@ func (s *ProfileService) UpdateProfile(ctx context.Context, id string, profile d
 	return &profile, nil
 }
 
+// actorFromContext pulls the caller's actor ID from the
+// auth-middleware ActorIDKey populated by NewAuthWithKeyStore /
+// NewDemoModeAuth. Falls back to "api" so legacy test fixtures that
+// don't wire the auth context still record meaningful audit rows.
+func actorFromContext(ctx context.Context) string {
+	if ctx == nil {
+		return "api"
+	}
+	if id := auth.GetActorID(ctx); id != "" {
+		return id
+	}
+	if id, ok := ctx.Value(auth.UserKey{}).(string); ok && id != "" {
+		return id
+	}
+	return "api"
+}
+
 // DeleteProfile removes a profile (handler interface method).
 func (s *ProfileService) DeleteProfile(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
 	if err := s.profileRepo.Delete(ctx, id); err != nil {

internal/service/profile_approval_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/certctl-io/certctl/internal/domain"
+	"github.com/certctl-io/certctl/internal/repository"
+)
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Bundle 1 Phase 9 — approval-bypass closure regression tests.
+//
+// Ship a tiny in-memory profile-repo + approval-repo so the gate can
+// be exercised without testcontainers. The gate's invariant: any edit
+// to a profile that has RequiresApproval=true (or that would set
+// RequiresApproval=true) routes through ApprovalService and never
+// reaches profileRepo.Update directly.
+// =============================================================================
+
+type fakeProfileRepo struct {
+	rows map[string]*domain.CertificateProfile
+}
+
+func newFakeProfileRepo() *fakeProfileRepo {
+	return &fakeProfileRepo{rows: make(map[string]*domain.CertificateProfile)}
+}
+
+func (f *fakeProfileRepo) List(_ context.Context) ([]*domain.CertificateProfile, error) {
+	out := make([]*domain.CertificateProfile, 0, len(f.rows))
+	for _, p := range f.rows {
+		out = append(out, p)
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+func (f *fakeProfileRepo) Get(_ context.Context, id string) (*domain.CertificateProfile, error) {
+	p, ok := f.rows[id]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, repository.ErrNotFound
+	}
+	cp := *p
+	return &cp, nil
+}
+func (f *fakeProfileRepo) Create(_ context.Context, p *domain.CertificateProfile) error {
+	cp := *p
+	f.rows[p.ID] = &cp
+	return nil
+}
+func (f *fakeProfileRepo) Update(_ context.Context, p *domain.CertificateProfile) error {
+	if _, ok := f.rows[p.ID]; !ok {
+		return repository.ErrNotFound
+	}
+	cp := *p
+	f.rows[p.ID] = &cp
+	return nil
+}
+func (f *fakeProfileRepo) Delete(_ context.Context, id string) error {
+	delete(f.rows, id)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// fakeApprovalGate counts requests + lets the test inspect the
+// payload that was queued. Mirrors ProfileEditApprovalRequester.
+type fakeApprovalGate struct {
+	requests []struct {
+		ProfileID, RequestedBy string
+		Payload                []byte
+	}
+	err error
+}
+
+func (f *fakeApprovalGate) RequestProfileEditApproval(_ context.Context, profileID, requestedBy string, payload []byte) (string, error) {
+	if f.err != nil {
+		return "", f.err
+	}
+	f.requests = append(f.requests, struct {
+		ProfileID, RequestedBy string
+		Payload                []byte
+	}{profileID, requestedBy, payload})
+	return "ar-pending-" + profileID, nil
+}
+
+// TestProfileEdit_RequiresApprovalLoopholeClosed pins the load-bearing
+// invariant: a profile with RequiresApproval=true cannot be mutated
+// in-place. The flip-flop loophole (set false → mutate → set true) is
+// closed because every call against an approval-tier profile routes
+// through ApprovalService BEFORE reaching profileRepo.Update.
+func TestProfileEdit_RequiresApprovalLoopholeClosed(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newFakeProfileRepo()
+	repo.rows["prof-prod"] = &domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-prod",
+		Name:             "production",
+		RequiresApproval: true,
+	}
+	gate := &fakeApprovalGate{}
+	svc := NewProfileService(repo, nil)
+	svc.SetApprovalService(gate)
+
+	// Attempt 1 — admin tries to flip RequiresApproval off.
+	flippedOff := domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-prod",
+		Name:             "production",
+		RequiresApproval: false, // bypass attempt
+	}
+	_, err := svc.UpdateProfile(context.Background(), "prof-prod", flippedOff)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrProfileEditPendingApproval) {
+		t.Fatalf("flip-off attempt err = %v, want ErrProfileEditPendingApproval", err)
+	}
+	live, _ := repo.Get(context.Background(), "prof-prod")
+	if !live.RequiresApproval {
+		t.Errorf("flip-off attempt mutated live profile (RequiresApproval = false) — loophole NOT closed")
+	}
+	if len(gate.requests) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("gate not called for flip-off attempt: %d requests", len(gate.requests))
+	}
+
+	// Attempt 2 — admin tries to mutate other fields (RequiresApproval still true).
+	keptOn := domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-prod",
+		Name:             "renamed",
+		RequiresApproval: true,
+	}
+	_, err = svc.UpdateProfile(context.Background(), "prof-prod", keptOn)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrProfileEditPendingApproval) {
+		t.Errorf("kept-on attempt err = %v, want ErrProfileEditPendingApproval", err)
+	}
+	live2, _ := repo.Get(context.Background(), "prof-prod")
+	if live2.Name == "renamed" {
+		t.Errorf("kept-on attempt mutated profile name without approval — loophole NOT closed")
+	}
+
+	// Attempt 3 — admin tries to flip a NON-approval profile to approval-tier.
+	repo.rows["prof-staging"] = &domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-staging",
+		Name:             "staging",
+		RequiresApproval: false,
+	}
+	flippedOn := domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-staging",
+		Name:             "staging",
+		RequiresApproval: true, // operator wants to enable approvals
+	}
+	_, err = svc.UpdateProfile(context.Background(), "prof-staging", flippedOn)
+	if !errors.Is(err, ErrProfileEditPendingApproval) {
+		t.Errorf("flip-on attempt err = %v, want ErrProfileEditPendingApproval (gate fires when target state is approval-tier)", err)
+	}
+	live3, _ := repo.Get(context.Background(), "prof-staging")
+	if live3.RequiresApproval {
+		t.Errorf("flip-on attempt enabled approval without an approval — gate must fire BEFORE the persistence")
+	}
+	if len(gate.requests) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("gate request count = %d, want 3 (one per attempt)", len(gate.requests))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProfileEdit_NonApprovalProfileApplyDirectly confirms the gate
+// is dormant for profiles that have RequiresApproval=false AND the
+// edit doesn't flip it on. Pre-Phase-9 behaviour preserved.
+func TestProfileEdit_NonApprovalProfileApplyDirectly(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newFakeProfileRepo()
+	repo.rows["prof-dev"] = &domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-dev",
+		Name:             "development",
+		RequiresApproval: false,
+	}
+	gate := &fakeApprovalGate{}
+	svc := NewProfileService(repo, nil)
+	svc.SetApprovalService(gate)
+
+	updated := domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-dev",
+		Name:             "development-renamed",
+		RequiresApproval: false,
+	}
+	got, err := svc.UpdateProfile(context.Background(), "prof-dev", updated)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("non-approval update err = %v", err)
+	}
+	if got.Name != "development-renamed" {
+		t.Errorf("name not updated; got %q", got.Name)
+	}
+	if len(gate.requests) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("gate fired for non-approval profile: %d requests", len(gate.requests))
+	}
+}
+
+// TestProfileEdit_NilApprovalService_PreservesLegacyBehaviour confirms
+// that a nil-ApprovalService wiring (test fixtures, alternate boot
+// paths) preserves the pre-Phase-9 direct-apply path even on
+// approval-tier profiles. The gate is opt-in.
+func TestProfileEdit_NilApprovalService_PreservesLegacyBehaviour(t *testing.T) {
+	repo := newFakeProfileRepo()
+	repo.rows["prof-prod"] = &domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-prod",
+		Name:             "production",
+		RequiresApproval: true,
+	}
+	svc := NewProfileService(repo, nil) // approvalService not wired
+	updated := domain.CertificateProfile{
+		ID:               "prof-prod",
+		Name:             "renamed",
+		RequiresApproval: true,
+	}
+	if _, err := svc.UpdateProfile(context.Background(), "prof-prod", updated); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("nil-gate err = %v", err)
+	}
+	live, _ := repo.Get(context.Background(), "prof-prod")
+	if live.Name != "renamed" {
+		t.Errorf("nil-gate did not fall through to direct apply; got %q", live.Name)
+	}
+}