fix: resolve NULL csr_pem scan errors and QA smoke test failures

Root cause: certificate_versions.csr_pem is nullable in the schema but
Go code scanned it into a plain string. Used sql.NullString in
ListVersions and GetLatestVersion to handle NULL values correctly.

Also includes: partial update fetch-merge-update pattern to prevent FK
violations, nil directory guard in discovery service, diagnostic slog
logging in handlers, export handler 422 for unparseable PEM, OpenAPI
spec corrections, MCP tool description improvements, and test fixes.

Rewrites the Release Sign-Off section in testing-guide.md to individual
test-level granularity (320 rows) with smoke test results audited and
checked off (121 pass, 5 skip, 194 manual remaining).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

internal/api/handler/certificates.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package handler
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/http"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -231,6 +232,14 @@ func (h CertificateHandler) CreateCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Req
 		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error(), requestID)
 		return
 	}
+	if err := ValidateRequired("name", cert.Name); err != nil {
+		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error(), requestID)
+		return
+	}
+	if err := ValidateRequired("renewal_policy_id", cert.RenewalPolicyID); err != nil {
+		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusBadRequest, err.Error(), requestID)
+		return
+	}
 
 	created, err := h.svc.CreateCertificate(cert)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -287,6 +296,11 @@ func (h CertificateHandler) UpdateCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Req
 
 	updated, err := h.svc.UpdateCertificate(id, cert)
 	if err != nil {
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
+			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Certificate not found", requestID)
+			return
+		}
+		slog.Error("UpdateCertificate failed", "cert_id", id, "error", err.Error())
 		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to update certificate", requestID)
 		return
 	}
@@ -311,6 +325,10 @@ func (h CertificateHandler) ArchiveCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Re
 	}
 
 	if err := h.svc.ArchiveCertificate(id); err != nil {
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
+			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Certificate not found", requestID)
+			return
+		}
 		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to archive certificate", requestID)
 		return
 	}
@@ -353,7 +371,12 @@ func (h CertificateHandler) GetCertificateVersions(w http.ResponseWriter, r *htt
 
 	versions, total, err := h.svc.GetCertificateVersions(certID, page, perPage)
 	if err != nil {
-		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Certificate not found", requestID)
+		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "not found") {
+			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Certificate not found", requestID)
+			return
+		}
+		slog.Error("GetCertificateVersions failed", "cert_id", certID, "error", err.Error())
+		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to get certificate versions", requestID)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -387,6 +410,19 @@ func (h CertificateHandler) TriggerRenewal(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Reques
 	certID := parts[0]
 
 	if err := h.svc.TriggerRenewal(certID); err != nil {
+		errMsg := err.Error()
+		if strings.Contains(errMsg, "not found") {
+			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Certificate not found", requestID)
+			return
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(errMsg, "cannot renew") {
+			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusBadRequest, errMsg, requestID)
+			return
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(errMsg, "already in progress") {
+			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusConflict, errMsg, requestID)
+			return
+		}
 		ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "Failed to trigger renewal", requestID)
 		return
 	}
@@ -480,7 +516,7 @@ func (h CertificateHandler) RevokeCertificate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Req
 			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusBadRequest, errMsg, requestID)
 			return
 		}
-		if strings.Contains(errMsg, "not found") || strings.Contains(errMsg, "failed to fetch") {
+		if strings.Contains(errMsg, "not found") || strings.Contains(errMsg, "failed to fetch") || strings.Contains(errMsg, "failed to get") {
 			ErrorWithRequestID(w, http.StatusNotFound, "Certificate not found", requestID)
 			return
 		}